UNIVERSITY OF SAINT LOUIS

Tuguegarao City

SCHOOL OF HEALTH AND ALLIED SCIENCES

First Semester
S.Y. 2020-2021

CORRESPONDENCE LEARNING MODULE

NURS 1015 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
(LECTURE)

Prepared by:

KIN MER C. CAPIRAL, MSN

RALPH HAROLD RENOSA, MSN
Instructors

Recommended by:
Dr. Dindo V. Asuncion
Academic Dean

Reviewed by:

JANINA C. ABAD, MSN

Program Chair

Approved by:

Dr. Emmanuel James P. Pattaguan

VP for Academics

Prelims Week 3-September 7-11, 2020

NURS 1015- Anatomy and Physiology| 1

 Set 1: TTh 7:30 – 9:00
Set 3: TTh 9:00 – 10: 30
Set 5: TTh 10:30 – 12:00

1. Introduction
WELCOME TO THE NEW ACADEMIC YEAR 2020-2021, you are enrolled in the Correspondence/Online Learning Modality.
I am KIN MER C. CAPIRAL, RN, MSN and I will be your instructor for the Subject Anatomy and Physiology Lecture. This is a
3-unit subject, equivalent to a 3-hour meeting if it were a face-to-face meeting. This course is designed to help students
develop a solid, basic understanding of essential concepts in anatomy and physiology. The course describe the anatomic
structures and physiologic mechanisms/processes/systems involved in the different physiologic concepts and Utilize
basic anatomical facts and physiological concepts and principles in the nursing care of individuals.
If you preferred a Correspondence Learning Modality, USL expects you to do the following:
1. Let your parents pick up your module on the first day of the week.
2. Send back your accomplished lessons/learning tasks as your parent will pick up the next.
3. Contact me for any query that you want to make about your lessons or procedures in school. You can reach
me through the following:
Email Address: kinmerc.capiral@gmail.com
Messenger: Kin Mer
Cellphone Number: 09154567770
4. Comply with all requirements (written outputs, projects/performance tasks examinations and the like.)
USL Vision-Mission
Vision
USL is a global learning community recognized for SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY across all disciplines, STRONG RESEARCH
and RESPONSIVE COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT grounded on the CICM MISSION & IDENTITY for a DISTINCTIVE STUDENT
EXPERIENCE
Mission
USL sustains a Catholic academic community that nurtures persons for the community, church and society anchored on
CICM’s MISSIO ET EXCELLENTIA.
The University of Saint Louis upholds the philosophy that education is meant for building of self and persons for the
Church and the Society. “Wisdom builds”. To these ends, the following are University of Saint Louis’ core values integral
in the formation of every member of the Louisian community.
1. Christian Living. We are witnesses to the gospel values as taught and lived by Christ thus making god’s love
known and experienced by all;
2. Excellence. We seek and maintain uncompromising standard of quality in teaching, learning, and stewardship of
school resources;
3. Professional Responsibility. We are committed to efficiently and responsibly apply the learned principles, values
and skills in the chosen field of discipline, taking initiative and command responsibility in one’s professional
advancement;

NURS 1015- Anatomy and Physiology| 2

4. Social Awareness and Involvement. We engage ourselves with society by listening to the prevailing issues and
concerns in the society, thereby initiating and participating in constructive and relevant social activities for the
promotion of justice, peace and integrity of creation and for people’s wellness and development consistent with the
CICM charism;
5. Innovation, Creativity and Agility. We keep ourselves relevant and responsive to the changing needs of our
stakeholders by being flexible, solution oriented, and having cutting edge decisions and practices.

Program Learning Outcomes

Practice Christian values and serve as a dynamic force as Louisian in the enhancement of life
NO1
and in the moral transformation of communities.
Apply knowledge of physical, social, natural and health sciences, and humanities in the practice
NO2
of nursing.
NO3 Apply guidelines in the principles of evidence-based practice in the delivery of care.
Communicate effectively in caring, speaking, writing and presenting using culturally appropriate
NO4
language.
NO5 Practice nursing in accordance with existing laws, legal, ethical and moral principles.
Perform safe, appropriate, humanistic, and holistic care to individuals, families, population
NO6
groups and communities utilizing the nursing process.
NO7 Document to include reporting, up to date client care accurately and comprehensively.
Engaged in lifelong learning with a passion to keep current with national and global
NO8
developments in general and nursing and health developments in particular.
Practice beginning management and leadership skills in the delivery of client care and in health
NO9
program development using the systems approach.
Work effectively in collaboration with inter- intra- and multi-disciplinary and multicultural
NO10
teams.
NO11 Demonstrate responsible citizenship and pride in being a Filipino Louisian Nurse
NO12 Participate in research endeavors and in health development projects.

Below is the course outline of this subject for you to have a guide on the sequence of topics that we will be discussing
for the entire semester. It is therefore expected that you will do your advance readings so that you will not have a hard
time catching up with our discussions.
After completing this subject, you should be able to:
1. Describe the anatomic structures and physiologic mechanisms/processes/systems involved in the different
physiologic concepts
2. Utilize basic anatomical facts and physiological concepts and principles in the nursing care of individuals.
For online learners, online discussions will be done via zoom or google meet. Schedule for these online meetings will be
agreed upon by the students and teacher. These virtual meetings will serve as forum to reemphasize topics uploaded in
the Learning Management System. Synchronous quizzes will also be conducted via LMS as well as term examinations.
There will also be recitations to be conducted utilizing the chat box of zoom or google meet.

For correspondence learners, let your parents pick up your module on the first day of the week. Send back your
accomplished lessons/learning tasks as your parent will pick up the next.

Course Outline
NURS 1015- Anatomy and Physiology| 3
PRELIMS INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY
1. Introduction to the Human Body
2. The Chemical Basis of Life
3. Cell Structures and their Functions
4. Tissues Glands and Membranes
MIDTERMS SYSTEMS OF THE BODY
5. Integumentary System
6. Skeletal System
7. Muscular System
8. Nervous System
FINALS SYSTEMS OF THE BODY
9. Endocrine System
10. Circulatory System
11. Lymphatic System
12. Respiratory System
13. Digestive System
14. Urinary System
15. Reproductive System

Grading System

CRITERIA IN GRADING PRELIMS MIDTERMS FINALS

Class Standing 60% 60% 60%
 Quizzes 25 % 25 % 25 %
 Recitation 5% 5% 5%
 Attitude 5% 5% 5%
 Attendance 5% 5% 5%
 Requirement 20% 20% 20%
Term exam 40 % 40 % 40 %
Total 100% 100% 100%
Weekly Study and Assessment Guide

Date Topic Activities or Tasks

September 8 (Set 1, 3 and Basic Chemistry  Discussion
5) 1. Molecules and  Recitation
Compounds
2. Intermolecular Forces
3. Hydrogen Bonds
4. Solubility and
Dissociation
5. Chemical Reactions and
Energy

NURS 1015- Anatomy and Physiology| 4

 September 10 (Set 1, 3 Basic Chemistry Read the module provide for you
and 5) 6. Synthesis Reactions this week. This material will be
7. Decomposition uploaded through LMS for online
Reactions learners.
8. Reversible Reactions
9. Oxidation-Reduction
Reactions

For this week, August 25-27, 2020 of this grading period, the following shall be your guide for the different lessons and
tasks that you need to accomplish. Be patient, read it carefully before proceeding to the tasks expected of you. GOOD
LUCK!

Content Basic Chemistry

1. Molecules and Compounds
2. Intermolecular Forces
3. Hydrogen Bonds
4. Solubility and Dissociation
5. Chemical Reactions and Energy
6. Synthesis Reactions
7. Decomposition Reactions
8. Reversible Reactions
9. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
Learning Outcomes 1. Differentiate between a molecule and a
compound.
2. Explain what creates a hydrogen bond, and
relate its importance.
3. Describe solubility and the process of
dissociation, and predict if a compound or
molecule is an electrolyte or a
nonelectrolyte.
4. Summarize the characteristics of synthesis,
decomposition, reversible reactions, and
oxidation-reduction reactions.

LEARNING CONTENT
Life is chemistry. Chemicals compose the structures of the body, and the interactions of chemicals with one another are
responsible for the body’s functions. Nerve impulse generation, digestion, muscle contraction, and metabolism can be
described in chemical terms, and so can many abnormal conditions and illnesses, as well as their treatments. These
diverse functions all involve intricate interactions between molecules. For example, chemicals in saliva interact with food
to aid in digestion, and membrane proteins assemble to form a pore for ions to pass into and out of our cells to aid in
nerve impulse generation and muscle contraction. To understand anatomy and physiology, it is essential to have a basic
knowledge of chemistry—the scientific discipline concerned with the atomic composition of substances and the

NURS 1015- Anatomy and Physiology| 5

reactions they undergo. This chapter is not a comprehensive treatment of chemistry, but it does review some of the
basic chemical concepts related to living systems

Molecules and Compounds

A molecule is composed of two or more atoms chemically combined to form a structure that behaves as an independent
unit. Sometimes the atoms that combine are of the same type, such as two hydrogen atoms combining to form a
hydrogen molecule. However, more typically, a molecule consists of two or more different types of atoms, such as two
hydrogen atoms and an oxygen atom combining to form water. Thus, a glass of water consists of a collection of
individual water molecules positioned next to one another.
A compound is a substance resulting from the chemical combination of two or more different types of atoms. Water is a
molecule that is also a compound because it is a combination of two different atoms, hydrogen and oxygen. But not all
molecules are compounds. For example, a hydrogen molecule is not a compound because it does not consist of different
types of atoms. Some compounds are molecules and some are not. (Remember that, to be a molecule, a structure must
be an independent unit.) Covalent compounds, in which different types of atoms are held together by covalent bonds,
are molecules because the sharing of electrons results in distinct units. On the other hand, ionic compounds, in which
ions are held together by the force of attraction between opposite charges, are not molecules because they do not
consist of distinct units. Table salt (NaCl) is an example of a substance that is a compound but not a molecule. A piece of
NaCl does not consist of individual sodium chloride molecules positioned next to one another. Instead, NaCl is an
organized array of individual Na+ and individual Cl− in which each charged ion is surrounded by several ions of the
opposite charge
The properties of elements can change when they are combined to form compounds. For example, the element
hydrogen is extremely flammable, and oxygen, although not flammable on its own, promotes fire. However, when
combined, hydrogen and oxygen form the very nonflammable compound water. Likewise, elements that are dangerous
or toxic to humans can become useful as compounds. For example, sodium is very explosive when placed in water, and
chlorine is a strong disinfectant in solutions, such as bleach and swimming pool water. Chlorine is so toxic that it was
used as a poison gas in World War I, yet, when combined, sodium and chloride form the relatively safe and nonexplosive
compound table salt. The kinds and numbers of atoms (or ions) in a molecule or compound are typically represented by
a formula consisting of the symbols of the atoms (or ions) plus subscripts denoting the quantity of each type of atom (or
ion). The formula for glucose (a sugar) is C6H12O6, indicating that glucose has 6 carbon, 12 hydrogen, and 6 oxygen
atoms (table 2.3). The molecular mass of a molecule or compound can be determined by adding up the atomic masses
of its atoms (or ions). The term molecular mass is used for convenience for ionic compounds, even though they are not
molecules. For example, the atomic mass of sodium is 22.99 and that of chloride is 35.45. The molecular mass of NaCl is
therefore 58.44 (22.99 + 35.45)

Intermolecular Forces
The weak electrostatic attractions that exist between the oppositely charged parts of molecules, or between ions and
molecules, are called intermolecular forces. These forces, which are much weaker than the forces producing chemical
bonding, include hydrogen bonds and the properties of solubility and dissociation.

Hydrogen Bonds
Molecules with polar covalent bonds have positive and negative “ends.” Intermolecular force results from the attraction
of the positive end of one polar molecule to the negative end of another polar molecule. When hydrogen forms a
covalent bond with oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine, the resulting molecule becomes very polarized. If the positively
charged hydrogen of one molecule is attracted to the negatively charged oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine of another
molecule, a hydrogen bond forms. For example, the positively charged hydrogen atoms of a water molecule form
hydrogen bonds with the negatively charged oxygen atoms of other water molecules (figure 2.7). These hydrogen bonds
NURS 1015- Anatomy and Physiology| 6
are essential for the unique properties of water (see section 2.3). Hydrogen bonds play an important role in determining
the shape of complex molecules. The bonds can occur between different polar parts of a molecule to hold the molecule
in its normal three-dimensional shape (see “Proteins” and “Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA” in section 2.4). Table 2.4
summarizes the important characteristics of chemical bonds (ionic and covalent) and intermolecular forces (hydrogen
bonds).

Solubility and Dissociation

Solubility is the ability of one substance to dissolve in another— for example, sugar dissolving in water. Charged
substances, such as sodium chloride, and polar substances, such as glucose, readily dissolve in water, whereas nonpolar
substances, such as oils, do not. We all have seen how oil floats on water. Substances dissolve in water when they
become surrounded by water molecules. If the positive and negative ends of the water molecules are more attracted to
the charged ends of other molecules than to each other, the hydrogen bonds between the ends of the water molecules
break, and water molecules surround the other molecules, which become dissolved in water. When ionic compounds
dissolve in water, their ions dissociate, or separate, from one another because cations are attracted to the negative ends
of water molecules and anions are attracted to the positive ends of water molecules. When NaCl dissociates in water,
sodium and chloride ions separate, and water molecules surround and isolate the ions, thereby keeping them in solution
(figure 2.8). When molecules (covalent compounds) dissolve in water, they usually remain intact, even though they are
surrounded by water molecules. Thus, in a glucose solution, glucose molecules are surrounded by water molecules.
Cations and anions that dissociate in water are sometimes called electrolytes (ē-lek′trō-lītz) because they have the
capacity to conduct an electric current, which is the flow of charged particles. An electrocardiogram (ECG) is a recording
of electric currents produced by the heart. These currents can be detected by electrodes on the surface of the body
because the ions in the body fluids conduct electric currents. Molecules that do not dissociate form solutions that do not
conduct electricity and are called nonelectrolytes. Pure water is a nonelectrolyte.
Maintaining the proper balance of electrolytes is important for keeping the body hydrated, controlling blood pH, and
ensuring the proper function of muscles and nerves. Under most conditions, including moderate exercise, the body’s
usual regulatory mechanisms are sufficient to maintain electrolyte homeostasis. However, people engaging in prolonged
exercise, such as competing in a triathlon, are advised to consume sports drinks containing electrolytes. In an
emergency, administering intravenous solutions can restore electrolyte and fluid balance.

Chemical Reactions and Energy

In a chemical reaction, atoms, ions, molecules, or compounds interact either to form or to break chemical bonds. The
substances that enter into a chemical reaction are called reactants, and the substances that result from the chemical
reaction are called products. For our purposes, three important points can be made about chemical reactions. First, in
some reactions, less complex reactants are combined to form a larger, more complex product. An example is the
synthesis of the complex proteins of the human body from amino acid “building blocks” obtained from food (figure
2.9a). Second, in other reactions, a reactant can be broken down, or decomposed, into simpler, less complex products.
An example is the breakdown of carbohydrate molecules into glucose molecules (figure 2.9b). Third, atoms are generally
associated with other atoms through chemical bonding or intermolecular forces; therefore, to synthesize new products
or break down reactants, it is necessary to change the relationship between atoms.

NURS 1015- Anatomy and Physiology| 7

Synthesis Reactions

When two or more reactants chemically combine to form a new and larger product, the process is called a synthesis
reaction. An example of a synthesis reaction is the combination of two amino acids to form a dipeptide (figure 2.9a). As
the amino acids are bound together, water results. Synthesis reactions in which water is a product are called
dehydration (water out) reactions. As the atoms rearrange as a result of a synthesis reaction, old chemical bonds are
broken and new chemical bonds are formed. Another example of a synthesis reaction in the body is the formation of
adenosine triphosphate (ATP; see section 2.4 for the details of ATP structure). ATP, which is composed of adenosine and
three phosphate groups, is synthesized from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), which has two phosphate groups, and an
inorganic phosphate (H2PO4 ) that is often symbolized as Pi

Synthesis reactions produce the molecules characteristic of life, such as ATP, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic
acids. All of the synthesis reactions that occur within the body are collectively referred to as anabolism (ă-nab′ō-lizm).
The growth, maintenance, and repair of the body could not take place without anabolic reactions.

Decomposition Reactions
A decomposition reaction is the reverse of a synthesis reaction—a larger reactant is chemically broken down into two or
more smaller products. The breakdown of a disaccharide (a type of carbohydrate) into glucose molecules (figure 2.9b) is
an example. Note that this reaction requires that water be split into two parts and that each part be contributed to one
of the new glucose molecules. Reactions that use water in this manner are called hydrolysis (hī-drol′i-sis; water

NURS 1015- Anatomy and Physiology| 8

dissolution) reactions. The breakdown of ATP to ADP and an inorganic phosphate is another example of a decomposition
reaction:

The decomposition reactions occurring in the body are collectively called catabolism (kă-tab′-ō-lizm). They include the
digestion of food molecules in the intestine and within cells, the breakdown of fat stores, and the breakdown of foreign
matter and microorganisms in certain blood cells that protect the body. All of the anabolic and catabolic reactions in the
body are collectively defined as metabolism.

Reversible Reactions
Some chemical reactions are reversible. In a reversible reaction, the reaction can proceed from reactants to products or
from products to reactants. When the rate of product formation is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction, the reaction
system is said to be at equilibrium. At equilibrium, the amount of reactants relative to the amount of products remains
constant. The following analogy may help clarify the concept of reversible reactions and equilibrium. Imagine a trough
containing water. The trough is divided into two compartments by a partition, but the partition contains holes that allow
water to move freely between the compartments. Because water can move in either direction, this is like a reversible
reaction. Imagine that the water in the left compartment is the reactant and the water in the right compartment is the
product. At equilibrium, the amount of reactant relative to the amount of product in each compartment is always the
same because the partition allows water to pass between the two compartments until the water level is the same in
both compartments. If additional water is added to the reactant compartment, water flows from it through the partition
to the product compartment until the water level is the same in both compartments. Likewise, if additional reactants are
added to a reaction system, some will form product until equilibrium is reestablished. However, in most reversible
reactions, the ratio of reactants compared with products is not one to one. Depending on the specific reversible
reaction, one part reactant to two parts product, two parts reactant to one part product, or many other possibilities can
occur. An important reversible reaction in the human body involves carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions. Carbon dioxide
(CO2) and water (H2O) combine to form carbonic acid (H2CO3). Carbonic acid then separates by a reversible reaction to
form hydrogen ions (H+) and bicarbonate ions (HCO3 −):

If CO2 is added to H2O, additional H2CO3 forms, which causes more H+ and HCO3 − to form. The amount of H+ and
HCO3 − relative to CO2 therefore remains constant. Maintaining a constant level of H+ is necessary for proper
functioning of the nervous system. This can be achieved, in part, by regulating blood CO2 levels. For example, slowing
down the respiration rate causes blood carbon dioxide levels to increase.

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
Chemical reactions that result from the exchange of electrons between the reactants are called oxidation-reduction
reactions. When sodium and chlorine react to form sodium chloride, the sodium atom loses an electron and the chlorine
atom gains an electron. The loss of an electron by an atom is called oxidation, and the gain of an electron is called
reduction. The transfer of the electron can be complete, resulting in an ionic bond, or it can be partial, resulting in a
covalent bond. Because one atom partially or completely loses an electron and another atom gains that electron, these
reactions are called oxidation-reduction reactions. Synthesis and decomposition reactions can be oxidation reduction
reactions. Thus, a chemical reaction can be described in more than one way.

NURS 1015- Anatomy and Physiology| 9

 *** END of LESSON ***

6. EVALUATION
 Chemical Reaction is an important process in the body. Explain the following concepts.
 Using the terms reactant and product, describe what occurs in a chemical reaction
 Contrast Synthesis and decomposition reactions, provide examples or equations. Explain how anabolism and
catabolism relate to these reactions.
 Explain the oxidation reduction process

7. APPLICATION
Explain the relevance of Atomic Particles in the Health Care setting. Give examples of its sginficance.

References Textbook:
Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology by Seeley
Activity Sheets: Self-made

NURS 1015- Anatomy and Physiology| 10