SYA

3. To solve current existing problem

or
4. To support a claim or hypothesis

III. Characteristics of Research

Topic: Introduction to Research
1. Demands a clear statement of
I. Research the problem
2. Requires clear objectives and a
• A scientific process of critical plan
selection of data, investigation 3. Builds on existing data/work of
and analysis. other people
• Aimed at the discovery and 4. Generalizable
interpretation of facts, revision of 5. Empirically verifiable
previously accepted theories or
laws in the light of new facts or IV. Type of Research in Health
evidence.
• An organized and systematic
1. Basic “Pure” Research
way of finding answers to
• Nature of normal events,
questions.
physical, chemical and
functional mechanisms of life
Research should be:
processes and disease.
• Systematic - When there is a set
of procedure being followed
2. Applied Research
• Organized - The set of procedure • Application of Existing knowledge
is a planned procedure focused
to a specific biomedical problem
and limited to a specific scope
• Epidemiological Research:
• Finding answers - Establishment of Distribution and determinants of
findings and principles disease in human population
demonstrated through repeated (risk/protective factors)
investigations • Clinical Research: Disease
• Questions - The research begins process including identification of
with a question in the mind of the determinants of illness outcomes
researcher. This is also where the
focus and purpose of research V. Steps in Conducting Research
branch out.
1. Problem Identification/Hypothesis
II. Reasons to do Research 2. Objective Formulation
3. Review of Related Literature
1. Degree Purposes - Academic and 4. Research Design
Career development / To 5. Sampling Design & Sampling Size
contribute to the improvement Estimation
and development of the chosen 6. Data Collection and Data
field Analysis
2. To serve and contribute to the 7. Writing the Report
development of the community or 8. Dissemination of Result
society 9. Publish of Work
 SYA

Severe Diarrhea in a Metropolitan

VI. Statement of the Problem Area
• Identification of Staphylococcus
• May be in the form of a question aureus and Escheria coli Isolated
or a declarative statement from Egyptian Food by
• Should be precise, clear and Conventional and Molecular
accurate Methods
• Should not be answerable by a
“Yes” or “No” - If answerable by VIII. Research Objectives
yes or no, another question
should follow Two Categories:
1. General Objective
• Describes in broad terms what
the study wishes to
accomplish
• Derived from the statement of
the research problem
2. Specific Objectives
• Identify in detail and in
measurable terms the aims of
the research project
• Derived from the components
VII. Research Title of the problem

• Give the bird’s eye view of the • Use action words:

research - “To determine..”
• Serve as a framework of the - “To compare..”
research report - “To describe”
• Not to be more than 20 words
• Words to be eliminated: • Do not use vague non-action
- Study of words:
- An Investigation of - “To appreciate..”
- An inquiry into - “To understand..”
- An analysis of - “To explore..”

Examples of Titles: VIIII. Significance of the Study

• “The Effectiveness of Commonly
Used Detergents on Isolated • How your research benefits or
Staphylococcus aureus from impacts others in part or whole
Food Utensils • Include the meaning of the
• Prevalence of Tuberculosis research work to you personally
among Families with Incomes • Discuss what people or groups of
Below the Poverty Line in people might benefit from
Sampaloc Area reading your research
• The Relationship Between
Socioeconomic Status and
 SYA

X. Measuring the Study Variables Example: Smoker

• Conceptual definition:
Two types of Variables: One who smokes tobacco
1. Qualitative Variables • Operational definition:
• Expressed as labels to One who smokes at least 3
distinguish one group from sticks of cig/day within the
another past 6 months
• E.g. sex, educational level, • Specifying the relevant scale of
occupation, religion, measurement
place of residence, sick or Example: Age - completed
not sick number of years as of the last
2. Quantitative Variables birthday
• Can be expressed
numerically
• Values can be arranged
according to magnitude
• E.g. age, weight, no.
patients, blood pressure

Levels of Measurement

a. Nominal
b. Ordinal
c. Interval
• Distances between all
adjacent classes are
equal
• Conceptually these scales
are infinite, in that they
have neither beginning,
nor ending
• E.g. Temperature
Measurement (zero is not
absolute); Calendar Time
(2000AD same distance
from birth of Christ as
2000BC)
d. Ratio
• Meaningful zero exists
• E.g. weight, blood
pressure, height, doctor
visits

• Relevant variables in the study

should be further specified by:
- Defining the variables
conceptually and operationally