43.

Bishwas Shrestha

1. In a town it has been decided to provide 112 lpcd water to people. Estimate the domestic
water requirements of this town in the year 2030 AD by projecting the population of the
town by the arithmetic increase method, geometrical increase method and incremental
increase method for the following data:
Year 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980
Population 2,50,000 4,80,500 5,50,300 6,38,600 6,95,200

Solution:
Year Population Increment per decade % increment per Incremental Increase
decade
1940 250000
1950 480500 230500 92.2
1960 550300 69800 14.52 -160700
1970 638600 88300 16.045 +18500
1980 695200 56600 8.86 -31700
Total 445200 131.625 -173900

445200 131.625 −173900

Average = =111300 = = 32.9 = =-57966.67
4 4 3

In above table, percentage increase for the first decade (1940 to 1950)
480500 − 250000
= × 100% = 92.2%
250000
Similarly, % increment for other decades has been calculated.
Arithmetical Increase Method
𝑃𝑃𝑛𝑛 = 𝑃𝑃𝑜𝑜 + 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛
𝑃𝑃𝑜𝑜 = Population in 1980 = 695200
2030−1980
n= 10
=5

C = Average increase per decade = 111300

𝑃𝑃𝑛𝑛 =695200 + 5 X 111300 = 1251700
Q = Population in year 2030 × per capita water demand

= 1251700 × 112
= 140 MLD
P a g e 1 | 21
43. Bishwas Shrestha

Geometrical Increase Method

𝑟𝑟
𝑃𝑃𝑛𝑛 = 𝑃𝑃𝑜𝑜 (1 + 100)𝑛𝑛

r = 32.9%
32.9
𝑃𝑃𝑛𝑛 = 695200(1 + 100 )5 = 2882270

The above computations are based on the value of r computed by arithmetic average
method. If, however, geometric average method is used, we have
1�
𝑟𝑟 = (𝑟𝑟1 . 𝑟𝑟2 . … . 𝑟𝑟𝑛𝑛 ) 𝑛𝑛
1�
= (92.2 × 14.52 × 16.05 × 8.86) 4

= 20.88
20.88 5
𝑃𝑃𝑛𝑛 = 695200(1 + 100
) = 1794246

Q = Population in year 2030 × per capita water demand

= 1794246 × 112
= 200 MLD

Incremental Increase Method

(𝑛𝑛+1)
𝑃𝑃𝑛𝑛 = 𝑃𝑃𝑜𝑜 + 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 + 𝑛𝑛 2
𝑖𝑖

C = 111300
i = -57966.67
(5+1)
𝑃𝑃𝑛𝑛 = 695200 + 5 × 111300 + 5 (−57966.67) = 382200
2

Q = Population in year 2030 × per capita water demand

= 382200 × 112
= 42.8 MLD

P a g e 2 | 21
43. Bishwas Shrestha

2. The population of the past three successive census of a city are as given below:
Census Year 1951 1971 1991
Population 40,000 1,60,000 2,80,000
Determine the expected population of the city by Logistic method for the year 2021.
Given
𝑃𝑃𝑜𝑜 = 40000 𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑜 = 0
𝑃𝑃1 = 160000 𝑡𝑡1 = 20
𝑃𝑃2 = 280000 𝑡𝑡2 = 40
𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡 = ? 𝑡𝑡 = 70
We have,

2𝑃𝑃𝑜𝑜 𝑃𝑃1 𝑃𝑃2 − 𝑃𝑃1 2 (𝑃𝑃𝑜𝑜 + 𝑃𝑃2 )

𝑃𝑃𝑠𝑠 =
𝑃𝑃𝑜𝑜 𝑃𝑃2 − 𝑃𝑃1 2
2 × 40000 × 160000 × 280000 − 1600002 (40000 + 280000)
𝑃𝑃𝑠𝑠 = = 320000
40000 × 280000 − 1600002
𝑃𝑃𝑠𝑠 − 𝑃𝑃𝑜𝑜 320000 − 40000
𝑚𝑚 = = =7
𝑃𝑃𝑜𝑜 40000
1 𝑃𝑃0 (𝑃𝑃𝑠𝑠 −𝑃𝑃1 ) 1 40000(320000 − 160000)
𝑏𝑏 = � � log 𝑒𝑒 � �= log 𝑒𝑒 = − 0.097
𝑡𝑡1 𝑃𝑃1 (𝑃𝑃𝑠𝑠 −𝑃𝑃𝑜𝑜 ) 20 160000(320000 − 40000)
𝑃𝑃𝑠𝑠 320000
∴ 𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡 = 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏
= = 317499.7588 ≈ 317500
1 + 𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑒 1 + 7 × 𝑒𝑒 −0.097×70

P a g e 3 | 21
43. Bishwas Shrestha

3. 600 mL of water sample A with pH of 6 is mixed with 300 mL of sample B with pH of 3

and 500 mL of sample C with pH of 8. Calculate the pH of the mixture of A, B and C.
Solution:
Here,
A 600ml pH=6 [𝐻𝐻 + ] = [10−6 ]
B 300ml pH=3 [𝐻𝐻 + ] = [10−3 ]
C 500ml pH=8 [𝐻𝐻 + ] = [10−8 ]
Now,
600×10−6 +300×10−3 +500×10−8
Net mole of [𝐻𝐻 + ] = =2.14× 10−4
600+300+500

∴ 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 of resultant mixture of A, B and C = −𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙[𝐻𝐻 + ] = −𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙[2.14 × 10−4 ] = 3.66

P a g e 4 | 21
43. Bishwas Shrestha

4. The hardness of a water sample was found to be 150 mg/l as CaCO3. The hardness was
found due to Ca and Mg ions only. The concentrations of these ions are equal in water. The
water analysis showed the concentration of HCO3 was 75 mg/l. calculate (i) the
concentrations of Ca and Mg ions (ii) alkalinity of water and (iii) carbonate hardness and
non-carbonate hardness of water.
Solution:
Here,
Concentration of Ca and Mg ions are equal.
Let[Ca++ ] = [Mg ++ ] = M
We have,
Eq. wt of Ca CO3 Eq. wt of Ca CO3
Total Hardness (TH) = M × + M ×
Eq. wt og Ca++ Eq. wt og Mg ++
50 50
Or, 150 = M × � + �
20 12.2
∴ M = 22.734 mg/L
∴ Concentration of Ca and Mg ions are 22.734 mg/L
mg Eq. wt of Ca CO3
Alkanity due to HCO3 as CaCO3 � � = Total Alkanity ×
L Eq. wt og HCO3
50
= 75 × = 61.475mg/L
61
Now, Total Hardness = Carbonate Hardness + Non − Carbonate Hardness
As TH > Alkanity, CH = Alkanity
∴ CH = 61.745 mg/L
And, NCH = TH – CH
= 150 – 61.475 = 88.5246 mg/L

P a g e 5 | 21
43. Bishwas Shrestha

5. The analysis of water showed the following results in mg/l:

Ca = 65; Mg = 35; Na = 101; K = 21.5; HCO3 = 248; SO4 = 221.8
Find the total hardness, carbonate hardness and non-carbonate hardness.
Solution:
Total hardness in mg/l as CaCO3 =
Eq. wt of Ca CO3 Eq. wt of Ca CO3
Ca++ (mg/l) M × ++
+ Mg ++ (mg/l) ×
Eq. wt og Ca Eq. wt og Mg ++
= 65 × (50/20) + 35 × (50/12.2)
= 305.94mg/l
Eq. wt of Ca CO3
Alkalinity due to HCO⁻₃ CaCO3(mg/l) = Total Alkanity ×
Eq. wt og HCO3
= 248 ∗ (50/61)
= 203.28mg/l
Here, Total hardness > Alkalinity (i. e. 305.94.52 > 203.28)
So, Carbonate hardness = Alkalinity
= 203.28 mg/l
Then, Non − carbonate hardness = Total hardness – Carbonate hardness
= 305.94 – 203.28 = 102.66 mg/l

P a g e 6 | 21
43. Bishwas Shrestha

6. Water is conveyed through a CI main from an impounding reservoir at distance of 18 km

to a service reservoir of a town under a head of 120 m. The quantity delivered is 50 million
liters per day. It is subsequently decided to increase the flow by 50 % and for this to lay an
additional pipeline of the same diameter as the first one for a part of the length running
parallel and cross connected with it. Calculate (a) the size of the main (b) length of the
additional pipeline to be laid. Use Hazen-William formula, take the value of C for the main
as 100 and head loss in cross connection as 1 m.
Solution:
Initial discharge = 50 Mld = 0.579 cumec
It is assumed that the total head of 170 m available between the storage reservoir and the service
reservoir is dissipated in overcoming the frictional resistance offered to the flow by the pipe.

We have, Hazen − Williams formula,

V = 0.849 C𝑅𝑅 0.63 𝑆𝑆 0.54
If d is diameter of the pipe
V = Q/A = 0.579/(A = π𝑑𝑑2 /4), where R = d/4

S = 𝐻𝐻𝑓𝑓 /L = 120/18000 = 0.0066

Now substituting value,
𝑑𝑑 0.63
0.579/(π𝑑𝑑 2 /4) ), = 0.849 × 100 × � � × 0.0060.54
4
∴ d = 0.65m

Now let a pipe of length equal to l km be added and laid alongside existing pipe of total length 18
km. Thus, for (18 – l) km length of the initially laid pipe the discharge will be equal to the total
To increase discharge by 50%
New discharge Q = 0.579 × 1.5 = 0.868cumec

Discharge 0.868 cumec, and then half of the total discharge i.e. 0.434 cumec will be carried by
each of the two pipes viz. the remaining length l of the initially laid pipe and the newly laid pipe of
length l, as both the pipes are of the same diameter.

10.68× (18 - l) ×1000× 0.8681.852 10.68× l × 1000× 0.4341.852

120 = +
1001.8520.654.87 1001.8520.654.87
∴ 𝑙𝑙 = 10.02𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

Hence, additional pipe of 10.2km of 0.65m diameter is required.

P a g e 7 | 21
43. Bishwas Shrestha

7. A pump is to deliver water from an underground tank against a static head of 30m. The
suction pipe is 40 m long and is of 30 cm diameter. The delivery pipe is of 25 cm diameter,
1500 m long. The pump characteristics can be expressed as: 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 = 100 − 6000𝑸𝑸𝟐𝟐 Where, 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻
= 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑄𝑄 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝒎𝒎𝟑𝟑 /𝑠𝑠 Calculate the head and the discharge
of the pump. Take value of C = 120.
Here, Hazen − Williams formula for friction loss is
10.68× L Q1.852
hf =
C 1.852d4.87
hence head loss in suction pipe is
10.68× 40 Q1.852
hfs = = 21.2 Q1.852
120 1.852 (30/100)4.87
head loss in delivery pipe is
10.68× 1500 Q1.852
hfd = = 1932.19Q1.852
120 1.852 (25/100)4.87
static head hst = 30m
so the total dynamic head H = hst + hl = hst + hfd + hfs
= 30 + 21.2Q1.852 + 1932.19Q1.852
= 30 + 1953.39 Q1.852
But this should be equal to pump head Hp, so
H = Hp
Or, 30 + 1953.39 Q1.852 = 100 − 6000Q2
Or, 6000Q2 + 1953.39 Q1.852 = 70
So Q = 0.089 cumecs
= 89 l/s
So Hp = 100 − 6000Q2 = 100 − 6000(0.08902 ) = 52.38m
hfs = 27.2Q2 = 27.2 (0.08902 ) = 0.22
hfd = 2792.1Q2 = 2792.1(0.08902 ) = 22.16
so, H = 0.22 + 22.16 + 30 = 52.38 m = Hp

P a g e 8 | 21
43. Bishwas Shrestha

8. In a continuous flow settling tank 30 m long and 3 m deep, what velocity of water would
you recommend for effective removal of 0.02 mm particles. Express the velocity in mm/min.
Assume specific gravity of particles = 2.65 and kinematic viscosity of water = 0.01 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝟐𝟐 /𝒔𝒔.
Solution:
The settling velocity v is given as
gd2
vv = (G − 1) d = 0.02mm = 0.002 cm
18v s
981 × (0.002)2
= (2.61 − 1) cm/s
18 × 0.01
= 0.036 cm/s
We also have,
vH L
=
vv H

where, vH = Flow velocity,

v = settling velocity,
L = length of the tank = 30 m,
H = height of water in the tank.
Assume 0.6 m freeboard out of the total depth of 3 m of the tank.
∴ Water depth in the tank = H = 3 − 0.6 = 2.4 m
0.3
∴ vH = 0.036 × cm/sec = 0.45 cm/sec
0.024
Therefore, to ensure effective removal of particles upto 0.02 mm, the flow
velocity in the settling tank should not be more than 10.45 cm/sec.

P a g e 9 | 21
43. Bishwas Shrestha

9. A coagulation treatment plant with a flow of 0.6 m3/s is dosing alum at 34 mg/l. No other
chemicals are being added. The raw water suspended solids concentration is 38 mg/l. The
effluent solids concentration is measured at 12 mg/l. What quantity of sludge solids must be
disposed each day?

Solution:

flow rate = 0.6𝑚𝑚3 /𝑠𝑠 = 600 𝐿𝐿/𝑠𝑠

inlet solid concentration = 34+38= 72 mg/L
outlet solid concentration = 12 mg/L
Hence, total solid removed per sec = 600*(72-12) mg/s = 36000 mg/s = 36 g/s
total solid removed per day
36
= � kg/s� (24 × 60 × 60 s/day)
1000
= 3110.4 kg/day

Density of slug = 3.01 × 1000 =3010 kg/m3

3110.4
therefore, total solid removed per day = 3010
= 1.033m3

Given, solid is 1% of sludge, therefore weight of water in sludge = 3110.4 × 100 kg/day
3110.4×100
1000
m3 /day = 311.04m3 /day

therefore, total volume of sludge = 311.04 + 1.033 = 312.073 m3 /day

P a g e 10 | 21
43. Bishwas Shrestha

10. Calculate the quantity of bleaching powder required per year for disinfecting 5 million
litres of water per day. The dose of chlorine has to be 0.3 ppm and the bleaching powder
contains 30 % of available chlorine.
Solution:
Here,
bleaching powder contains 30% of available chlorine
CP2 dosage 0.3
∴ Dosage of B. P = = = 1mg/L
percentage of CP2 in B. P 0.3
∴∴ Amount of B. P required / day = Q × B. P dosage
= 5 × 106 × 1 × 10−6 kg/day
= 11.66 kg/day

11. Chlorine usage in the treatment of 20,000 cubic meter of water per day is 8 kg/day. The
residual chlorine after 10 minutes contact is 0.2 mg/l. Calculate the dosage of chlorine in mg/l
and chlorine demand of the water.
Solution:
Here, 20000𝑚𝑚3 /𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 5.28 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
lbs of active chemical per day
Chlorine Dose =
MGD × 8.34
17.6
= = 0.4 mg/L
5.28 × 8.34
Chlorine Demand = Chlorine Doseage − Residual Chlorine
= 0.4 − 0.2 = 0.2mg/L

P a g e 11 | 21
43. Bishwas Shrestha

12. For water supply of a small town with the daily requirement of 𝟐𝟐. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟓𝟓 𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍, it is
proposed to construct a distribution reservoir. The pattern of draw off is as under:
7 A.M. to 8 A.M. 30 % of day's supply
8 A.M. to 5 P.M. 35 % of day's supply
5 P.M. to 6:30 P.M. 30 % of day's supply
6:30 P.M. to 7 A.M. 5 % of day's supply
The pumping is to be done at a constant rate for 8 hours (8 A.M. to 4 P.M)
Solution:
Total demand during the day is 2.25 × 105 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = 225000 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
Now the cumulative demand covered is tabulated in the table given below:
Period Rate of Demand Demand in Litres Cumulative Demand
7 A.M. to 8 A.M 30 % of 225000 litres 67500 67500
8 A.M. to 5 P.M. 35 % of 225000 litres 78750 146250
5 P.M. to 6:30 P.M. 30 % of 225000 litres 67500 213750
6:30 P.M. to 7 A.M. 5 % of 225000 litres 11250 225000

Fig: Mass Curve

P a g e 12 | 21
43. Bishwas Shrestha

Total demand is met in 8 hours

225000
:. Rate of supply = 8
= 28125 litres/hr.

Two maximum ordinates between supply and demand lines are

A = 95,000 litres
B = 67,500 litres
:. Total storage capacity = A + B = 162,500 litres (Ans.)

P a g e 13 | 21
43. Bishwas Shrestha

14. Analyze the pipe network shown in the accompanying figure. Take C = 100 in Hazen
Williams formula.

Solution:
The loss of head hf through any pipe carrying discharge Q is given by
ℎ𝑓𝑓 = 𝑟𝑟𝑄𝑄 𝑛𝑛
According to Hazen-Williams formula
10.68𝑄𝑄
𝑟𝑟 = 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑛𝑛 = 1.852
𝐶𝐶𝐻𝐻1.852 𝑑𝑑 4.87
Pipe Length, m Diameter, m r
AF 500 0.3 371.5
AB 500 0.4 91.5
BE 500 0.25 902.76
FE 500 0.3 371.5
ED 500 0.25 902.76
DC 500 0.25 902.76
FC 500 0.3 371.5

P a g e 14 | 21
43. Bishwas Shrestha

100 l/s

300 l/s 100 l/s

200 l/s E
B
D

+ve
+ve 100 l/s
200 l/s
500 l/s

F C
A 300 l/s
500 l/s 500 l/s

For the first trial the distribution is assumed as shown in the table below. For this distribution
the correction ΔQ for the loops ABEF and FCDE are computed as follows.
Loop ABEF
Pipe Discharge (Q) r 𝑟𝑟𝑄𝑄 𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑄𝑄 𝑛𝑛−1
l/s 𝑚𝑚3 /𝑠𝑠
AF 500 0.5 371.5 -102.9085 381.1731
FE 100 0.1 371.5 5.223467 96.7386
AB 500 0.5 91.5 25.34624 93.88247
BE 300 0.3 902.76 97.0959 599.4053
Σ 24.7 1171.188

Σ𝑟𝑟𝑄𝑄 𝑛𝑛 24.747
∆𝑄𝑄 = − Σ𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑄𝑄𝑛𝑛−1 = − 1171.188 = −0.0211𝑚𝑚3 /𝑠𝑠 = −21𝑙𝑙/𝑠𝑠

Loop FCDE
Pipe Discharge (Q) r 𝑟𝑟𝑄𝑄 𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑄𝑄 𝑛𝑛−1
l/s 𝑚𝑚3 /𝑠𝑠
FC 500 0.5 371.5 -102.9085 381.1731
FE 100 0.1 371.5 -5.223467 96.7386
ED 100 0.1 902.76 12.69323 235.0787
DC 200 0.2 902.76 -45.82261 424.3174
Σ -141.23 1137.265

P a g e 15 | 21
43. Bishwas Shrestha

Σ𝑟𝑟𝑄𝑄 𝑛𝑛 −141.23
∆𝑄𝑄 = − Σ𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑄𝑄𝑛𝑛−1 = − 1137.265 = 0.124𝑚𝑚3 /𝑠𝑠 = 124 𝑙𝑙/𝑠𝑠

By applying the above obtained corrections the modified discharges for various pipe are shown in
the following table which is the distribution for the second trail. For this distribution the corrections
ΔQ for the loops ABEF and FCDE are computed as follows.
Loop ABEF
Pipe Discharge (Q) r 𝑟𝑟𝑄𝑄 𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑄𝑄 𝑛𝑛−1
l/s 𝑚𝑚3 /𝑠𝑠
AF 521 0.521 371.5 -111.0561 394.7713
FE 45 0.045 371.5 -1.190442 48.99332
AB 479 0.479 91.5 23.41006 90.51237
BE 279 0.279 902.76 84.88507 563.4665
Σ -3.956 1097.663

Σ𝑟𝑟𝑄𝑄 𝑛𝑛 −3.956
∆𝑄𝑄 = − Σ𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑄𝑄𝑛𝑛−1 = − 1097.663 = 0.0036𝑚𝑚3 /𝑠𝑠 = 4 𝑙𝑙/𝑠𝑠

Loop FCDE
Pipe Discharge (Q) r 𝑟𝑟𝑄𝑄 𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑄𝑄 𝑛𝑛−1
l/s 𝑚𝑚3 /𝑠𝑠
FC 376 0.376 371.5 -60.70252 298.9922
FE 45 0.045 371.5 1.190442 48.99332
ED 224 0.224 902.76 56.52384 467.331
DC 76 0.076 902.76 -7.635528 186.0658
Σ -10.62 1001.376

Σ𝑟𝑟𝑄𝑄 𝑛𝑛 −10.62
∆𝑄𝑄 = − Σ𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑄𝑄𝑛𝑛−1 = − 1001.376 = 0.0106𝑚𝑚3 /𝑠𝑠 = 11𝑙𝑙/𝑠𝑠

By applying the above obtained corrections the modified discharges for various pipe are shown in
the following table which is the distribution for the second trail. For this distribution the corrections
ΔQ for the loops ABEF and FCDE are computed as follows.
Loop ABEF
Pipe Discharge (Q) r 𝑟𝑟𝑄𝑄 𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑄𝑄 𝑛𝑛−1
l/s 𝑚𝑚3 /𝑠𝑠
AF 517 0.517 371.5 -109.4821 392.1875
FE 52 0.0495 371.5 -1.420259 53.13778
AB 483 0.483 91.5 23.77339 91.15595
BE 283 0.283 902.76 87.15269 570.342
Σ 0.02 1106.81

P a g e 16 | 21
43. Bishwas Shrestha

Σ𝑟𝑟𝑄𝑄 𝑛𝑛 0.02
∆𝑄𝑄 = − Σ𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑄𝑄𝑛𝑛−1 = − 1106.814 = −0.000018𝑚𝑚3 /𝑠𝑠 = −0.018 𝑙𝑙/𝑠𝑠

Loop FCDE
Pipe Discharge (Q) r 𝑟𝑟𝑄𝑄 𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑄𝑄 𝑛𝑛−1
l/s 𝑚𝑚3 /𝑠𝑠
FC 365 0.365 371.5 -57.45465 291.5233
FE 52 0.052 371.5 1.555955 55.41593
ED 235 0.235 902.76 61.77176 486.8141
DC 65 0.065 902.76 -5.715942 162.8604
Σ 0.163 996.61

Σ𝑟𝑟𝑄𝑄 𝑛𝑛 0.163
∆𝑄𝑄 = − Σ𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑄𝑄𝑛𝑛−1 = − 996.61 = −0.000163𝑚𝑚3 /𝑠𝑠 = −0.16𝑙𝑙/𝑠𝑠

Since the values of the corrections Q to be applied are considerably low, no further trials are
needed. Thus, by applying the above obtained corrections the discharge for various pipes are
as shown in the accompanying figure.
100 l/s

283 l/s 235 l/s

200 l/s E
B
D

+ve
+ve 52 l/s
65 l/s
483 l/s

F C
A 300 l/s
517 l/s 365 l/s
100 l/s

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43. Bishwas Shrestha

13. Design pipeline AB and BC in the pipe network as shown in figure. Minimum pressure
in pipeline should be 1.5 kg/cm2. Take Hazen William’s coefficient as 100.

Solution:
Given, Minimum water pressure = 1.5kg/cm2 =15m head
C=100
QAB = 44 lps = 0.044 m3 /s
QBC = 18 lps = 0.018 m3 /s
For pipe AB
Maximum permissible head loss, (hf)
R A, max = RLA − RLB − Minimum water pressure

(hf)R A, max = 180 − 154 − 15 = 35 m

Using Hazen − William formula for determining minimum diameter of pipe

10.68× L Q1.852
hf =
C 1.852d4.87
10.68× 700× 0.0441.852
11 =
1001.852d4.87
∴ d = 0.201 m = 201 mm
So diameter of pipe RA ≥ 201 mm for minimum water pressure above 15 m.
Now taking diameter of pipe RA = 205mm

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43. Bishwas Shrestha

10.68× 700× 0.0441.852

hf =
1001.8520.2054.87
hf = 10.2 m

Hydraulic level at B = RLA − (hf)R A

= 180 − 10.2 = 169.8 m
Water pressure available at B = Hydraulic level at B − RLB
= 169.8 − 154 = 15.8 m > 15 m (Ok)
Q 0.044
Velocity of water in pipe = = = 1.33 m/s
A π0.2052
4
For pipe BC
Maximum permissible head loss,
(hf)AB, max = Hydraulic level at B − RLC − Minimum water pressure
(hf)AB, max = 169.8 − 126 − 15 = 28.8 m
Determining minimum diameter of pipe AB using Hazen − William formula
10.68× L Q1.852
hf =
C 1.852d4.87
10.68× 550× 0.0181.852
28.8 =
1001.852d4.87
∴ d = 0.112 m = 112 mm
So diameter of pipe AB ≥ 112 mm for minimum water pressure of 15 m.
Now, taking diameter of pipe AB = 115 mm
10.68× L Q1.852
hf =
C 1.852d4.87
10.68× 550× 0.0181.852
hf = = 25.59m
1001.8520.1154.87

Hydraulic level at C = Hydraulic level at B − (hf)BC

= 169.8 − 25.59 = 144.21 m

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43. Bishwas Shrestha

Water pressure available at C = Hydraulic level at C − RLC

= 144.21 − 126 = 18.21 > 15 m (Ok)
Q 0.018
Velocity of water in pipe = = = 1.733 m/s
A π0.1152
4

A 180 m
(180 m) hf = 10.2 m Hydraulic Gradient Line (HGL )
169.8 m

hf = 25.59 m
154 m
B
(154 m)
144.21 m

Water Pressure at B = 18.21 m

126 m
C
(126 m)

Fig: Hydraulic Gradient Line

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43. Bishwas Shrestha

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