Muon Spectrometer for detector Upgrade for ATLAS(CERN)

RPC:

 Resistive Plate Chambers (RPC)-- Resistive plate chambers (RPC) are fast
gaseous detectors that provide a muon trigger system parallel with those
of the DTs and CSCs.
 RPCs consist of two parallel plates, a positively-charged anode and a
negatively-charged cathode, both made of a very high resistivity plastic
material and separated by a gas volume.
 When a muon passes through the chamber, electrons are knocked out of
gas atoms. These electrons in turn hit other atoms causing an avalanche
of electrons. 
 The electrodes are transparent to the signal (the electrons), which are
instead picked up by external metallic strips after a small but precise
time delay.
 The pattern of hit strips gives a quick measure of the muon momentum,
which is then used by the trigger to make immediate decisions about
whether the data are worth keeping. RPCs combine a good spatial
resolution with a time resolution of just one nanosecond (one billionth of
a second)
 For triggering and 2nd coordinate measurement in central region.
 380,000 channels
 Electric Field 5,000 V/mm
TGC:
 Thin gap chambers

 440,000 channels
 For triggering and 2nd coordinate measurement (non-bending direction)
at ends of detector.
MDT:

 For triggering and 2nd coordinate measurement in central region.

 380,000 channels
 Electric Field 5,000 V/mm
 The drift tube (DT) system measures muon positions in the barrel part of
the detector
 Each 4-cm-wide tube contains a stretched wire within a gas volume.
 When a muon or any charged particle passes through the volume it
knocks electrons off the atoms of the gas. These follow the electric field
ending up at the positively-charged wire.
 By registering where along the wire electrons hit (in the diagram, the
wires are going into the page) as well as by calculating the muon's
original distance away from the wire (shown here as horizontal distance

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 and calculated by multiplying the speed of an electron in the tube by the
time taken) DTs give two coordinates for the muon’s position.
 Each MDT chamber, on average 2m x 2.5m in size, consists of 12
aluminium layers, arranged in three groups of four, each up with up to
60 tubes: the middle group measures the coordinate along the direction
parallel to the beam and the two outside groups measure the
perpendicular coordinate.
 (MDT) chambers will be replaced to make them compatible with the
higher trigger rates and longer latencies necessary for the new level-0
trigger.
 MDT chambers will be integrated into the level-0 trigger in order to
sharpen the momentum threshold.
Upgrades:

 The upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) to the High-Luminosity

LHC (HL-LHC)
 will provide a unique opportunity for studying electroweak symmetry
breaking in detail
 and for exploring the nature of physics beyond the Standard Model.
 Additional RPC chambers will be installed in the inner barrel layer to
increase the acceptance and robustness of the trigger.
 Some of the MDT chambers in the inner barrel layer will be replaced
with new small-diameter MDTs.
 The LHC was designed to deliver proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-
mass energy
 The high-precision tracking system is based on Monitored Drift Tube
(MDT) and Cathode Strip Chambers (CSC) in the small angle-regions. The
Level-1 trigger is provided by Resistive Plate Chambers (RPC) in the
barrel and Thin Gap Chambers (TGC) in the end-cap. These detectors will

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 also measure the track coordinates in the magnetic field direction
(second coordinate), to complement the precision tracking provided by
the MDT which only measure the track coordinates in the bending
direction of the magnetic field.
 Electroweak symmetry breaking will be investigated through the precise
measurement of the Higgs boson couplings, which in turn requires a
precision measurement of the Higgs boson branching ratios into
different decay channels. The study of double-Higgs production and of
electroweak boson scattering is essential for the characterization of the
electroweak part of the Standard Model.
 The magnetic field strength is such that the sagitta of a track, i.e. the
maximum deviation of the curved track from a straight line joining its
endpoints in the spectrometer,
 The muon spectrometer consists of three large air-core superconducting
toroidal magnets (two endcaps and one barrel) providing a field of
approximately 0.5 T.
 muon trajectories in the bending plane of the magnetic field (the
“precision coordinate”) is measured via hits in three layers of monitored
drift tube (MDT) precision chambers÷’
 An optical alignment system monitors in real time the positions of
precision chambers with respect to each other and to calibrated
reference objects in the detector.
 Small corrections to the chamber positions calculated from alignment
sensor data are obtained every couple of years from dedicated toroid-off
runs yielding straight tracks in the MS.
 The high-level trigger (HLT) performs a full track reconstruction by using
precision chamber hits in addition to trigger chamber hits, resulting in a
refined pT measurement.

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  Particle fluence - The number of radiant-energy particles emitted
from or incident on a surface in a given period of time, divided by the
area of the surface.
 The increase in luminosity from the original LHC design to the HL-LHC
by almost an order
 of magnitude will lead to an increase of particle fluences by the same
amount.
 The LHC was designed to deliver proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-
mass energy
 Higgs field gives some particles more/less mass
 Higgs field NOT static, it consists of an entanglement of higgs-bosons
 Fluctuations in higgs field caused by higgs-boson continuously
disappearing and reappearing
 Some particles interact more strongly with higgs field and will be mostly
mass and some are weaker and are mainly energy