CHAP.

2] PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES 33

2.4 Saturated water occupies a volume of 1.2 m3 . Heat is added until it is completely vaporized. If the
pressure is held constant at 600 kPa, calculate the final volume.
The mass is found, using vf from Table C-2, to be

V 1:2
m¼ ¼ ¼ 1091 kg
vf 0:0011

When completely vaporized, the specific volume will be vg , so that

V ¼ mvg ¼ ð1091Þð0:3157Þ ¼ 344:4 m3

2.5 Water is contained in a rigid vessel of 5 m3 at a quality of 0.8 and a pressure of 2 MPa. If the
pressure is reduced to 400 kPa by cooling the vessel, find the final mass of vapor mg and mass of
liquid mf .
The initial specific volume is found, using data from Table C-2, to be

v ¼ vf + xðvg  vf Þ ¼ 0:00118 + ð0:8Þð0:09963  0:00118Þ ¼ 0:07994 m3 =kg

Since the vessel is rigid, the specific volume does not change. Hence the specific volume at a pressure of
400 kPa is also 0.07994. We can then find the quality as follows:

0:07994 ¼ 0:0011 + xð0:4625  0:0011Þ ∴ x ¼ 0:1709

The total mass of water is

V 5
m¼ ¼ ¼ 62:55 kg
v 0:07994

Now (2.2) gives the mass of vapor: mg ¼ xm ¼ ð0:1709Þð62:55Þ ¼ 10:69 kg. The mass of liquid is then

mf ¼ m  mg ¼ 62:55  10:69 ¼ 51:86 kg

2.6 Water exists at the critical point in a rigid container. The container and water are cooled until a
pressure of 10 psia is reached. Calculate the final quality.
The initial specific volume as found in Table C-2E at a pressure of 3203.6 psia is v1 ¼ 0:05053 ft3 /lbm.
Since the container is rigid, the specific volume does not change. Hence, at P2 ¼ 10 psia we have

v2 ¼ 0:05053 ¼ 0:01659 + x2 ð38:42  0:01659Þ ∴ x2 ¼ 0:000884

This shows that the final state is very close to the saturated liquid line.

2.7 Two kilograms of R134a is contained in a piston-cylinder arrangement, as sketched in Fig. 2-1.
The 20-mm-dia, 48-kg piston is allowed to rise freely until the temperature reaches 160  C.
Calculate the final volume.
The absolute pressure inside the cylinder results from the atmospheric pressure and the weight of the
piston:

W ð48Þð9:81Þ
P ¼ Patm + ¼ 100 000 + ¼ 1:60  106 Pa or 1:6 MPa
A ð0:02Þ2 =4

At this pressure and a temperature of 160  C, the R134a is superheated. From Table D-3 the specific volume
is v ¼ 0:0217 m3 /kg. The volume is then

V ¼ mv ¼ ð2Þð0:0217Þ ¼ 0:0434 m3
34 PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES [CHAP. 2

2.8 A mass of 0.01 kg of steam at a quality of 0.9 is contained in the cylinder shown in Fig. 2-7. The
spring just touches the top of the piston. Heat is added until the spring is compressed 15.7 cm.
Calculate the final temperature.

Fig. 2-7

The initial pressure in the cylinder is due to the atmospheric pressure and the weight of the piston:

W ð160Þð9:81Þ
P1 ¼ Patm + ¼ 100 000 + ¼ 150 000 Pa or 0:150 MPa
A ð0:2Þ2 =4

The initial specific volume is found by interpolating in Table C-2:

v1 ¼ vf + xðvg vf Þ ¼ 0:0011 + ð0:9Þð1:164  0:0011Þ ¼ 1:048 m3 =kg

The initial volume contained in the cylinder is V1 ¼ v1 m ¼ ð1:048Þð0:01Þ ¼ 0:01048 m3 . The height H can
now be calculated as follows:

d 2 ð0:2Þ2
V1 ¼ H 0:01048 ¼ H ∴ H ¼ 0:334 m
4 4

The final volume is then

d 2 ð0:2Þ2
V2 ¼ ðH + 0:157Þ ¼ ð0:334 + 0:157Þ ¼ 0:01543 m3
4 4

The final specific volume is

V2 0:01543
v2 ¼ ¼ ¼ 1:543 m3 =kg
m 0:01

The final pressure is

Kx ð50 000Þð0:157Þ
P2 ¼ P1 + ¼ 150 000 + ¼ 400 000 Pa or 0:40 MPa
d 2 =4 ð0:2Þ2 =4

This pressure and specific volume allow us to determine the temperature. It is obviously greater than the last
table entry of 800  C in the superheat table. We can extrapolate or use the ideal-gas law:

P2 v2 ð400Þð1:543Þ
T2 ¼ ¼ ¼ 1337 K or 1064  C
R 0:4615
CHAP. 2] PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES 35

2.9 Estimate the difference between the weight of air in a room that measures 20  100  10 ft in the
summer when T ¼ 90  F and the winter when T ¼ 10  F. Use P ¼ 14 psia.
The masses of air in the summer and winter are

PV ð14Þð144Þ½ð20Þð100Þð10Þ
ms ¼ ¼ ¼ 1375:4 lbm
RT ð53:3Þð90 þ 460Þ

ð14Þð144Þ½ð20Þð100Þð10Þ
mw ¼ ¼ 1609:5 lbm
ð53:3Þð10 þ 460Þ

The difference in the two masses is m ¼ 1609:5  1375:4 ¼ 234:1 lbm. Assuming a standard gravity the
weight and mass are numerically equal, so that W ¼ 234:1 lbf.

2.10 A pressurized can contains air at a gage pressure of 40 psi when the temperature is 70  F. The can
will burst when the gage pressure reaches 200 psi. At what temperature will the can burst?
We will assume the volume to remain constant as the temperature increases. Using (2.9), we can solve
for V and write

mRT1 mRT2
V¼ ¼
P1 P2

Since m and R are constant,

T1 T2
¼
P1 P2

Using absolute values for the pressure and temperature, we find that

P2 ð200 + 14:7Þð144Þ
T2 ¼ T1 ¼ ð70 + 460Þ ¼ 2080 R ¼ 1620 F
P1 ð40 + 14:7Þð144Þ

Supplementary Problems
2.11 Using the steam tables C-1 and C-2 in the appendix, plot to scale the (a) P-v, (b) P-T , and (c) T -v diagrams.
Choose either a linear-linear plot or a log-log plot. Note the distortions of the various figures in Sections 2.2
and 2.3. Such distortions are necessary if the various regions are to be displayed.

2.12 Calculate the specific volume for the following situations: (a) water at 200  C, 80% quality; (b) R134a at 40  C,
90% quality.

2.13 If the quality of each of the following substances is 80%, calculate the specific volume: (a) Water at 500 psia
and (b) R134a at 80 psia.

2.14 Five kilograms of steam occupies a volume of 10 m3 . Find the quality and the pressure if the temperature is
measured at (a) 40  C and (b) 86  C.

2.15 Determine the final volume of a mixture of water and steam if 3 kg of water is heated at a constant pressure
until the quality is 60 percent. The pressure is (a) 25 kPa and (b) 270 kPa.

2.16 Two kilograms of saturated water at 125 kPa is completely vaporized. Calculate the volume: (a) before and (b) after.

2.17 The temperature of 10 lb of water is held constant at 205  F. The pressure is reduced from a very high value
until vaporization is complete. Determine the final volume of the steam.
36 PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES [CHAP. 2

2.18 A rigid vessel with a volume of 10 m3 contains a water-vapor mixture at 400 kPa. If the quality is
60 percent, find the mass. The pressure is lowered to 300 kPa by cooling the vessel; find mg and mf .

2.19 Steam with a quality of 0.85 is contained in a rigid vessel at a pressure of 200 kPa. Heat is then added until
the temperature reaches (a) 400  C and (b) 140  C. Determine the final pressures.

2.20 A rigid vessel contains water at 400  F. Heat is to be added so that the water passes through the critical
point. What should the quality be at the temperature of 440  F?

2.21 Steam is contained in a sealed glass container at 100  C. As it is cooled, vapor droplets are noted condensing
on the sidewalls at 20  C. Find the original pressure in the container.

2.22 Two kilograms of water is contained in a piston-cylinder arrangement by a 16 000-kg, 2-m-diameter, friction-
less piston. See Fig. 2-1. Heat is added until the temperature reaches (a) 400  C, (b) 650  C, and (c) 140  C.
Calculate the final volume.

2.23 Two kilograms of steam at a quality of 0.80 is contained in the volume shown (Fig. 2-8). A spring is then
brought in contact with the top of the piston and heat is added until the temperature reaches 500  C.
Determine the final pressure. (The force in the spring is Kx, where x is the displacement of the spring.
This results in a trial-and-error solution.)

Fig. 2-8

2.24 Determine the volume occupied by 10 kg water at a pressure of 10 MPa and a temperature of (a) 5 C,
(b) 200  C, (c) 400  C, (d) 800  C, (e) 1500  C, and ðf Þ 10 C.

2.25 For air at 100 psia and 60  F calculate (a) the density, (b) the specific volume, (c) the specific weight if
g ¼ 32:1 ft/sec2 , and (d) the mass contained in 200 ft3 .

2.26 Provide the missing information for air at an elevation where g ¼ 9:82 m/s2 .

P (kPa) T ð CÞ v ðm3 =kgÞ  ðkg=m3 Þ w ðN=m3 Þ

ðaÞ 100 20
ðbÞ 100 2
ðcÞ 500 0.1
ðdÞ 400 20
ðeÞ 200 2
CHAP. 2] PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES 37

2.27 Assuming the atmosphere to be isothermal at an average temperature of 20  C, determine the pressure
at elevations of (a) 3000 m and (b) 10 000 m. Let P ¼ 101 kPa at the earth’s surface. Compare with measured
values of 70.1 kPa and 26.5 kPa, respectively, by calculating the percent error.

2.28 (a) Assuming the temperature in the atmosphere to be given by T ¼ 15  0:00651z  C, determine the
pressure at an elevation of 10 km. Let P ¼ 101 kPa at sea level. (b) Compare the result of (a) with a measured
value of 26.5 kPa by calculating the percent error.

2.29 The gage pressure reading on an automobile tire is 35 psi when the temperature is 0  F. The automobile
is driven to a warmer climate where the temperature increases to 150  F on the hot asphalt. Estimate the
increased pressure in the tire.

2.30 Nitrogen is contained in a 4-m3 rigid vessel at a pressure of 4200 kPa. Determine the mass if the temperature
is (a) 30  C and (b) 120  C.

2.31 Estimate the pressure of nitrogen at a temperature of 220 K and a specific volume of 0.04 m3 /kg using (a) the
ideal-gas equation, (b) the van der Waals equation, (c) the Redlich–Kwong equation, and (d) the compres-
sibility factor.

2.32 Ten kilograms of 600  C steam is contained in a 182-liter tank. Find the pressure using (a) the ideal-gas
equation, (b) the van der Waals equation, (c) the Redlich–Kwong equation, (d) the compressibility factor,
and (e) the steam tables.

2.33 Steam at 300  C has a density of 7.0 kg/m3 . Find the pressure using (a) the ideal-gas equation, (b) the van
der Waals equation, (c) the Redlich–Kwong equation, (d) the compressibility factor, and (e) the steam
tables.

Review Questions for the FE Examination

2.1FE The phase change from a liquid to a vapor is referred to as:
(A) vaporization
(B) condensation
(C) sublimation
(D) melting

2.2FE The point that connects the saturated liquid line to the saturated vapor line is called the:
(A) triple point
(B) critical point
(C) superheated point
(D) compressed liquid point

2.3FE Find the volume occupied by 4 kg of 200  C steam.

(A) 0.04 m3
(B) 0.104 m3
(C) 0.410 m3
(D) 4.10 m3

2.4FE Estimate the volume occupied by 10 kg of water at 200  C and 2 MPa.

(A) 0.099 m3
(B) 0.012 m3
(C) 9.4 L
(D) 11.8 L