PRACTICAL RESEARCH

SCOPE:
- Nature of Inquiry - Identifying the Problem
- Quantitative and Qualitative
Research

NATURE OF INQUIRY
Research - Step-by-step investigation
• Uses a standardized approach in answering:
✓ Questions
✓ Solving problems or making the unknown
known.
• Investigations of new facts leading to discovery of:
✓ New ideas
✓ Methods
✓ Improvements
• A tested approach of thinking and employing
validated instruments and steps
✓ In order to obtain an adequate solution to a
problem
Characteristics of - Systematic
research • Follows a logical and scientific manner
✓ Macro
➢ Chapters
✓ Micro
➢ Details per chapter
- Objective
• Purely based on facts
• Without bias
- Clear
• Choice of variable
✓ Should be explained by researcher
- Empirical
• Based on concrete evidences
✓ Plagiarism
GOALS FOR CONDUCTING RESEARCH:
1. Produce - Provide best practice of operation based from research
evidencebased studies
practices - Must be published to be accessed and adopted for use

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 2. Establish - Continuous development of one's chosen profession
credibility in the through research
profession - Essential in producing new procedures, programs and
practices
3. Observe - Each profession is held accountable to their work
accountability in - Every action must have a rationale
the profession
4. Promote - Findings in research should be shared and utilized by
costeffectiveness future studies
through - Useless if not made known to the public
documentation
Importance of 1. Provides scientific basis or methodology
Research 2. Continuous development and further productivity
3. Advances professional and personal qualifications
4. Develop tools for assessing effectiveness
5. Provide solutions to problems
6. Impacts decision-making
7. Develops and evaluate alternative approaches
Roles of a researcher 1. As Principal Investigator
2. As member of a research team
3. As identifier of researchable problems
4. As evaluator of research findings
5. As user of research findings
6. As patient or client advocate during the study
7. As subject/respondent/participant
Research paradigm - Outline in conceptualizing and conducting the research
RESEARCH FOUNDATIONS
1. Research - Describes how the study will fill the “knowledge gap”
purpose
2. Research - Significant problem that needs knowledge
problem
3. Research - Quantitative
questions • How much
• How often
• To what extent
- Qualitative
• What
• Why
• How
i. Hypotheses - Possible answers to the questions
- Either confirmed or rejected by the data collected
4. Conceptual - Outline or paradigm
framework - Presents the topic being studied, various variable and
contexts
• How they relate or influence each other

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 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
1. Review of - Analyzes existing knowledge regarding the research
Literature topic
2. Research design - What is the best of collecting and analyzing the data
3. Data collection - Determines:
• Participants
• Instruments
• Methods of procedures
4. Data analyses - How the data will be treated and analyzed
• How results will make sense
5. Conclusion - Summary of the lay results
• Its relevance to the research problem
DIFFERENT TYPES OF RESEARCH
1. Scientific - Seeks to explain natural phenomenon
research • By generating credible theories
- Involves formulating:
• Hypotheses
• Testing predictions and theory
- Requires rational and statistical evidence to draw
conclusions
2. Research in the - Define the purpose of human existence
humanities • By tapping into historical facts and future possibilities
- Derived explanations from human experiences
• Cannot be measured by facts and figures alone
3. Artistic research - Expounds the current accepted concepts
• Open them to further interpretation
- Generates new knowledge
• Through artistic practices
ETHICS IN RESEARCH
Importance of ethics - Promotes the pursuit of:
• Knowledge
• Truth
• Credibility
- Fosters values that are essential to collaborative work
- Ethical norms ensure that researchers are held
accountable to the public
- Adherence helps build public support for research
Ethical Codes and 1. Honesty
Policies for Research 2. Objectivity
3. Integrity
4. Openness
5. Care
6. Respect for Intellectual Property
7. Confidentiality
8. Responsible Publication

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 9. Responsible mentoring
10. Respect for colleagues
11. Social Responsibility
12. Non-discrimination
13. Competence
14. Legality
15. Human Subject Protection
Rights of Participants - Voluntary Participation
- Informed consent
- Risk of Harm
- Confidentiality
- Anonymity
Plagiarism and - Plagiarism
Intellectual Property • Violation of intellectual property rights
- Intellectual property
• Industrial property
✓ Patents
✓ Trademarks and designs
• Copyright
✓ Published works
- RA 8293
• Intellectual Property Code of the Philippine

QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

2 types of research - Quantitative research
based on - Qualitative research
Methodology
Quantitative research - Utilizes deductive reasoning
• To generate predictions that are tested in the real
world
- Starts with a theory or hypothesis
• About the relationship between 2 or more variable
- Data is gathered using structured instruments
- Results are based on large sample sizes
• Representative of the populations
• Can be replicated
- Collects numerical data
• To explain a phenomenon
• Analyzed with statistical procedures
✓ In order to determine the predictive
generalizations of the theory hold true
i. Quantitative - Test measurement
vocab • Reliability
✓ Consistency of a research study or measuring
test
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 • Validity
✓ It measures what it claims to measure
- Results
• Generalization
✓ More focused about findings
➢ Cannot be generalized
➢ Gives more of attention to how one can
create a representative sample
ii. Types of a. Descriptive Research
Quantitative - Seeks to describe the current status of an identified
Research variable
b. Correlational Research
- Attempts to determine the extent of a relationship
• Between two or more variables using statistical data
c. Quasi-experimental Research
- An independent variable is identified
• But not manipulated by the experimenter
- Effects of the independent variable on the dependent
variable
• Are measured
- No random assignment of groups
- Must use ones that are naturally formed or pre-existing
groups
- Identified control groups
• Exposed to the treatment variable
✓ Studied and compared to groups who are not
d. Experimental Research
- Any study where an effort is made
• To identify and impose control over all other
variables except one
- An independent variable
• Manipulated to determine the effects on the
dependent variables
- Subjects are randomly assigned to experimental
treatments
• Rather than identified in naturally occurring groups
Advantages Disadvantages
- Allows researcher to measure and - Results are limited since they are
analyze data to arrive at an usually based on the analysis of
objective answer to the problem numbers and not from narratives-
- Result is reliable because the study provide less elaborate accounts of
uses big sample of population and human perception
can be reduced through statistical - In experimental research, the level
treatment and interpreted in a few of control might not be normally
statements placed in the real world because

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 - Standards are usually used in they are done in the laboratory and
choosing instruments, sampling findings can be influenced by the
procedures and statistical researcher’s perspective
treatment - Having a large study sample require
spending more resources and
preset or fixed alternatives answers
may not necessarily reflect the true
answers of the participants
Qualitative research - Naturalistic method
- Deals with the issue of human complexity by exploring it
directly
- Makes use of materials that are
• Narrative
• Subjective
- Collection of data is continuous until saturation
- Emphasis on:
• Human complexity
• Man's ability to decide and create experiences
- Focuses on gaining insights and understanding about
individual's perception and interpretation
i. Types of a. Phenomenological Research
Qualitative - Seeks to find the essence or structure of an experience
Research • By explaining how complex meanings are built
✓ Out of simple units of inner experience
b. Ethnographic Research
- Involves collection and analysis of data
• About cultural groups or minorities
c. Case Study
- In-depth examination of an individual, group of people
or institution
d. Grounded-Theory Study
- Involves comparing collected units of data
• Against one another
✓ Until properties that state relations between
them emerge
Advantages Disadvantages
- Requires few participants - Sometimes not well understood like
- Useful in describing complex quantitative research
phenomenon - The presence of the researcher can
- Can be examined in detail and in- affect the participants' responses
depth during interviews
- Interviews are not restricted to - Difficult to make quantitative
specific questions predictions
- Provides individual case information - Data analysis is often time-
consuming

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 - Provides understanding and - The results are more easily
description of people's personal influenced by the researcher's
experiences biases
- Might have low credibility

IDENTIFYING THE PROBLEM

Research title - Prefaces the study
- Provides a summary of the main idea
- Usually short and concise
- Characteristics:
• It should be concise and summarizes the main idea
of the paper/ study
• It should be self-explanatory and describes or imply
the participants or subjects of the study
• It should include the major variables of the research
study
Variables
a. Independent - Manipulated by the researchers
variable
b. Dependent - Affected by the manipulation of the iv
variable
c. Extraneous - Could possibly influence the result of the study
variable
Chapter 1 of a - "Introduction"
Research Paper - The purpose of this chapter is to introduce the following:
• BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
• STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
• HYPOTHESIS
• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
• SCOPE AND DELIMITATIONS
• DEFINITION OF TERMS
Elements of the - Rationalization
Introduction • The need to research on the problem
- Clarification
• The important terminologies
- Establishment
• The degree of seriousness of the problem
AIDS IN FORMULATING THE INTRODUCTION
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 1. Rationale - Answered by sharing the reasons why the researcher
decided to look for solutions to the problem
2. General - Includes:
objective and • The general statement of the problem
overall, purpose • Tasks of the researchers
• Basis of the enumerated problems
• The awareness of the researcher of the study and
fully understands the its implications

3. Basic literature - Clarification on terms and variables derived from different

foundation literature
4. Seriousness - Identifies the intensity and magnitude of the problem
• Providing statistical evidences to assess the
significance of the problem
5. Setting - Describe the place where the research was conducted
• Geographic boundaries
• Demographic characteristics
Research problem - Area of concern of the study
- Provides foundation to research hypothesis
Sources of Research 1. Gaps between theories and practice
Problem 2. Procedure requiring technologically equipment
3. Experiences of an individual
4. A pattern or trend in the field
5. Individual's curiosity and interest
6. Literature reviews and past studies
Considerations in 1. Internal criteria
Writing the Research 2. External criteria
Problem
1. Internal criteria - Hazards, penalties, and handicaps
- Time Factor
- Costs and Returns
- Researcher's knowledge and expertise
- Researcher's intellectual curiosity and interest
2. External criteria - Novelty (practical value)
- Availability of subjects
- External support and innovative quality
- Feasibility and ethical considerations
- Availability of:
✓ Equipment’s
✓ Facilities
✓ Instruments
Statement of the - It is the formulation of the heart of the thesis
Problem • Includes the statement of the general and specific
problem
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 Writing the General 1. Main or major variables
Problem 2. Main tasks
(Elements) • "What to do" with the major variables
3. Participants and specific setting
4. Coverage date of the conduct of the study
5. Intended outputs of the study
Writing the Specific 1. Must be in question form
Problem 2. Must define the population and sample of the study
3. Must identify the variables being studies
4. Must be empirically tested
Hypothesis - A tentative prediction or intelligent guess about the
relationship
• Between the independent and dependent
variable/s
- Translates the research question
• Into a prediction of expected outcomes
Scope of the study - Selection of variable that the research study will focus on
- May include:
• The specific attributes that the variables must posses
• Inclusion and exclusion criteria of subjects
• Condition of setting for the study
Delimitations of the - Various limitations
study • Arose during the design and conduct of the study
- Characteristics of the research design and methodology
• That affected or influenced the results
- Constraints on certain aspects of the research
Significance of the - Clearly discusses the purpose that the study will serve
Study • Society
• Institution
• Certain fields
- Contribution to the study of existing body of knowledge
- Identify the beneficiaries
• Directly gain from the results of the study
Definition of Terms - Important terms used in the study that
• Need to be defined
✓ To clearly understand their meaning in the study
- What to define:
• Respondents
• Subjects
• Variables
• Procedures (If standardized)
• Materials (not commonly used)
• Other hard terminologies
a. Conceptual - Definitions from:
definition • Books
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 • Journals
• Protocols
• Dictionaries
b. Operational - Definitions based on:
definition • How they (variables etc.) Were used in the study

I hope these reviewers are able to help you with your studies. Try not to cry. Study well!
(Partner credits: Luis Lampa (St. Matthew))

If you have any questions, feel free to text me on IG or Facebook!

IG: laurenkailey_ / Facebook: Lauren Kailey Francisco

Goodluck with the exams, 11th graders!

- Lauren Francisco <3
(St. Matthew)

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