UNIVERSITY OF SAINT LOUIS

Tuguegarao City

SCHOOL OF HEALTH AND ALLIED SCIENCES

First Semester
S.Y. 2020-2021

CORRESPONDENCE LEARNING MODULE

NURS 1015 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
(LECTURE)

Prepared by:

KIN MER C. CAPIRAL, MSN

RALPH HAROLD RENOSA, MSN
Instructors

Recommended by:
Dr. Dindo V. Asuncion
Academic Dean

Reviewed by:

JANINA C. ABAD, MSN

Program Chair

Approved by:

Dr. Emmanuel James P. Pattaguan

VP for Academics

Prelims Week 2-September 1-4, 2020

NURS 1015- Anatomy and Physiology| 1

 Set 1: TTh 7:30 – 9:00
Set 3: TTh 9:00 – 10: 30
Set 5: TTh 10:30 – 12:00

1. Introduction
WELCOME TO THE NEW ACADEMIC YEAR 2020-2021, you are enrolled in the Correspondence/Online Learning Modality.
I am KIN MER C. CAPIRAL, RN, MSN and I will be your instructor for the Subject Anatomy and Physiology Lecture. This is a
3-unit subject, equivalent to a 3-hour meeting if it were a face-to-face meeting. This course is designed to help students
develop a solid, basic understanding of essential concepts in anatomy and physiology. The course describe the anatomic
structures and physiologic mechanisms/processes/systems involved in the different physiologic concepts and Utilize
basic anatomical facts and physiological concepts and principles in the nursing care of individuals.
If you preferred a Correspondence Learning Modality, USL expects you to do the following:
1. Let your parents pick up your module on the first day of the week.
2. Send back your accomplished lessons/learning tasks as your parent will pick up the next.
3. Contact me for any query that you want to make about your lessons or procedures in school. You can reach
me through the following:
Email Address: kinmerc.capiral@gmail.com
Messenger: Kin Mer
Cellphone Number: 09154567770
4. Comply with all requirements (written outputs, projects/performance tasks examinations and the like.)
USL Vision-Mission
Vision
USL is a global learning community recognized for SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY across all disciplines, STRONG RESEARCH
and RESPONSIVE COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT grounded on the CICM MISSION & IDENTITY for a DISTINCTIVE STUDENT
EXPERIENCE
Mission
USL sustains a Catholic academic community that nurtures persons for the community, church and society anchored on
CICM’s MISSIO ET EXCELLENTIA.
The University of Saint Louis upholds the philosophy that education is meant for building of self and persons for the
Church and the Society. “Wisdom builds”. To these ends, the following are University of Saint Louis’ core values integral
in the formation of every member of the Louisian community.
1. Christian Living. We are witnesses to the gospel values as taught and lived by Christ thus making god’s love
known and experienced by all;
2. Excellence. We seek and maintain uncompromising standard of quality in teaching, learning, and stewardship of
school resources;
3. Professional Responsibility. We are committed to efficiently and responsibly apply the learned principles, values
and skills in the chosen field of discipline, taking initiative and command responsibility in one’s professional
advancement;

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4. Social Awareness and Involvement. We engage ourselves with society by listening to the prevailing issues and
concerns in the society, thereby initiating and participating in constructive and relevant social activities for the
promotion of justice, peace and integrity of creation and for people’s wellness and development consistent with the
CICM charism;
5. Innovation, Creativity and Agility. We keep ourselves relevant and responsive to the changing needs of our
stakeholders by being flexible, solution oriented, and having cutting edge decisions and practices.

Program Learning Outcomes

Practice Christian values and serve as a dynamic force as Louisian in the enhancement of life
NO1
and in the moral transformation of communities.
Apply knowledge of physical, social, natural and health sciences, and humanities in the practice
NO2
of nursing.
NO3 Apply guidelines in the principles of evidence-based practice in the delivery of care.
Communicate effectively in caring, speaking, writing and presenting using culturally appropriate
NO4
language.
NO5 Practice nursing in accordance with existing laws, legal, ethical and moral principles.
Perform safe, appropriate, humanistic, and holistic care to individuals, families, population
NO6
groups and communities utilizing the nursing process.
NO7 Document to include reporting, up to date client care accurately and comprehensively.
Engaged in lifelong learning with a passion to keep current with national and global
NO8
developments in general and nursing and health developments in particular.
Practice beginning management and leadership skills in the delivery of client care and in health
NO9
program development using the systems approach.
Work effectively in collaboration with inter- intra- and multi-disciplinary and multicultural
NO10
teams.
NO11 Demonstrate responsible citizenship and pride in being a Filipino Louisian Nurse
NO12 Participate in research endeavors and in health development projects.

Below is the course outline of this subject for you to have a guide on the sequence of topics that we will be discussing
for the entire semester. It is therefore expected that you will do your advance readings so that you will not have a hard
time catching up with our discussions.
After completing this subject, you should be able to:
1. Describe the anatomic structures and physiologic mechanisms/processes/systems involved in the different
physiologic concepts
2. Utilize basic anatomical facts and physiological concepts and principles in the nursing care of individuals.
For online learners, online discussions will be done via zoom or google meet. Schedule for these online meetings will be
agreed upon by the students and teacher. These virtual meetings will serve as forum to reemphasize topics uploaded in
the Learning Management System. Synchronous quizzes will also be conducted via LMS as well as term examinations.
There will also be recitations to be conducted utilizing the chat box of zoom or google meet.

For correspondence learners, let your parents pick up your module on the first day of the week. Send back your
accomplished lessons/learning tasks as your parent will pick up the next.

Course Outline
NURS 1015- Anatomy and Physiology| 3
PRELIMS INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY
1. Introduction to the Human Body
2. The Chemical Basis of Life
3. Cell Structures and their Functions
4. Tissues Glands and Membranes
MIDTERMS SYSTEMS OF THE BODY
5. Integumentary System
6. Skeletal System
7. Muscular System
8. Nervous System
FINALS SYSTEMS OF THE BODY
9. Endocrine System
10. Circulatory System
11. Lymphatic System
12. Respiratory System
13. Digestive System
14. Urinary System
15. Reproductive System

Grading System

CRITERIA IN GRADING PRELIMS MIDTERMS FINALS

Class Standing 60% 60% 60%
 Quizzes 25 % 25 % 25 %
 Recitation 5% 5% 5%
 Attitude 5% 5% 5%
 Attendance 5% 5% 5%
 Requirement 20% 20% 20%
Term exam 40 % 40 % 40 %
Total 100% 100% 100%
Weekly Study and Assessment Guide

Date Topic Activities or Tasks

September 1 (Set 1, 3 and Basic Chemistry  Discussion
5)  Matter, Mass and  Recitation
Weight
 Elements and Atoms
 Atomic Structure
 Atomic Number and
Mass Number

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 September 3 (Set 1, 3 and Basic Chemistry Read the module provide for you
5)  Isotopes and Atomic Mass this week. This material will be
The Mole and Molar Mass uploaded through LMS for online
 Electrons and Chemical learners.
Bonding
 Ionic Bonds
 Covalent Bonds
 Important Ions in the Body

For this week, August 25-27, 2020 of this grading period, the following shall be your guide for the different lessons and
tasks that you need to accomplish. Be patient, read it carefully before proceeding to the tasks expected of you. GOOD
LUCK!

Content Basic Chemistry

1. Matter, Mass and Weight
2. Elements and Atoms
3. Atomic Structure
4. Atomic Number and Mass Number
5. Isotopes and Atomic Mass
6. The Mole and Molar Mass
7. Electrons and Chemical Bonding
8. Ionic Bonds
9. Covalent Bonds
10. Important Ions in the Human Body
Learning Outcomes 1. Define matter, mass, and weight.
2. Distinguish between elements and atoms, and
state the four most abundant elements in the
body.
3. Name the subatomic particles of an atom, and
indicate their mass, charge, and location in an
atom.
4. Define atomic number, mass number, isotope,
atomic mass, and mole.
5. Compare and contrast ionic and covalent bonds.

LEARNING CONTENT
Life is chemistry. Chemicals compose the structures of the body, and the interactions of chemicals with one another are
responsible for the body’s functions. Nerve impulse generation, digestion, muscle contraction, and metabolism can be
described in chemical terms, and so can many abnormal conditions and illnesses, as well as their treatments. These
diverse functions all involve intricate interactions between molecules. For example, chemicals in saliva interact with food
to aid in digestion, and membrane proteins assemble to form a pore for ions to pass into and out of our cells to aid in
nerve impulse generation and muscle contraction. To understand anatomy and physiology, it is essential to have a basic
knowledge of chemistry—the scientific discipline concerned with the atomic composition of substances and the

NURS 1015- Anatomy and Physiology| 5

reactions they undergo. This chapter is not a comprehensive treatment of chemistry, but it does review some of the
basic chemical concepts related to living systems

Matter, Mass, and Weight

All living and non-living things are composed of matter, which is anything that occupies space and has mass. Mass is the
amount of matter in an object, and weight is the gravitational force acting on an object of a given mass. For example, the
weight of an apple results from the force of gravity “pulling” on the apple’s mass.
The international unit for mass is the kilogram (kg), which is the mass of a platinum-iridium cylinder kept at the
International Bureau of Weights and Measurements in France. The mass of all other objects is compared with this
cylinder. For example, a 2.2-pound lead weight and 1 liter (L) (1.06 qt) of water each have a mass of approximately 1 kg.
An object with 1/1000 the mass of a kilogram has a mass of 1 gram (g). Ca for calcium. Occasionally, the symbol is taken
from the Latin, Greek, or Arabic name for the element—for example, the symbol for sodium is Na, from the Latin word
natrium.

Elements and Atoms

An element is the simplest type of matter, having unique chemical properties. A list of the elements commonly found in
the human body appears in table 2.1. About 96% of the body’s weight results from the elements oxygen, carbon,
hydrogen, and nitrogen. The majority of the body’s weight is from oxygen. Oxygen is also the most abundant element in
the earth’s crust. Carbon plays an especially important role in the chemistry of the body, due in part to its propensity to
form covalent bonds with itself and other molecules. Many elements are present in only trace amounts, but still play
essential roles in the body. Elements can have multiple roles and exist in different states in the body. For example,
mineralized calcium contributes to the solid matrix of bones, while dissolved calcium helps regulate enzyme activities
and nervous system signalling. An atom (atomos, indivisible) is the smallest particle of an element that has the chemical
characteristics of that element. An element is composed of atoms of only one kind. For example, the element carbon is
composed of only carbon atoms, and the element oxygen is composed of only oxygen atoms. An element, or an atom of
that element, is often represented by a symbol. Usually, the symbol is the first letter or letters of the element’s name—
for example, C for carbon, H for hydrogen, and Ca for calcium. Occasionally, the symbol is taken from the Latin, Greek, or
Arabic name for the element—for example, the symbol for sodium is Na, from the Latin word natrium.

NURS 1015- Anatomy and Physiology| 6

Atomic Structure
The characteristics of matter result from the structure, organization, and behavior of atoms. Atoms are composed of
subatomic particles, some of which have an electrical charge. The three major types of subatomic particles are neutrons,
protons, and electrons (figure 2.1). A neutron has no electrical charge, a proton has one positive charge, and an electron
has one negative charge. The positive charge of a proton is equal in magnitude to the negative charge of an electron.
The number of protons and the number of electrons in each atom are equal, and the individual charges cancel each
other. Therefore, each atom is electrically neutral. Protons and neutrons form the nucleus at the center of an atom, and
electrons move around the nucleus (figure 2.1). The nucleus accounts for 99.97% of an atom’s mass but only 1 ten-
trillionth of its volume. Most of the volume of an atom is occupied by the electrons. Because electrons are always
moving around the nucleus, the region where they are most likely to be found can be represented by an electron cloud.

Atomic Number and Mass Number

Each element is uniquely defined by the number of protons in the atoms of that element. For example, only hydrogen
atoms have 1  proton, only carbon atoms have 6 protons, and only oxygen atoms have 8 protons (figure 2.2; see table
2.1). The atomic number of an element is equal to the number of protons in each atom and, because the number of
electrons is equal to the number of protons, the atomic number is also the number of electrons. There are 90 naturally
occurring elements, but additional elements have been synthesized by altering atomic nuclei. See the periodic table in
appendix A for additional information about the elements. Protons and neutrons have about the same mass, and they
are responsible for most of the mass of atoms. Electrons, on the other hand, have very little mass. The mass number of
an element is the number of protons plus the number of neutrons in each atom. For example, the mass number for
carbon is 12 because it has 6 protons and 6 neutrons.
Isotopes and Atomic Mass
Isotopes (ī′sō-tōpz) are two or more forms of the same element that have the same number of protons and electrons
but a different number of neutrons. Thus, isotopes have the same atomic number but different mass numbers. There are
three isotopes of hydrogen: hydrogen, deuterium, and tritium. All three isotopes have 1 proton and 1 electron, but
hydrogen has no neutrons in its nucleus, deuterium has 1 neutron, and tritium has 2 neutrons (figure 2.3). Isotopes can
be denoted using the symbol of the element preceded by the mass number (number of protons and neutrons) of the

NURS 1015- Anatomy and Physiology| 7

isotope. Thus, hydrogen is 1 H, deuterium is 2 H, and tritium is 3 H. Individual atoms have very little mass. A hydrogen
atom has a mass of 1.67 × 10−24 g (see appendix B for an explanation of the scientific notation of numbers). To avoid
working with such small numbers, scientists use a system of relative atomic mass. In this system, a dalton (Da), or unified
atomic mass unit (u), is 1/12 the mass of 12C, a carbon atom with 6 protons and 6 neutrons. Thus, 12C has an atomic
mass of exactly 12 Da. However, a naturally occurring sample of carbon contains mostly 12C and a small quantity of
other carbon isotopes, such as 13C, which has 6 protons and 7 neutrons. The atomic mass of an element is the average
mass of its naturally occurring isotopes, taking into account the relative abundance of each isotope. For example, the
atomic mass of the element carbon is 12.01 Da (see table 2.1), which is slightly more than 12 Da because of the
additional mass of the small amount of other carbon isotopes. Because the atomic mass is an average, a sample of
carbon can be treated as if all the carbon atoms had an atomic mass of 12.01 Da

The Mole and Molar Mass

Just as a grocer sells eggs in lots of a dozen, a chemist groups atoms in lots of 6.022 × 1023, which is called Avogadro’s
number, or 1  mole (abbreviated mol). Stated another way, a mole of a substance contains Avogadro’s number of
entities, such as atoms, ions, or molecules. The mass of 1 mole of a substance expressed in grams is called the molar
mass. Molar mass is a convenient way to determine the number of atoms in a sample of an element. Because 12 g of
12C is used as the standard, the atomic mass of an entity expressed in unified atomic mass units is the same as the
molar mass expressed in grams. Thus, carbon atoms have an atomic mass of 12.01 Da, and 12.01 g of carbon has
Avogadro’s number (1 mol) of carbon atoms. By the same token, 1.008 g of hydrogen (1 mol) has the same number of
atoms as 12.01 g of carbon (1 mol).

Electrons and Chemical Bonding

The outermost electrons of an atom determine its chemical behavior. When these outermost electrons are transferred,
or shared, between atoms, chemical bonding occurs. Two major types of chemical bonds are ionic and covalent bonds.

Ionic Bonds
Recall that an atom is electrically neutral because it has equal numbers of protons and electrons. However, an atom can
donate or lose electrons to other atoms. When this occurs, the numbers of protons and electrons are no longer equal,
and a charged particle, called an ion (ī′on), is formed. After an atom loses an electron, it has 1 more proton than it has
electrons and is positively charged. A sodium atom (Na) can lose an electron to become a positively charged sodium ion
(Na+) (figure 2.4a). After an atom gains an electron, it has 1 more electron than it has protons and is negatively charged.
A chlorine atom (Cl) can accept an electron to become a negatively charged chloride ion (Cl−). Positively charged ions are
called cations (kat′ī-onz), and negatively charged ions are called anions (an′ī-onz). Because oppositely charged ions are
attracted to each other, cations and anions tend to remain close together, forming an ionic (ī-on′ik) bond. For example,
Na+ and Cl− are held together by ionic bonding to form an array of ions called sodium chloride (NaCl), or table salt
(figure 2.4b,c). Some ions commonly found in the body are listed in table 2.2.
NURS 1015- Anatomy and Physiology| 8
Covalent Bonds
A covalent bond forms when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons. The resulting combination of atoms is called a
molecule. An example is the covalent bond between two hydrogen atoms to form a hydrogen molecule (figure 2.5). Each
hydrogen atom has 1 electron. As the two hydrogen atoms get closer together, the positively charged nucleus of each
atom begins to attract the electron of the other atom. At an optimal distance, the 2 nuclei mutually attract the 2
electrons, and each electron is shared by both nuclei. The two hydrogen atoms are now held together by a covalent
bond. The sharing of one pair of electrons by two atoms results in a single covalent bond. A single line between the
symbols of the atoms involved (e.g., H—H) represents a single covalent bond. A double covalent bond results when two
atoms share 4 electrons, 2 from each atom. When a carbon atom combines with two oxygen atoms to form carbon
dioxide, two double covalent bonds form. Double covalent bonds are indicated by a double line between the atoms (O C
O) When electrons are shared equally between atoms, as in a hydrogen molecule, the bonds are called nonpolar
covalent bonds. However, atoms bound to one another by a covalent bond do not always share their electrons equally
because the nucleus of one atom attracts the electrons more strongly than does the nucleus of the other atom. Bonds of
this type are called polar covalent bonds and are common in both living and non-living matter. Polar covalent bonds can
result in polar molecules, which are electrically asymmetric. For example, oxygen atoms attract electrons more strongly
than do hydrogen atoms. When covalent bonding between an oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms forms a water
molecule, the electrons are located closer to the oxygen nucleus than to the hydrogen nuclei. Because electrons have a
negative charge, the oxygen side of the molecule is slightly more negative than the hydrogen side (figure 2.6).
*** END of LESSON ***

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2. EVALUATION
 Explain the application of atomic particles in the practice of the Nursing profession or in the clinical set-up.
Elaborate and provide at least 5 examples.
 Explicitly differentiate the two major types of chemical bonds. Explain how the bonds are formed and what
occurs in the formation of the bonds.

7. APPLICATION
Pick at 3 important ions in the human body and explain its important role in the body.

References Textbook:
Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology by Seeley
Activity Sheets: Self-made

NURS 1015- Anatomy and Physiology| 10