Areas of chemical analysis

Detection
  Does the sample contain X?

Identification
 What is the identity od the X in the sample?

Separation
  How can separate for better quantitation and identification?

Quantitation
  How much of substance X ie present.

Scope and application

1. Quality control - manufacturing products needs to be monitored food, water etc.

2. Monitoring and control of pollutants - health hazards are need to take remedial action.
Toxic heavy metals - lead, cadmium, mercury
Organic chemicals - polychlorinated biphenyls and detergents
Vehicle exhaust gases - oxides of carbon, nitrogen, sulfur and hydrocarbons
  Dumped from industrial sites and vehicle exhaust gases

3. Clinical and biological studies - levels of nutrients, naturally produce chemicals and administered
drugs, etc. are require monitoring

4. Geological assays - commercial values of ores and minerals  is accurately establish.

5.  Fundamental and applied research -  new drugs or materials

Note: the approach use in pharmaceutical research that generates very large numbers of new
compound requiring confirmation of identity and structure is known as combinatorial chemistry

Definition of terms

Heterogeneous material - mixture where the components are not uniform or have localized region with
different properties. 2 or more substances not chemically combine

Homogenous mixture - mixture is uniform and parts cannot be distinguish with one another

Assay - process of determining how much of a give sample is the material indicated by its name. It is the
process to determine its composition or quality ex. Vaccine

Replicates sample - portion of material with same size, time and way
Interference - species that affect the signal on which an analysis is based. Can cause erroneous analytical
errors

Specificity - respond with one and only one analyte

Selectivity - respond similarly to only a few analyte.

Sample matrix - medium that contains an analyte

Calibration - empirical determination of the relationship between quantity and known reference or
standard

Types of qualitative and quantitative analysis

Quality analysis
1. Qualitative inorganic analysis - to test the presence of elements other than the carbon
2. Qualitative organic chemistry - to test the presence of carbon methods: 1) analysis of physical
properties, 2) classification of solubility, 3) spectroscopic analysis, 4) classification test for functional
groups, 5) synthesis of solid derivatives

Quantitative chemical analysis

Main methods:
Gravimetric - weighing
Titrimetric - volumetric measure of the amount  of reagent "titrant"
Electroanalytical - electrical properties
Spectroscopic - electromagnetic radiation

Steps in quantitative analysis

1. Define the problem - right info about the sample
2. Select a method- factors to be considered: speed, accuracy and precision, tools/instrument available,
sample size, sample preparation needed
3. Sampling - obtain small mass whose composition accurately represent the bulk
 Usually performed on small portion
 Can be homogenous or heterogeneous
    Serum: non-coagulated blood ( red cap )
    Plasma: coagulated blood (
4. Preparation of laboratory sample
   Solid sample analyzed on dry basis and dried in oven (110-120C) for 1-2hrs
5. Replicates sample - same same same
6. Preparation solution of the sample
  Types of solvent in dissolution method- nitric acid sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid etc.
7. Eliminating interference
8. Measure property of analyte and calibration - analyte measured
9. Data analysis