Roles of Management

And
SKILLS
Henry Mintzberg…
• He has categorized these roles into three groups
interpersonal roles
Informational roles
Decisional roles

Description of each of the roles……

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Management as a set of roles
• Day-to-day management activities are routine, orderly, and rational.

• These include:
➢Interpersonal roles - communication with superiors, peers, subordinates, and
people from outside the organization.
➢Information Roles - obtaining, interpreting, and giving out information.
➢Decisional Roles - choosing among competing alternatives.

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4
5
Interpersonal Roles
• A manager serves as a figurehead – a symbol; as a leader, ie., hires,
trains, encourages, fires, remunerates, judges; and as a liaison
between outside contacts and the organizational)

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Informational roles
• A manager serves as a monitor by gathering information;
• As a disseminator of information
• As a spokesperson of the organization

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Decisional Roles
• A manager serves as an entrepreneur by being:
An initiator
Innovator
Problem discoverer
Designer of improvement projects
As a disturbance handler of unexpected situations
As a resource allocator and
As a negotiator

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• ALL THE THREE ROLES PUT TOGETHER IS CALLED AS:

THE MANAGERIAL WORK ACTIVITY APPROACH

The whole management process is actually an integration of the work

activity (Mintzberg) and the management functions

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 Decision Failure
Leadership & Decision Making
Skills
Steps Involved in Planning
Situational Analysis

Desired Goals, Objectives and Result from System

Goal and Plan Evaluation

Establish Goals and Plans

Chalk out Strategies to Reach Goals and

Implementation

Acknowledge Completion and Celebrate Success

 Organizational
Problem

Low Possibility of Failure High

Certainty Risk Uncertainty Ambiguity

Programmed Nonprogrammed
Decisions Decisions

Problem
Solution
Characteristics of Classical, Political, and
Administrative Decision Making Models

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 Rational Model

Bounded Rationality
Model

Garbage Can Model

Heuristics - Judgments under uncertainty
The apparent distance of an object is determined in part by its clarity.

(i) Representativeness,
which is usually employed when people are asked to judge the probability
that an object or event.

(ii) Availability of instances or scenarios,

which is often employed when people are asked to assess
the frequency of a class or the plausibility of a particular development

(iii) Adjustment from an anchor

Which is usually employed in numerical prediction when a relevant value is
available

mongoose
 Representativeness
1. What is the probability that object A belongs to class B?
2. What is the probability that event A originates from process B?
3. What is the probability that process B will generate event A?

✓Human Choices deviate from rules of rationality

✓Law of least effort.
✓Laziness is built deep into our nature.

✓Prototype of Slow Thinking - Deliberate, effortful and orderly.

"Steve is very shy and withdrawn, invariably
helpful, but with little interest in people, or in the
world of reality. A meek and tidy soul, he has a
need for order and structure, and a passion for
detail."

Occupation ?
✓Farmer
✓Salesman
✓Airline pilot
✓Librarian
✓Physician
• That there are many more farmers than librarians in
the population should enter into any reasonable
estimate of the probabilty that Steve is a librarian
rather than a farmer.

• If people evaluate probability by representativeness,

therefore, prior probabilities will be neglected

• The subjects used prior probabilities correctly when

they had no other information.
Dick is a 30 year old man. He is married with no
children. A man of high ability and high motivation, he
promises to be quite successful in his field. He is
well liked by his colleagues.

Dick is an engineer or a lawyer ?

When no specific evidence is given, prior probabilities are properly

utilized; when worthless evidence is given, prior probabilities are
ignored.
A certain town is served by two hospitals. In the larger
hospital about 45 babies are born each day, and in The
smaller hospital about 15 babies are born each day. As
you know, about 50 percent of all babies are boys.
However, the exact percentage varies from day to day.
Sometimes it may be higher than 50 percent, sometimes
lower.

For a period of 1 year, each hospital recorded the days on

which more than 60 percent of the babies born were
boys.

Which hospital recorded more such days?

Average height of random sample of boys from a class
of students will be 6 feet?

An urn filled with balls, of which % are of one color and

1/3 of another.

Misconceptions of chance.
Fairness of the coin
H-T-H-T-T-H
H-H-H-T-T-T
H-H-H-H-T-H
Essential characteristics of the process will be represented, not
only globally in the entire sequence
Insensitivity to predictability
When predictability is nil, the same prediction should be made
in all cases.

The illusion of validity.

The confidence they have in their prediction depends primarily

on the degree of representativeness

Predicting the gradepoint average of a

student
 Availability

Assess the risk of heart attack among middle-aged people

by recalling such occurrences among one's acquaintances
Is a useful clue for assessing frequency or probability, because instances of
large classes are usually recalled better and faster than instances of less frequent
classes.

Biases due to the retrievabitity

Whether the list contained more names of
men than of women?
Salience: the impact of seeing a house Recent occurrences
burning on the subjective probability of are likely to be relatively
such accidents is probably greater than more available than earlier
the impact of reading about a fire in occurrences
the local paper
Biases due to the eflectiveness of a search set.

Easier to search for words by their first letter than by their third letter
- CAR

Rate the frequency with which abstract words (thought, love) and
concrete words (door, water) appear in written English.

Biases of imaginnbility.

Adjustment and Anchoring

8x7x6….x2x1
1x2x3…6x7x8
Anchoring