Module 5 Research PDF

Subject: Practical Research 1
Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600

Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786;
442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Grade Level/Section: Grade 12 ABM
Email: email@uc-bcf.edu.ph; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph
First Trimester, SY 2020 – 2021 Subject Teacher: Josephine S. Galanza

MODULE 5
Dear Student,
Welcome to the PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1 Course offered by The

University of the Cordilleras, Integrated School, Senior High School. This
course module emphasizes on self-directed, research-based, and
outcome-based learning. The key in successfully passing this subject lies in
your commitment in learning and complying with the requirements. It is our
desire that you pass this subject fully equipped with the necessary 21 st
Century skills. This module was designed to provide you with a fun and
meaningful learning experiences and opportunities. You will be enabled to
process the content of this module while being an active learner.
Enjoy and maximize the learning while in your own homes.
JOSEPHINE S. GALANZA
In this module, you will be encountering the following parts and icons. (Parts depending per subject)
This part enumerates the objectives of the module. This part shall give
TARGET you an idea of the skills or competencies you are expected to
acquire upon completion of this module.
This part includes an activity that aims to check what you already
TESTER know about the lesson to take.
In this portion, a new lesson will be introduced. This section provides a

TEACHING discussion of the lesson. This section aims to help you explore and
understand new concepts and skills.
This involves the reflective part of the module. It contains various

TAKE AWAY activities that will allow you to reflect and state what you have
learned.
This is the assessment presented at the end of each module. This

section aims to check how much have you learned from the module.
TOUCHSTONE This will also evaluate your level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.
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MODULE 5
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

OBJECTIVES
After completing this chapter, you’ll be able to:
1. Define what literature search and review are;

2. Know when and how literature search and review are done;
3. Be able to use various resources to look for supporting literature;
4. Synthesize related materials effectively to show relevance of your research;
and
5. Learn the concept of plagiarism and how to avoid committing mistakes
related to intellectual property in research.
CONTENT
1. Literature Search and Tools

2. Reviewing the Literature
3. Referencing and Citation
4. Plagiarism
LECTURES
LITERATURE SEARCH AND TOOLS
Before you can make a proposal, it is important to read previous studies as well as theories
related to your topic.
This will ensure that you are
1. not duplicating what has been made by other researchers and

2. to show that you are familiar with what you are studying.
The literature review is seen as one of the most important parts of the research process
because it requires reading, digesting and summarizing what has been read. There have been
thousands of related researches written about a single topic that could be used as reference
or to be included in justifying the need and interest in conducting your study.
Nevertheless, there is a hierarchy of materials based on scholarship or quality and

recency of materials.
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MODULE 5
Hierarchy of Literature in Research
Journal articles
Textbooks
Conference proceedings and government reports
Thesis and dissertations
Magazines and newspapers
Webpages and blogs
Figure 1. Hierarchy of literature in research
1. Journal articles are at the topmost level because they are being peer-reviewed by
experts in the discipline, which means that the topic has been thoroughly researched
and reviewed before it was released for public consumption.
In term of recency, journals publish an average of three issues per year, which shows that
a topic could be constantly revised due to new knowledge being generated though the
months or years.
2. Textbooks are also important especially when it comes to searching theories and ideas
that have been established through time. However, textbooks are not always and easily
updated by the author nor the publisher, retaining the same concepts even if there have
been a lot of researches that, for example, already challenges the dominant theory
written in the book about a certain topic.
Books are usually revised between three to five years, if there are necessary changes in
the content, making it less up-to-date than journal articles.
3. Conference proceedings on the third level are also helpful material since they were
originally research papers and could possibly have undergone peer-review. This,
however, depends on the quality of paper presented and how rigorous is the process of
peer-review by the organizers of conferences where the paper was presented.
4. Thesis and dissertations are important documents to be considered when doing your
research because they were done in the same vein as what you are going to do in the
course of your own research process.
It underwent the process of literature review, data gathering and analysis. However, this
should be done carefully as some theses were only done for compliance sake. This lessens
the quality and novelty of the output especially if the students were not taught the proper
way of doing the research processes.
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MODULE 5
5. Magazines and newspapers are helpful in terms of getting superficial information

about a phenomenon being studied. However, these are written in a journalistic manner,
sometimes romanticized, making it less credible and non-academic. Still, it can be used
during the exploration phase of your literature search and review, but it should be done
critically and sparingly.
6. The last in the tier are webpages and blogs. These materials can easily be found on the
internet because they are written by a lot of people. Because of the abundance of
pages, robustness and credibility are however not guaranteed since there are
webpages, especially blogs, that are purely personal, opinionated and non-academic,
making it unsuitable to be cited in your research.
Although there are some blogs that contain academic materials in nature, it would be
better to go back to the original source cited by the blogger than to rely on the opinions
mentioned in the blog. This is also important for you as researcher to establish your
credibility and ability to discern materials to read and to use for your own research.
REVIEWING THE LITERATURE
Reviewing the literature does not mean that you merely list down the materials that you
have read. You must be able to show your ability to digest information from the different
sources, critically evaluate them and its synthesis, and present your understanding in a
concise, logical and reader-friendly manner.
The following steps are recommended:
1. Identify potential references through the identification of keywords based on your topic,
objectives or problems.
2. Locate your references by identifying appropriate and accessible materials (i.e., journal
articles, books, theses and dissertations, etc.).
3. Gather the literature by borrowing books or downloading the articles from the internet if
available. You can initially screen the article before getting it by referring to the abstract
first before taking time to reading the whole manuscript.
4. Screen the references based on relevance and appropriateness to your topic through
reading the whole article. Differentiate the literature that are considered directly talk
about your topic or those that only slightly relate to your topic but are still useful when it
comes to explaining interconnected concepts.
5. Take down notes as you read the materials. Significant points from key authors should be
considered as this will show that you have read key literature. It is also important to
consider agreements and arguments about the topic since this will show that a consensus
is not yet achieved about the topic. This shows that a research gap exists.
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MODULE 5
6. Read the notes that you made and re-organize them in a way that it could generate
logical and coherent statements related to your research. Organizing the background
should be written in an inductive manner – general to specific. It is recommended that
you make an outline during and even before this phase.
7. When you are done organizing the literature as they are, put your insights and this will be
able to show what is known and is not known, which could be used to develop further
research questions. In here, you should show your perspective and stance as a
researcher by evaluating what has already been done, showing the relationships
between the different works, and showing how it relates to your own study.
8. Lastly, read what you have written once again and see if it presents the issues in a
coherent and logical manner. In addition, try to understand if it clearly leads to the point
stating your motivation and objective in solving the particular problem or understanding
a phenomenon.
REFERENCING AND CITATION
Citation is giving credit to the person, group or entity who originally wrote the material,
passage or words you used in your research.
Citation problems can be addressed through complying with the standard format of
reference citation. The following are the general citation in the American Psychological
Association (APA) style commonly used in the field of Social Sciences, Business, and other
related fields.
By using the APA standards, it allows the writer to (Seas & Brizee, 2012):
 Provide readers with cues they can use to follow your ideas more efficiently and to
locate information of interest to them
 Allow readers to focus more on your ideas by not distracting them with unfamiliar
formatting
 Establish your credibility or ethos in the field by demonstrating an awareness of your

audience and their needs as fellow researchers
There are two ways to properly acknowledge a source of information in writing a research
proposal or manuscript in APA way: In-text citation and Reference List.
In-text citation
In the In-text citation, the author’s last name and the date of publication should appear
in the text.
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MODULE 5
Example:
Sometimes, the author’s name also appears as part of a sentence, this way, only the year
of publication should be enclosed in parenthesis.
Example:
Short quotations from a directly lifted sources should be presented with quotation marks.
While long quotations (with 40 words or more than one sentence) should be written in a free-
standing block without quotation marks. This should be indented ½ inch from the margin.
Short quotation:
“According to Anacin (2012), proper citation is achieved by acknowledging the
author and the year of publication.”
Long quotation:
Anacin’s (2012) study found the following:
Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time
citing sources. This difficulty could be attributed to the fact that many students
failed to search for a manual or to ask their teacher for help (p. 199).
Quotation marks are not placed in paraphrased statements, however, author’s last
name and year of publication are still required.
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MODULE 5
Reference List
Referencing is the act of attributing to a certain person, group or entity a material,

passage or words you used in your research by putting the complete details of the material
cited in a list of literature used in the study.
 Reference list appears at the end of the paper or proposal.

 Complete information of the sources cited in the paper must be presented in this
section.
 Entries must be alphabetized by the last name of the first author of each work. You
should only capitalize the first word of the title of books, articles, or chapters. Names of
books or journals are italicized.
 Reference list should be formatted with hanging indention.
Examples of APA Reference list citations
Journal Article with a single author

Berndt, T. J. (2002). Entrepreneurial knowledge of MBA students. Journal of Business
Education, 11(2), 7-10.
Journal Article with three or more authors

Kernis, M. H., Cornell, D. P., Sun, C. R., Berry, A., Harlow, T., & Bach, J. S. (1993). The role of
self-esteem in the success of business: A managerial perspective. Journal of Business
Psychology, 65(2), 1190-1204.
Book by a single author

Anacin, C. G. (2015). Research in business and marketing. Baguio City: University of the
Cordilleras Press.
Book by two or more authors

Calfee, R. C., & Valencia, R. R. (1991). APA guide to preparing manuscripts for journal
publication. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Article in an edited book

Plath, S. (2000). The unabridged journals. K. V. Kukil (Ed.). New York, NY: Anchor.
Encyclopedia entry
Bergmann, P. G. (1993). Relativity. In The New Encyclopedia Britannica. (Vol. 26, pp. 501-
508). Chicago, IL: Encyclopedia Britannica.
Unpublished Dissertation/Thesis
Cruz, J.D. (2003). Business practices of SMEs in Aparri, Cagayan. (Unpublished doctoral
dissertation). University of the Cordilleras, Baguio City.
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MODULE 5
PLAGIARISM
Plagiarism is basically the act and practice of directly copying an idea or a

quotation from an original source without properly acknowledgment or attribution of the
source, and passing this idea as one’s own.
Plagiarism is an indication of
 low quality of the research,
 incompetence of the
researcher and
 an unethical practice.
Ways to avoid Plagiarism
1. Cite
your
source
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MODULE 5
2. Include
quotations
3. Paraphrase
4. Present
your own
idea
5. Use a
plagiarism
checker
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MODULE 5
REFERENCES
Practical Research: A Step-by-Step Guidebook for the SHS and Beyond, Galanza et al,
2018.
Practical Research 1: An Introduction to Qualitative Research, Torneo et al, 2017
https://www.google.com/search?q=example+of+in-text+citation+apa
https://www.grammarly.com/blog/5-most-effective-methods-for-avoiding-plagiarism/
https://www.google.com/search?q=cite+your+sources
https://www.google.com/search?q=quotation+marks+rules&tbm
https://www.google.com/search?q=paraphrase&tbm
https://www.google.com/search?q=proud+of+my+own+idea&tbm
https://www.google.com/search?q=plagiarism+checker+icon&tbm
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Subject: Practical Research 1

Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600

First Trimester, SY 2020 – 2021 Subject Teacher: Josephine S. Galanza

Welcome to the PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1 Course offered by The

Enjoy and maximize the learning while in your own homes.

In this portion, a new lesson will be introduced. This section provides a

This involves the reflective part of the module. It contains various

This is the assessment presented at the end of each module. This

First Trimester, SY 2020 – 2021 Subject Teacher: Josephine S. Galanza

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

After completing this chapter, you’ll be able to:

1. Define what literature search and review are;

1. Literature Search and Tools

LITERATURE SEARCH AND TOOLS

This will ensure that you are

1. not duplicating what has been made by other researchers and

Nevertheless, there is a hierarchy of materials based on scholarship or quality and

First Trimester, SY 2020 – 2021 Subject Teacher: Josephine S. Galanza

Hierarchy of Literature in Research

Conference proceedings and government reports

Thesis and dissertations

Magazines and newspapers

Webpages and blogs

Figure 1. Hierarchy of literature in research

First Trimester, SY 2020 – 2021 Subject Teacher: Josephine S. Galanza

5. Magazines and newspapers are helpful in terms of getting superficial information

REVIEWING THE LITERATURE

The following steps are recommended:

First Trimester, SY 2020 – 2021 Subject Teacher: Josephine S. Galanza

REFERENCING AND CITATION

 Establish your credibility or ethos in the field by demonstrating an awareness of your

First Trimester, SY 2020 – 2021 Subject Teacher: Josephine S. Galanza

First Trimester, SY 2020 – 2021 Subject Teacher: Josephine S. Galanza

Referencing is the act of attributing to a certain person, group or entity a material,

 Reference list appears at the end of the paper or proposal.

Examples of APA Reference list citations

Journal Article with a single author

Journal Article with three or more authors

Book by a single author

Book by two or more authors

Article in an edited book

First Trimester, SY 2020 – 2021 Subject Teacher: Josephine S. Galanza

Plagiarism is basically the act and practice of directly copying an idea or a

 low quality of the research,

Ways to avoid Plagiarism

First Trimester, SY 2020 – 2021 Subject Teacher: Josephine S. Galanza

First Trimester, SY 2020 – 2021 Subject Teacher: Josephine S. Galanza

Practical Research 1: An Introduction to Qualitative Research, Torneo et al, 2017

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