Short SIRA Preparation Date : 26.SEP.

2020
Prepared by : Sujith kunjumon
Email : Sujith Kunjumon
Mob : 0521408575

ABOUT VIDEO and SCREENS

• Real time video is 25 FPS and each frame last 40 ms

• We are using progressive scanning instead of interlaced scanning in Dubai
• 1080 P – P means Progressive scanning 1080 I – I means interlaced
• Resolution is no of pixels in a screen
• Minimum resolution required in SIRA is 1080p FHD 1920 x 1080
• Previously resolution was 2CIF 704x288
• The aspect ratio is the ratio of the width to the height of the display
• A standard display has an aspect ratio of 4:3
• A wide screen TV has an aspect ratio of 16:9
• Types of monitors are LCD, LED, OLED and Projectors
• There are 6 grey scales in a screen which we need to calibrate
• Display viewing distance are

HD IP : 16:9
HD analogue 16 : 9

15 inch – 0.5 to 1m
21 inch – 1 to 1.5m
55 inch – 2.1 to3.5m

SIRA Monitor Requirements

1. Monitors must be designed for 24/7/365

2. Size should not be less than 21 inches
3. Minimum resolution Full HD (1920x1080)
4. Size of picture must not be less than 12 x 6.7cm (4x4 on a 21” display)
5. The number of monitors should not be less than 2 for each work station.
6. The aspect ratio of the monitors should fit the aspect ratio of the cameras
(4:3, 16:9, 16:10).
7. The important cameras shall be displayed on the central area of the wall-
mounted display screen on continuous basis:
Short SIRA Preparation Date : 26.SEP.2020
8. The normal cameras shall be displayed on the side parts of the display
screen
9. Normal cameras can be sequenced provided that the time of the full cycle
shall not exceed 60 seconds, and the number of groups should not exceed 6
(each camera will be displayed for a minimum of 10 seconds)

CMOS VS CCD

• We are mostly using CMOS instead of CCD in dubai

• CMOS having transistor and A/D converter
• It can Read Individual information
• It is having Low power requirement
• Cost is low as well

Type of cameras

1. Monochrome
2. Colour
3. Day and Night – DDN (Digital day and Night) and TDN (True day and Night)
4. Cameras shall be colour with the ability to switch to black/white with
removable Infrared (IR) Cut Filter upon the decrease of available light.
5. SIRA REQUIREMENT: Cameras shall be colour with the ability to switch to
black/white with removable Infrared (IR) Cut Filter upon the decrease of
available light.

IR Cut Filters

• Day time IR will damage the image quality so We will use IR cut filters
• For better colour reproduction, colour cameras therefore have an IR Cut
Filter in front of the sensor to prevent any IR light reaching the image
sensor.
• Sometimes known as colour correction filter

Camera Technologies

The Video Signal as it appears at the back of an analogue CCTV Camera is referred
to as Composite Video, it consists of several components
Short SIRA Preparation Date : 26.SEP.2020

• HD-CVI High Definition Composite Video Interface Dahua proprietary

standard 720/1080p 500m IP cameras supported
• HD-TVI High Definition Transport Video Interface Techpoint chip set
720/1080p/960H/5MP 500m IP cameras supported
• AHD Analogue High Definition Nextchip ver1 720p, ver2 1080p 500m can
record 960H
• SDI – 100M

Common Camera Features

AGC - Automatic Gain Control

It amplify the image, Noise will also be get amplified is a problem

AES - Automatic Electronic Shutter

It is used to adjust the IRIS where light is not varying from vary low level to very
high level

BLC - Backlight Compensation

It will compensates high backlight conditions, because the bright light will close
the auto iris function

WDR - Wide Dynamic range

It is also used where there is a heigh light towards the camera.( SIRA requirement:
Cameras facing direct natural, artificial or reflected light, and all cameras used for
Identification, shall have a Wide Dynamic Range (WDR) no less than 110 dB.)

Signal to noise ratio (≥48dB SIRA requirement)

Short SIRA Preparation Date : 26.SEP.2020

Power Supply Requirements

• DC supplies suffer from voltage loss over long lengths of cable

• 24VAC is ideal for powering cameras from a central point.
• POE : The voltage delivered by the PSE will be between 44V and 57V, the
voltage range at the PD may be between 37V and 57V depending on the
PoE classification.

Focal Length and Focusing

• The focal length of a lens is usually stated in mm and determines the angle
of view, for example a 6.00 mm lens will give a horizontal angle of view of
around 60 degrees
• The shorter the focal length, the wider the angle
• Fixed focal length lenses are generally available in a range from 2.8 to 75
mm.
• Ranges typically 4-8, 6- 12, 5-50mm
• It is imperative that a zoom lens remains in focus throughout its focal
range

IRIS

Opening of the lens, More open it will allow more light example F/1.4 (More
Light), F/2, F/16 (Low Light)

Auto IRIS

Direct drive (or DC lenses) use electronics within the camera to control the
aperture SIRA requirement: Auto Iris lenses shall be used where the light level
varies e.g. time of day.
We are using in external applications where the ambient light will vary

Manual IRIS
Short SIRA Preparation Date : 26.SEP.2020
Manual iris lenses should only be used where the light level remains fairly
constant, A good example of this would be in an underground metro station

F/1. – 20% - 5 LUX

F/1.2 – 15%- 7.5 LUX
F/1.4. – 10%- 10LUX
F/1.6 – 7.5%- 13.3LUX
F/1.8 – 6.25%- 16LUX
F/2. – 5%- 20LUX

Depth of Field

When a lens is focused on a subject the area immediately in front of and behind
the target is described as the depth of field. This will change according to the
amount of light available at the target and is the reason why the back focus must
be set up correctly.

Low F number will give low depth of field – F/1.6 and vice versa as well F/16

Lens Filters

• ND filters are used to open the iris to simulate low light

• Place the appropriate number until the picture is just able to focus
accurately
• ND 1 or 2 Colour, ND 3 or 4 Monochrome.

SIRA LAW : Cameras installed at heights 4 metres and above must have remote
zoom and focus ability.

C and CS Mount

• Early lenses were all C mount lenses and when screwed into the camera the
distance between lens and CCD was 17.5 mm
• Modern CS mount lenses when screwed into the camera have a distance of
12.5 mm between the lens and image sensor.
• A C mount lens can be used with a CS mount camera provided a 5.00 mm
adapter ring is used
Short SIRA Preparation Date : 26.SEP.2020
• You cannot use a CS mount lens on a C mount camera, correct focus will
not be achieved.
• Causes Port Hole Effect (Vignetting) – when using improper lens or mount

F STOP

• The F Stop describes the light gathering capability of the lens

• The lower the F stop No, the better the lens
• F stops are expressed as F1, F1.4, F2, …
• At F1.4, only 10% of the available light is passed to the CCD
• At F2, only 5% of the available light is passed to the sensor.

Light and LUX

• Throughout Europe light is measured in lux. In North America light is

measured in foot candles. 10 lux = 1 foot candle Approximately
• Bright sunny day:10,000 - 100,000 lux
• Overcast day: 1000 - 10,000 lux
• Twilight: 1 - 100 lux
• Street lighting: 5 lux
• Full Moon: approx. 0.1 lux
• Bright clear starlight: 0.0001 - 0.01 lux

Wavelength Measured in NM

Infrared Lighting

IR only works with monochrome cameras or true day night (TDN) cameras • Need
IR corrected lenses

There are three main types

• Overt, operating at around 715 nanometres – not permitted by SIRA
• Semi covert, operating around 830 nanometres
• Totally covert, operating around 950 nanometres

Voltage measuring in Parallel and Current in serial

Short SIRA Preparation Date : 26.SEP.2020
Cable Losses

This loss is usually expressed as a dB loss per 100 metres

RG 59 has loss of 2.25 dB per 100 metres at 5MHz.
RG59 2.25dB/100m (typically 500-600m with HD video)
RG11 1.4dB/100m
Joints and Loop through connections result in 0.5dB loss
Must use good quality 75Ω connectors to match the characteristic impedance of
the coax

Loop resistance of UTP Cat5/6 is 18Ω/100m

SIRA requirement: All UTP cables must be Cat 6.

CAT6 SPEED IS 1GBPS AT 250MHZ

CAT 6A IS 10GBPS AT 500MHZ
CAT 7. IS 1O GBPS A71GHZ
UTP Baluns

• Passive units 1080p: ~200m

• Active to Active up to 1.2km
• All cable lengths not to exceed 100m (90+10)

Fiber TX

Multimode • Wavelengths used: 850nm & 1300nm • Range: 4km – 6km

Singlemode • Wavelengths used: 1310nm & 1550nm • Range: up to 40km
(without repeaters)
Typically 1~10 Gb/s is the current usable bandwidth
Outside Cables containment should be Metal (cat6 or Fiber)

SIRA assume that a standard person is 1.6m

SUBJECT CRITERIA

Inspect – 400%
Identify – 120%
Recognize – 50%
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Observe – 25%
Detect – 10%
Monitor – 5%

Detection 1 lp (something present)

Recognition 3 lp (classify type of object)
Detection 6 lp

Number Plate

• Number plate will occupy 1/5th of the screen (20%) which will ensure
number plate recognition•
• Assume number plate is 0.3m long
• The camera’s field of view must be clear and free from obstructions that
block a part of the image. If the blocking ratio exceeds 5% of the total
image area, the image must be considered unacceptable
• The centre of the image should be free from any blocking or obstructions
and obstructions at the sides of the image must not exceed 5% of the total
area of the image.

IP rating

First Number – Protection against Solid object

Second Number – Protection against Moisture and water
Indoor camera IP rating –
Outdoor camera IP rating

For Camera HOUSING

• Internal IP54 recommended

• External IP66
• IK10
• Underwater IP67 or IP68
• Explosion Proof (ATEX)
• Radiation Proof
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Ingress Protection (IP) Ratings

1st digit - 1 Protected against solid objects over 50 mm

2 objects over 12 mm
3 objects over 2.5 mm
4 objects over 1.0 mm
5 against dust
6 totally dustproof

2nd digit

1 Protected against vertical drops of water

2 direct sprays of water 15 degrees
3 direct sprays of water 60 degrees
4 water sprayed from all directions
5 low pressure jets of water
6 strong jets of water
7 against immersion
8 total immersion at depth

Telemetry over IP Network

• Uses the network connection
• ONVIF Up the Coax Telemetry
• Utilises coax cable for video and data signals
• Data inserted in the field blanking period or modulated
• Pelco C
Twisted pair Telemetry
• Uses a completely separate cable for data transmission
• RS422, RS485
• Simplex, Half Duplex, Full Duplex

Telemetry Protocols

• Pelco P
• Pelco D
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ONVIF Baud Rates

• 2400
• 4800
• 9600

What is VMS

• There are various Video Management Software solutions

• Most of them have built-in (software) decoders for various compressions
• Most often, the VMS manufacturer charges a license per camera to decode
• Sometimes - VMS can decode a particular camera model only via ONVIF
• Currently, interoperability is still evolving in IP CCTV
• ONVIF (or PSIA) specifications are helping compatibility
• Even when integrating “ONVIF” + “ONVIF” equipment from different
manufacturers never assume that it will just work!

D1 - 720x576
960H – 960x576 – Wide screen version of analogue enabling 720TVLrecording

Mega Pixel

HD 720P - 1280x720 (1MP)

HD 1080P (Full HD) - 1920x1080 (2MP)
4K (Ultra HD) 3840x2160 (8MP)

Compression (cif,2cif,4cif etc)

MPEG-4 Part 2 (Motion Picture Experts Group)

• Temporal
• Technique of sending changes between reference frames
• (key frames or I-frames)

H.264 (MPEG-4 Part 10)

• Temporal
Short SIRA Preparation Date : 26.SEP.2020
• More efficient than MPEG-4 pt2
• Commonly used for HDTV

H.265

• High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC)

• Temporal
• 35% reduction in bit-rate compared to H.264
• 4K UHD

Storage

Methods of Storage

JBOD – Just a Bunch Of Disks –

RAID – Redundant Array of Independent Disks
• Raid 1 = 2 HDDs mirroring each other
• Raid 5 = several HDDs (min 3), redundancy for 1 HDD failure
• Raid 6 = redundancy for failure of 2 HDDs (min 4 HDD’s)
MAID – Massive Array of Idle Disks
• HDDs powered & written to in pairs
• Reduces power requirements/heat output/extends disk life
• LAIDTM – Linear Array of Idle Disks.

Edge Storage – many IP devices now offer local storage – usually modest capacity
(SDHC to 32GB and (SDXC to 2TB)

• Frame Rate – minimum allowable recording framerate 10fps (SIRA)

• Capacity / Retention – Normally 31 days, but may be more e.g. 75 days for
ATMs
• Must add 20% extra capacity (SIRA)
• For motion recording must be enough capacity for motion 70% of the time.

UPS

• All UPS must be capable of automatically running the system for 30 minutes
in event of a power failure
Short SIRA Preparation Date : 26.SEP.2020
• The UPS shall provide a safe shutdown when its capacity drops to 25%.

Safety at Workplace

• ladder angle will be 75 degree to the horizontal and 1 m for every 4-meter
base to height 1:4
• Mobile external scaffolding base ratio is 3:1
• Mobile internal is 3:5:1
• Static Internal is 4:1
• Static External 3:5:1
• All scaffolding should have safety tag
• Maximum height of free standing is 9.6m
• Static 12m
• Site Ac power will be 110v not 230v

• We are using VBR in dubai instead of CBR

• CCTV OSI having 7 layers

Mac Address

• Any device capable of connection to a network has a unique hardware

address
• This is known as the MAC (Media Access Control) Address
• This is a hexadecimal address of 6 Bytes (48 bits of information) that
identifies both the individual device and its manufacturer

TCP and UDP

• TCP is not real time but stable protocol

• UDP is real time but not stable
• We are using TCP here

IP address

In order for IP addresses to be relevant to the type of network they are associated
with, three different classes of address were developed depending on the type of
network
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• Class A is defined as an extremely large network with over 16 million
computers or devices
• Class B would be smaller with over 65,000 devices
• Class C could only have up to 254 devices connected 192.168.0.1
• IPv6 is the next generation of IP address and has now replaced IPv4 as far
as WAN addresses are concerned.
• Using 32 bits IPv4 gives only 4 billion possible addresses
• IPv6 uses 128 bits, which can provide a total of 340 billion billion billion
billion addresses
• Port Samples will be
Web pages on port 80,
Telnet port 23,
FTP ports 20/21,
RTSP port 554,
NTP port 123.

Casting Techniques

• Unicast – Point to point (1 sender, 1 receiver) – Uses TCP protocol –

Supported by all networks
• Broadcast – Single point to all receivers
• Multicast – Single point to multiple receivers – Uses UDP protocol –
Minimises bandwidth requirements

VPN

• A VPN extends a private network across a public network

• It creates a secure point to point connection that enables the exchange of
data as if the devices with within the same network
• It is commonly used to create a corporate network across different
geographically separated places
• SIRA Law: The network should be divided into segments and clusters if the
number of networked devices exceeds 200 devices to avoid the formation
of a big flat network.
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Videoguard

• It will notify CMS of system faults, Change of settings etc

• It will send email to related persons
• It is available in 4, 8 and 14 ports option