Shafeeq 123

MUFFAKHAM JAH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Muffakham Jah College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Civil Engineering
Project Report on
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MULTI-STORIED

RESIDENTIAL BUILDING
Under the Guidance of
Mr. SYED MUSHTAQ HASHMI

Assistant Professor, Civil Department, MJCET
Submitted to
Department of Civil Engineering
Muffakham Jah College of Engineering and Technology
Submitted by
MOHAMMED AMER (1604-16-732-037)

MOHAMMAD AFZAL KHAN (1604-16-732-047)
MOHAMMED YOUSUF SHAFEEQ (1604-16-732-312)
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MUFFAKHAM JAH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

ROAD No. 3, BANJARA HILLS, HYDERABAD
AFFILIATED TO OSMANIA UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
Certified that this is a bonafide report of the Project work of

“ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MULTI-STORIED RESIDENTIAL BUILDING”
Carried out by
MOHAMMED AMER (1604-16-732-037)

MOHAMMAD AFZAL KHAN (1604-16-732-047)
MOHAMMED YOUSUF SHAFEEQ (1604-16-732-312)
Students of Final year during the Academic year 2016-2020 in the partial fulfillment for the award
of the degree BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (CIVIL)
PROJECT GUIDE
Mr. SYED MUSHTAQ HASHMI

Assistant Professor
Co-GUIDE :
Mr. MASIH UDDIN SIDDIQUI Dr. MOHAMMED HAMRAJ

Assistant Professor PROF.& HEAD OF DEPT.
M.J.C.E.T. M.J.C.E.T.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We are fortunate enough to have an opportunity to present a project report for the Analysis and
Design of Multi-storied Residential Building. This project is very good example of team work,
is an outcome of rigorous & painstaking effort of all the group members, without which one cannot
imagine to materialize the dream of perpetuating such a tremendous task which not only adds
valuable information to our knowledge but also increases our experience in the field of building
construction.
We greatly acknowledge our indebtedness to our guide, Mr. SYED MUSHTAQ HASHMI
Assistant Professor of Civil Engineering Department & Mr. MASIH UDDIN SIDDIQUI
Assistant Professor of Civil Engineering Department for their affable and amicable guidance. Their
continuous motivation, comprehensive visionary guidance was a driving force for us in completing
the project successfully. Their teaching ability, skill full explanation and clarity of thought while
interacting, helped us a lot to complete the project with utmost care and interest.
We are extremely grateful to Mr. MOHAMMED HAMRAJ, head of Civil Engineering

Department for his kind support and efficient overall guidance. We also greatly acknowledge the
help and co-operation extended by members of Civil Engineering faculty and colleagues who
shared their precious time with us for discussions which helped us in completing the project
successfully.
Last but not the least, we owe the successful completion of this project to our beloved
Parents, Lecturers of Civil Engineering Department and wonderful friends for their support and
help they extended for the project.
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CONTENTS
1. Notations …………………………………………………………………….......….5
2. Abstract ……………………………………………………………………...........7
3. Statement of Project .......................................................................................8
4. Introduction ……..………………………………………………………..............9
5. Design of Slabs .………………………………………………………....….........20
6. Dispersion of Loads.......................................................................................28
7. Analysis of Structure ....................................................................................30
8. Design of Beams ………………………………………………………....….........46
9. Design of Columns ...……………………………………………………………....60
10. Design of Footing…………..…………………………………………………..…..69
11. Design of Staircase .....................................................................................81
12. Design of Water tank...................................................................................88
13. Design of Lift .............................................................................................96
14. Estimation ...................................................................................................100
15. Abstract of Estimate .................................................................................
16. Bibliography………………….......……………………………………………....101
17. Detailing of Reinforcement ……………………………………………………102
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Analysis, Design and Estimation of Multi-storied Residential Building
NOTATION
The following letter symbols shall have the meaning indicated against each:
A Area of cross section of member

Ac Area of concrete section
Asv Area of vertical legs of stirrups
Ast Area of reinforcement
Adist Area of distribution reinforcement
B Breadth of beam or shorter dimension of a rectangular column
bef Effective width of slab
bf Effective width of flange
bw Breadth of web or rib
D Overall depth of beam or slab or dimension of rectangular column,
in the direction under consideration.
df Thickness of flange
DL Dead load
d Effective depth of section
d’ Effective cover of section
e Eccentricity of load on column
fck Characteristic strength of concrete
fy Characteristic strength of reinforcement steel
L Span of beam, column or slab
Li Development length
Lo Anchorage length
lx Length of shorter span
ly Length of longer span
I Effective span of beam or slab
M Bending moment
Analysis and Design of Multi-storied Residential Building
Mmax Maximum bending moment

Mu Factored moment
MFAB Fixed end moment (where AB is the member)
Mulim Limiting moment of resistance
Mux Moment about x-x axis due to design load
Muy Moment about y-y axis due to design load
P Axial load
Pu Factored axial load
p Tension steel ratio or bearing capacity of soil
Sv Spacing of stirrups
Tu Torsional moment
τc Shear strength of concrete
τv Nominal shear stress
V Shear force
Vu Factored shear force
Vus Shear force of vertical stirrups
W Total load/point load
w Uniformly distributed load per unit length
x Depth of neutral axis or distance in x-direction
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ABSTRACT
Structural design is the primary aspect of civil engineering. The foremost basic in
structural engineering is the design of simple basic components and members of a building viz.,
Slabs, Beams, Columns and Footings. In order to design them, it is important to first obtain the
plan of the particular building. Thereby depending on the suitability; plan layout of beams and
the position of columns are fixed. Thereafter, the vertical loads are calculated namely the dead
load and live load. Once the loads are obtained, the component takes the load first i.e. the slabs
can be designed. Designing of slabs depends upon whether it is a one-way or a two-way slab,
the end conditions and the loading. From the slabs, the loads are transferred to the beam. The
loads coming from the slabs onto the beam may be trapezoidal or triangular. Depending on this,
the beam may be designed. Thereafter, the loads (mainly shear) from the beams are taken by
the columns. For designing columns, it is necessary to know the moments they are subjected to.
For this purpose, frame analysis is done by Moment Distribution Method. After this, the
designing of columns is taken up depending on end conditions, moments , eccentricity and if it
is a short or slender column. Most of the columns designed in this major project were considered
to be axially loaded with uniaxial bending. Finally, the footings are designed based on the
loading from the column and also the soil bearing capacity value for that particular area. Most
importantly, the sections must be checked for all the four components with regard to strength
and serviceability.
Objective:
1. To perform the analysis of multi-storey building.
2. To design the various components of multi-storey building.
3. To prepare Structural drawings with detailing of multi-storey building.
Problem Statement:
Analysis and design of Multi-storied Residential building.
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STATEMENT OF PROJECT
Salient features:
1. Utility of building : Residential
2. No. of floors : G+3
3. No. of flats per floor : 2
4. No. of staircases : 1
5. No. of lifts : 1
6. Type of construction : R.C.C. Framed Structure
7. Type of walls : External brick walls = 230 mm
Internal brick walls = 230 mm
Geometric details:
1. Floor to floor height : 3.3 m
2. Depth of foundation : 1.52 m
3. Height of plinth above GL : 0.4 m
Materials:
1. Concrete mix : M25
2. Main steel : Fe550
3. Secondary steel : Fe550
4. S.B.C. of soil : 350 KN/m2
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Analysis and Design of Multi-storied

Residential Building.
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Introduction
Engineering is a professional art of applying science to the efficient conversion of natural
resources for the benefit of man.
The entire process of structural planning and design requires not only imagination and
conceptual thinking but also sound knowledge of science of structural engineering besides
knowledge of practical aspects, such as recent design codes and bye laws, backed up by
ample experience, intuition and judgment.
The process of designing commences with planning of the structure, primarily to meet its
functional requirements. Initially, the requirements proposed by the client are taken into
consideration. They may be vague, ambiguous or even unacceptable from engineering
point of view because he is not aware of the various implications involved in the process
of planning and design, and about the limitations and intricacies of the structural science.
It is emphasized that any structure to be constructed must satisfy the need efficiently for
which it is intended and shall be durable for its desired life span.
Thus, the design of any structure is categorized into the following main types: 1) Functional
Design and 2) Structural Design
I. Functional Design
The structure to be constructed should primarily serve the basic purpose for which it is to
be used and must have a pleasing look.
The building is defined as “any structure for whatsoever purpose and of whatsoever
materials constructed and every part thereof whether used as human habitation or not and
includes foundation, plinth, walls, floors, chimneys, plumbing and building services, fixed
platforms, verandah, balcony, cornice (or projection), and signs and outdoor display
structures”. According to the National Building Code of India (1970), buildings are
classified based on occupancy as
• Group A : Residential Buildings
• Group B : Educational Buildings
• Group C : Institutional Buildings
• Group D : Assembly Buildings
• Group E : Business Buildings
• Group F : Mercantile Buildings
• Group G : Industrial Buildings
• Group H : Storage Buildings
• Group I : Hazardous Buildings
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From the point of view of a Structural Designer (Engineer), the Structural classifications
are as
 Load Bearing wall system
 Building with flexural system
 Moment resisting frame system
 Dual frame system
 Tube system
Principles of Building planning:

The basic objective of planning of buildings is to arrange all the units of a building on all
floors and at level according to their functional requirements making best use of the space
available for a building. The principles or factors, which govern the theory of planning, are
common to all buildings of all classes intended to be used for residential purposes. These
principles, enunciated below, are not rigid but just factors to be considered in planning:
1. Aspect 7. Sanitation
2. Prospect 8. Flexibility
3. Privacy 9. Circulation
4. Grouping 10.Elegance
5. Roominess 11.Economy
6. Furniture Requirement 12.Practical Consideration
The building should provide happy environment inside as well as outside. Therefore, the
functional planning of a building must take account the proper arrangements of rooms/halls
to satisfy the need of the client, good ventilation, lighting, acoustics, unobstructed view in
the case of community halls, cinema theatres etc., sufficient head room, proper water
supply and drainage arrangements, planting of trees etc. Bearing all these aspects in mind,
the designer has to decide whether it should be a load bearing structure or a RCC framed
structure or a steel structure. He should also decide the system of covering the structure,
whether the roof shall consist of steel roof trusses and girders or RCC folded plates or RC
shell or a beam-slab construction or a grid system or a pre-stressed concrete hanging roof
or combination of above. All these aspects are inter-linked and final decision should be
taken considering requirements of the user, functional aspects, aesthetics and cost.
1. Aspect
The peculiarity of arrangement of the doors and windows in the external walls of the
building to draw maximum advantage from natural gifts like Sun and Wind is termed as
ASPECT.
For kitchen – E – aspect: to receive morning sun which is germicidal, it purifies the
air. It should be well illuminated and cool in afternoon.
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SUN DIAGRAM
2. Prospect:
 Enrich the outside view.
 Exposing the better constructed and better looking portions.
3. Privacy:
 It is the screening provided for the individuals form the others.
 One of the most important principle in the planning of buildings.
4. Grouping:
 The disposition of various rooms in the layout in
a typical fashion.
 Rooms are placed in proper correlation of their
function and in proximity with each other.
5. Roominess:
 The effect produced by deriving the maximum
benefit from the minimum dimensions of a room.
6. Furniture Requirements:
 This can be done by assuming the sufficient sizes of furniture pieces and then
studying the circulation and space requirements round them.
7. Sanitation:
 Sanitation consists of providing ample light, ventilation, facilities for cleaning and
sanitary conveniences in the following manner:
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i)Light: Light has two fold significance, firstly its illuminates and secondly from hygienic
point of view.
ii)Ventilation: it is the supply of the outside air either positive ventilation or by infiltration
into the building. Good ventilation is an important factor conducive to comfort in
building.
8. Flexibility:
 Designed for a specific purpose, may be used to serve other overlapping purposes
also, as and when desired.
9. Circulation:
 ‘Internal thoroughfares’ the movement space provided on the same floor either
between the rooms or within the rooms.
 ‘Horizontal circulation’ and ‘vertical circulation’.
10. Elegance:
 The effect produced by the elevation andgeneral layout of the plan.
 Speak out the internal facts and be indicative of characters.
11. Economy:
 A factor that certainly affects planning.
 Restrict the liberties of the architect and may also require certain alterations and
omissions in the original plan.
12. Practical Considerations:
 Strength and stability of structure, coupled with convenience and comfort, should
occupy the first place of importance in planning.
 Simplicity and effect of strength lend a lasting beauty and mobility to a building.
II.Structural Design
Structural Design is an art and science of understanding the behavior of structural members
subjected to loads and designing them with economy and elegance to give a safe,
serviceable and durable structure.
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The structure can be a RCC framed structure or a Steel structure. The principal elements
of a RC building frame consist of:
i) Slab to cover large area, ii) Beams to support slabs and walls, iii) Columns to support
beams, iv) Footings to distribute concentrated column loads over a large area to the
supporting soil such that the bearing capacity of soil is not exceeded.
In a frame structure the load is transferred from slab to beam, from beam to column and
then to the foundation and soil below it.
Stages in structural design

The process of structural design involves the following stages:
a. Structural Planning
b. Action of forces and computation of loads
c. Methods of Analysis
d. Member design
e. Detailing, Drawing and Preparing of Schedules
Structural planning
After getting an architectural plan of the buildings, the structural planning of the building
frame is done. This involves determination of the following:
a) Positioning and Orientation of columns
b) Positioning of beams
c) Spanning of Slabs
d) Layout of Stairs
e) Selecting proper type of Footing
Positioning and Orientation of Columns

Positioning of Column- Columns should preferably located at or near the corners of a
building, and at the intersection of beams or walls. According to requirements of aesthetics
and utility, projections of columns outside the wall in the room should be avoided as they
not only give bad appearance but also obstruct the use of floor space, and create problems
in placing furniture flush with the wall. Alternatively, spacing of columns should be
considerably reduced so that the load on column at each floor is less and the necessity of
large section for columns does not arise.
Orientation of Columns- Normally, columns provided in a building are rectangular with
width of the column not less than the width of the supporting beam for effective load
transfer. Restriction on the width of column necessitates the other side (the depth) of
column to be larger to get the desired load carrying capacity. Orient the column so that the
depth of the column is contained in the major plane of bending or is perpendicular to the
major axis of bending. Larger spacing of columns not only increases the span and the cost
of beams but it increases the load on the columns at each floor posing problems of stocky
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columns in lower storeys of a multistoried buildings. The columns on property line need
special treatment. The column may be shifted inside along a cross wall to make room for
accommodating the footing within the property line or a combined or a strap footing may
be provided. When the locations of two columns are very near, then one column should be
provided instead of two at such a position so as to reduce the beam moment.
Positioning of beams
Beams shall, normally, be provided under the walls or below a heavy concentrated load to
avoid these loads directly coming on slabs. When the center to center distance between the
intersection of walls is large or where there are no cross walls, the spacing between two
columns is governed by limitation on spans of supported beams, because spacing of
columns decides the span of the beam. As the span (and the length) of the beam increases,
the required depth of the beam, and hence its self-weight, and the total load on the beam
increases. Hence, with the increase in span, there is considerable increase in the size of the
beam. On the other hand, in the case of a column, the increase in total load (and hence the
increase in size) due to increase in length is negligible as long as the column is short.
Therefore, the cost of the beam per unit length increases rapidly with the span as compared
to that of column. Columns are, therefore in general, always cheaper compared to beams
on the basis of unit cost. Therefore, large spans of beams should preferably be avoided for
economic reasons. In general, the maximum spans of beams carrying live loads up to 4
KN/m2 may be limited to 3m, 6m and 8m for cantilever, simply supported and fixed or
continuous beams respectively. Larger spans of beams shall be avoided from consideration
of controlling deflection and cracking. This is because deflection varies directly with the
cube of span and inversely with the cube of the depth.
Spanning of Slabs
The spanning of slabs is decided by supporting arrangements. When the supports are only
on opposite edges or only in one direction, then the slab acts as a one-way supported slab.
When the rectangular slab is supported along its four edges, it acts as a one-way or two-
way slab and it depends on the aspect ratio Ly/Lx.
A slab with Ly/Lx> 2 is designed as one-way, since in that case one-way action is
predominant. In one-way slab, main steel is provided along the short span only and the load
is transferred to two opposite supports only. The steel along the long span just acts as
distribution steel and is not designed for transferring the load but to distribute the load and
to resist shrinkage and temperature stresses. A slab with Ly/Lx ≤ 2 is generally designed as
a two-way slab. It is generally economical compared to one-way slab because steel along
both the spans acts as main steel and transfers the load to all four supports. The two-way
action is advantageous essentially for large spans (greater than 3m) and for live loads
greater than 3KN/m2.
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Deciding the type of slab is very important considering the deflection. While deciding the
type of slab, whether a cantilever or a simply supported or a continuous slab, loaded with
UDL it should be borne in mind that the maximum bending moment in a cantilever
(M=wL2/2) is four times that of a simply supported slab (M=wL2/8), while it is five to six
times that of a continuous or fixed slab (M=wL2/10 or M=wL2/12) for the same span length.
Now, the deflection of a cantilever loaded by a UDL is 9.6 times that of a simply supported
slab.
Layout of Stairs:
It is necessary to know the different parts of a stairs and guidelines for fixing their
dimensions.
The rise R should not be more than 200mm and tread T not less than 200mm.
- for residential buildings the riser may be between 150mm to 180mm and tread between
220mm to 250mm.
- for Public buildings the riser may be kept between 120mm to 150mm and tread between
250mm to 300mm.
The width of the landing should not be less then width of stairs. For comfortable ascend on
stairs, the number of steps in each flight should not be greater than 12. The pitch of the
stairway should not be greater than 38°.
Open-well staircase is generally provided for Commercial building as the open space
provided serves as the purpose of ventilation or used for lift.
Selection of type of footing

The type of footing depends upon the load carried by the column and bearing capacity of
the supporting soil. For framed structures under study, isolated column footings are
normally preferred except in case of soils with very low bearing capacities. If such soil or
black cotton soil exists for great depths, pile foundations can be an appropriate choice. If
columns are very closely spaced and bearing capacity of the soil is low, raft foundation can
be an alternative solution. For a column on the boundary line, combined footing or a strap
footing may be provided.
Action of Forces:
Primarily it is necessary to have a clear concept of the action of forces acting on the
structure. The various structural actions which a structural engineer is required to know are
as follows
Axial force action: This occurs in the case of a one dimensional members like columns,
arches, cables and members of trusses, and it is caused by forces passing through the
centroids axis and including axial stresses.
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Bending action: the force either parallel or transverse, to the member axis and contained
in the plane of bending induces bending stresses. The bending may be about one or both
axes.
Shear action: The shear action is caused by in-plane parallel forces inducing shear
stresses.
Twisting action: This action is caused by out of plane parallel forces I.e. forces not
contained in the plane of axis of the member but in a plane perpendicular to axis of the
member including torsional moment and hence shear stresses in the member.
Combined action: It is a combination of one or more of the above actions. It produces a
complex stress condition in the member.
Types of Loads:
The loads are broadly classified as vertical loads, horizontal loads and longitudinal loads.
The vertical loads consist of dead loads, live load and impact load. The horizontal loads
comprise of wind load and earthquake load. The longitudinal loads are considered in
special cases.
Dead Load: The dead load is the load produced by static weight of structural members,
walls, partitions, floors, roofs and finishes, including all other permanent construction
which act on the structure throughout their life span. The dead loads are given as per IS:
875 (Part-I) 1987.
Imposed Loads or Live Loads: Live loads are either movable or moving loads without
any acceleration or impact. These are assumed to be produced by the intended use or
occupancy of the building including weights of movable partition or furniture etc. The
imposed loads to be assumed in buildings are as per IS: 875 (Part-2) 1987.
The floor slabs have to be designed to carry either uniformly distributed loads or
concentrated loads whichever produce greater stresses in the part under consideration.
Since it is unlikely that any one particular time all floors will not be simultaneously
carrying maximum loading, the code permits some reduction in imposed loads in designing
columns, load bearing walls, piers their supports and foundations.
Impact Load: Impact load is caused by vibration or impact or acceleration. A person
walking produces a live load but soldiers marching or frames supporting lifts and hoists
produce impact loads. Thus, impact load is equal to imposed load incremented by some
percentage (called impact factor or impact allowance) depending on the intensity of impact.
Method of Analysis
The main approaches to structural analysis are 1) Elastic analysis and 2) Limit analysis
Elastic analysis is used in working stress method of design.
Limit analysis is further bifurcated as Plastic theory applied to steel structures and ultimate
load method of design, and its modified version namely limit state method for R.C.
structures, which includes design for ultimate limit state at which ultimate load theory
applies and in service state elastic theory is used.
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The aim of structural design is to design a structure so that it fulfills its intended
purpose during its intended lifetime with adequate safety, adequate serviceability and
economy.
Safety implies that the likelihood of (partial or total) collapse of the structure is
acceptably low not only under the normal expected loads (service loads), but also under
abnormal but probable overloads (such as due to earthquake or extreme wind). Collapse
may occur due to various possibilities such as exceeding the load−bearing capacity,
overturning, sliding, buckling, fatigue fracture, etc. Another related aspect of safety is
structural integrity. The objective here is to minimize the likelihood of progressive
collapse.
Serviceability implies satisfactory performance of the structure under service
loads, without discomfort to the user due to excessive deflection, cracking, vibration, etc.
Other considerations that come under the purview of serviceability are durability,
impermeability, acoustic and thermal insulation, etc. A design that adequately satisfies the
‘safety’ requirement need not necessarily satisfy the ‘serviceability’ requirement.
Working stress method (WSM):

The method basically assumes that the structural material behaves in a linear elastic
manner, and that adequate safety can be ensured by suitably restricting the stresses in the
material induced by the expected ‘working loads’ (service loads) on the structure. As the
specified permissible (‘allowable’) stresses are kept well below the material strength, the
assumption of linear elastic behaviour is considered justifiable. The ratio of the strength of
the material to the permissible stress is often referred to as the factor of safety.
The stresses under the applied loads are analyzed by applying the methods of ‘strength of
materials’ such as the simple bending theory. Furthermore, as the stresses in concrete and
steel are assumed to be linearly related to their respective strains, it follows that the stress
in steel is linearly related to that in the adjoining concrete by a constant factor (called the
modular ratio), defined as the ratio of the modulus of elasticity of steel to that of concrete.
However, the main assumption of linear elastic behaviour and the tacit assumption that the
stresses under working loads can be kept within the ‘permissible stresses’ are not found to
be realistic. Many factors are responsible for this — such as the long-term effects of creep
and shrinkage, the effects of stress concentrations, and other secondary effects. All such
effects result in significant local increases in and redistribution of the calculated stresses.
Moreover, WSM does not provide a realistic measure of the actual factor of safety
underlying a design. WSM also fails to discriminate between different types of loads that
act simultaneously, but have different degrees of uncertainty. This can, at times, result in
very unconservative designs, particularly when two different loads (say, dead loads and
wind loads) have counteracting effects.
Nevertheless, in defense against these and other shortcomings leveled against WSM, it may
be stated that most structures designed in accordance with WSM have been generally
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performing satisfactorily for many years. The design usually results in relatively large
sections of structural members (compared to ULM and LSM), thereby resulting in better
serviceability performance (less deflections, crack-widths, etc.) under the usual working
loads. The method is also notable for its essential simplicity — in concept, as well as
application.
It may also be noted that although WSM has been superseded by the limit states method
(LSM) in the design code for general RC structures (IS 456), it continues to be the accepted
method of design in India for certain special structures such as RC bridges (IRC 21), water
tanks (IS 3370) and chimneys (IS 4998).
Limit States Method (LSM):

Unlike WSM, which based calculations on service load conditions alone, and unlike ULM,
which based calculations on ultimate load conditions alone, LSM aims for a comprehensive
and rational solution to the design problem, by considering safety at ultimate loads and
serviceability at working loads. The LSM philosophy uses a multiple safety factor format
which attempts to provide adequate safety at ultimate loads as well as adequate
serviceability at service loads, by considering all possible ‘limit states’.
A limit state is a state of impending failure, beyond which a structure ceases to perform
its intended function satisfactorily, in terms of either safety or serviceability; i.e., it either
collapses or becomes unserviceable.
There are two types of limit states:
1. Ultimate limit states (or ‘limit states of collapse’), which deal with strength,
overturning, sliding, buckling, fatigue fracture, etc.
2. Serviceability limit states, which deal with discomfort to occupancy and/or
malfunction, caused by excessive deflection, crack-width, vibration, leakage, etc., and also
loss of durability, etc.
The salient features of LSM, as prescribed by the Code, are
Characteristic Strengths and Loads
The characteristic load is defined as the load that “has a 95 percent probability of not
being exceeded during the life of the structure” (Cl. 36.2 of the Code). However, in the
absence of statistical data regarding loads, the nominal values specified for dead, live and
wind loads are to be taken from IS 875 (Parts 1–3) : 1987 and the values for ‘seismic loads’
(earthquake loads) from IS 1893 : 2002.
Partial Safety Factors for Materials

The design strength of concrete or reinforcing steel is obtained by dividing the
characteristic strength by the appropriate partial safety factor. In the case of concrete, while
fckis the characteristic cube strength, the characteristic strength of concrete in the actual
structure is taken as and hence the design strength of concrete is 0.67fck/ γc.
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For ultimate limit states, the Code specifiesγc= 1.5 and γs= 1.15. A higher partial safety
factor has been assigned to concrete, compared to reinforcing steel, evidently because of
the higher variability associated with it.
For serviceability limit states, γc=γs= 1.0. A safety factor of unity is appropriate here,
because the interest is in estimating the actual deflections and crack-widths under the
service loads, and not ‘safe’ (conservative) values.
Partial Safety Factors for Loads

Three different load combinations have been specified (Cl. 36.4.1 of Code) involving the
combined effects of dead loads (DL), ‘imposed’ or live loads (LL).
The code recommends the following weighted combinations for estimating the ultimate
load effect (UL) and the serviceability load effect (SL):
Ultimate limit states:
• UL = 1.5 (DL + LL)
Serviceability limit states:
• SL = 1.0 (DL + LL)
CRITICAL LOAD COMBINATIONS, ARRANGEMENTS

AND PARTIAL SAFETY FACTORS
While designing a structure, all load combinations, in general, are required to be considered
and the structure is designed for the most critical of all.
For deciding critical load arrangements, we are required to use maximum and minimum
loads. For this, Code prescribes different load factors as give below.
Maximum Load W = 1.5 (DL+LL)
Minimum Load W = 0.9 (minimum LL being 0)
CRITICAL LOAD ARRANGEMENTS:
In case of design of beams and slabs, we are normally interested in determination
of (a) maximum support moment, (b) maximum span moment and (c) maximum support
shear.
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LIST OF IS CODES :
21
Design of slabs
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DESIGN OF SLABS
Before starting with the design, a structural plan is prepared from the given architectural plan.
The structural plan will be drawn showing therein the positioning of columns, beams, stairs
and spanning of slabs and centre to centre dimensions between beams and columns to decide
the span lengths of slabs and beams.
Design steps: (General)

1) Slab designation: Designate the slab as S1, S2, S3, etc.
2) End Condition: Categorize the slab based on dimensions into a One-way slab or a Two-
way slab, and based on end conditions as described in Code IS 456:2000 (Annex D).
3) Trial Section: Assume the Effective depth required based on L/d ratio which is 7 for
Cantilever, 20 for Simply Supported and 26 for Continuous. Also use the Modification Factor
if required.
Obtain nominal cover from Table 16 of Code and calculate Effective cover and Overall Depth
D.
4) Loads: Calculate load in KN/m on one meter wide trip of slab.
Dead load: 25 x D
Live load: As per IS 875 (Part 2) (2KN/m – 5KN/m)
Floor Finishes: 1.5KN/m – 2KN/m (As per IS 875)
Total Load (w)
Factored Load wu = 1.5 x w (or as per load types)
5) Design Moments:
Design Moment Mu = α wuLx2
Where α is the design moment coefficient (1/8 for SSB, 1/10 or 1/12 for continuous on one
or both sides respectively, or from Annex-D)
6) Check for Depth:
Mu
Depth required is dreq= √Rumax∗1000
Check that dreq<dprovided

7) Main Steel (Ast):
23
0.5𝑓𝑐𝑘 4.6𝑀𝑢
Required Ast = [1 − √1 − 𝑓𝑐𝑘∗1000∗𝑑2 ] ∗ 1000 ∗ 𝑑< Amin
𝑓𝑦
Where Amin = 0.12% bD (for Fe415 and Fe500)

Assume the bar diameter and provide spacing
8) Check for Deflection:
Calculate pt%, if (pt) assumed< (pt) required
Then the check may be considered to be satisfied else detailed check should be carried out as
given in code.
9) Distribution Steel:
Ast = Amin = 0.12% bD (for Fe415 and Fe500)
Assume the bar diameter and provide spacing
10) Check for Shear:
Calculate maximum shear (Vu max)
Calculate Shear resistance of slab (Vuc) (from Cl. 40.2 of code)
Vuc = tucbd x k
Check that Vuc> Vu max , if not, increase the depth.
11) Check for Development length:
Required Ld< 1.3M1/V +Lo
24
DESIGN OF TWO WAY SLAB:
1) Slab designation: S2
2) Type: Two-way
3) End Condition: One short edge discontinuous
4) Spans: Short Lx = 4.03 m, Long span Ly = 4.7 m
Aspect Ratio =Ly/Lx = 4.7/4.03 =1.17
5) Trial Section: Assume the Effective depth required based on L/d ratio which is 40 x 0.8 =
32 for two-way continuous.
D = Lx / 32 = 4.03*1000/32 = 125 mm
Taking D = 125mm 4.03 m
d = 125 – 20 -16/2 = 97mm ~ 100 mm
6) Loads:
Dead load: D x 25 =0.125 x 25 = 3.125 KN/m2
Live load: =2 KN/m2 4.7 m
2
Floor Finishes: = 0.06*15 = 1 KN/m
Total Load (w) = 6.125 KN/m2
Factored Load wu= 1.5 x w = 1.5 x 6.125 = 9.18 KN/m2
7) Design Moments:
Design Moment Mu = α wuLx2
Where α is the design moment coefficient (from Annex-D of code)
αx-ve= 0.046, αx+ve= 0.034, αy-ve= 0.037, αy+ve= 0.028
Mx-ve Mx+ve My-ve My+ve
6.85 5.06 5.51 4.17
8) Check for Depth:
Max. BM Mu = 6.85 KN-m
Mulim= 0.133*fck*1000*d2=0.133*25*1000*1002=33.25 KN-m
If Mu<Mulim , Safe
(OR)
Mu 6.85∗106
Depth required is dreq= √Rumax∗1000 = √0.133∗25∗1000 = 45.38 mm
Since 45.38 < 100 i.e., dreq<dprovided
Hence, safe
25
9) Main Steel (Ast):

Along shorter direction:
Required Ast = [1 − √1 − 𝑓𝑐𝑘∗1000∗𝑑2 ] ∗ 1000 ∗ 𝑑
𝑓𝑦
0.5∗25 4.6∗6.05∗106
Ast = [1 − √1 − 25∗1000∗1002 ] ∗ 1000 ∗ 100 = 130.23 mm2
550
Amin = 0.12% bD = 0.12*1000*125/100 = 150 mm2

𝜋
( )∗10∗10
4
Spacing of bars= ∗ 1000 = 603.08 mm
130.23
As per clause 26.3.3 b, spacing < least of the following:
1: 3 x effective depth = 3*100 =300
2: 300mm
Provide 10 mm diameter bars at 300 mm c/c spacing @ support.

0.5∗25 4.6∗6.85∗106
Ast = [1 − √1 − 25∗1000∗1002 ] ∗ 1000 ∗ 100 = 148.04 mm2
550
Amin = 0.12% bD = 0.12*1000*125/100 = 150 mm2

Since Ast < Amin , provide Amin
𝜋
( )∗10∗10
4
Spacing of bars= ∗ 1000 = 530 mm
148.04
Spacing of bars should not exceed 3*effective depth=3*100=300mm
Provide 10 mm diameter bars at 300 mm c/c spacing @ mid span.
Along longer direction:

Effective depth = 125-20-8/2-8/2=97 ~ 100
Required Ast = [1 − √1 − 𝑓𝑐𝑘∗1000∗𝑑2 ] ∗ 1000 ∗ 𝑑
𝑓𝑦
0.5∗25 4.6∗4.17∗106
Ast = [1 − √1 − 25∗1000∗1002 ] ∗ 1000 ∗ 100 = 88.93 mm2
550
Amin = 0.12% bD = 0.12*1000*125/100 = 150 mm2

𝜋
( )∗8∗8
4
Spacing of bars= ∗ 1000 = 565 mm
88.93
Spacing of bars should not exceed 3*effective depth=3*100=300 mm
Provide 8mm diameter bars at 300 mm c/c spacing @ support.
0.5∗25 4.6∗5.51∗106
Ast = [1 − √1 − 25∗1000∗1002 ] ∗ 1000 ∗ 100 = 118.06 mm2
550
26
Amin = 0.12% bD = 0.12*1000*125/100 = 150 mm2

𝜋
( )∗8∗8
4
Spacing of bars= 118.06 ∗ 1000 = 336 mm
Spacing of bars should not exceed 3*effective depth=3*100=300 mm
Provide 8mm diameter bars at 300 mm c/c spacing @ mid span.
10) Check for Deflection:

𝜋
( )∗8∗8
4
Astprovided = ∗ 1000= 167.55 mm2
300
𝐴𝑠𝑡 167.55
Calculate pt% = ∗ 100 = 1000∗100 ∗ 100 = 0.3
𝑏𝑑
fs = 0.58 fy*Astreq/Astprovided= 276.78
From fig. 4 of code α = 1.45
Lx / α*32 = 4.03*1000/(1.45*32) = 86.85mm < 100 mm (Safe)
11) Check for Shear:

Maximum shear (Vu max) = wLx/3 = 9.18*4.03/3 = 12.33 KN
τv= Vu / bd = 12.33*1000/(1000*100) = 0.123 N/mm2
τc= 0.29+0.8*0.057 = 0.3256 N/mm2 (From Table-19 of code)
τv<τc(Safe)
27
Dispersion of loads
28
LOAD DISPERSION
Loads on beams:
1) Dispersion of load on slab to the beam: The load of slab is dispersed on the supporting
beams in accordance with clause 24.5 of IS:456-2000, which stated that the load on
beams supporting solid spans, spacing in two directions at right angles and supporting
uniformly distributed loads, may be assumed to be in accordance with fig.7.
𝑤𝑢𝐿𝑥 𝐿𝑥
Load due to trapezoidal loading = (3 − (𝐿𝑦) ^2)
6
𝑤𝑢𝐿𝑥
Load due to triangular loading = 6
wu = Factored load of slab
2) Self weight of beams: This load acts on the beams as uniformly distributed load. This is
calculated after assuming the suitable cross section ( by stiffness / deflection
consideration) of the beam
3) Load due to brick masonry wall: Since the loads are transferred to the column by
beams, in framed structure wall does not play any significant part in carrying loads and
transfer of loads, walls need not be excessively thick. Nominal thickness of wall, so as to
shield the wall will be transferred to the beams.
4) Point load from intersecting beam: If there is any beam meeting the beam, then the
load of that beam is considered as point load.
29
Analysis of structure
30
ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURE
Analysis of structure is the important constituent of structural design. A wrongly analyzed

building may collapse before its service life, endangering the life and property of the
people.
Structural analysis can be performed in two methods i.e., Flexibility Method &Stiffness
Method
Analysis of frames can be carried out in three methods:-
 Slope Deflection Method
 Moment Distribution Method
 Kani’s Rotation Contribution Method
FEATURES OF ETABS:
ETABS is the most popular civil designing tools used in the building of industry and also
increases the productivity of engineers. ETABS is a 3D modeling software for designing and analyzing
the structure. The software is developed for civil engineers and architectures that they generate
effective and cost-efficient models. It is a tool for structural engineers for making the building. This
model basically helps to create geometric designs and copying and pasting in the spreadsheets. This
software is used in construction to know the load-bearing of the building. ETABS is an engineering
software product that caters to multi-story building analysis and design. Modeling tools and
templates, code-based load prescriptions, analysis methods and solution techniques, all coordinate
with the grid-like geometry unique to this class of structure. Basic or advanced systems under static
or dynamic conditions may be evaluated using ETABS. For a sophisticated assessment of seismic
performance, modal and direct-integration time-history analyses may couple with P-Delta and
Large Displacement effects. Nonlinear links and concentrated PMM or fiber hinges may capture
material nonlinearity under monotonic or hysteretic behavior. Intuitive and integrated features
make applications of any complexity practical to implement. Interoperability with a series of
31
design and documentation platforms makes ETABS a coordinated and productive tool for designs
which range from simple 2D frames to elaborate modern high-rises.
Modeling of Structural Systems:

Fundamental to ETABS modeling is the generalization that multi-story buildings typically
consist of identical or similar floor plans that repeat in the vertical direction. Modeling features
that streamline analytical-model generation, and simulate advanced seismic systems, are listed as
follows:
 Templates for global-system and local-element modeling

 Customized section geometry and constitutive behavior
 Grouping of frame and shell objects
 Link assignment for modeling isolators, dampers, and other advanced seismic
systems
 Nonlinear hinge specification
 Automatic meshing with manual options
 Editing and assignment features for plan, elevation, and 3D views
Loading, Analysis, and Design:

Once modeling is complete, ETABS automatically generates and assigns code-based
loading conditions for gravity, seismic, wind, and thermal forces. Users may specify an unlimited
number of load cases and combinations.
Analysis capabilities then offer advanced nonlinear methods for characterization of static-
pushover and dynamic response. Dynamic considerations may include modal, response-spectrum,
or time-history analysis. P-delta effect account for geometric nonlinearity.
Given enveloping specification, design features will automatically size elements and
systems, design reinforcing schemes, and otherwise optimize the structure according to desired
performance measures.
32
Output and Versatility:

Output and display formats are also practical and intuitive. Moment, shear, and axial force
diagrams, presented in 2D and 3D views with corresponding data sets, may be organized into
customizable reports. Also available are detailed section cuts depicting various local response
measures. Global perspectives depicting static displaced configurations or video animations of
time-history response are available as well.
ETABS also features interoperability with related software products, providing for the
import of architectural models from various technical drawing software, or export to various
platforms and file formats. SAFE, the floor and foundation slab design software with post-
tensioning (PT) capability, is one such option for export. While ETABS features a variety of
sophisticated capabilities, the software is equally useful for designing basic systems. ETABS is
the practical choice for all grid-like applications ranging from simple 2D frames to the most
complex high rises.
33
BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM (3D Perspective)
34
SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM (3D perspective)
35
SHEAR FORCE ALONG ‘X-X’
36
BENDING MOMENT ALONG ‘X-X’
37
SHEAR FORCE ALONG ‘1-1’
38
BENDING MOMENT ALONG ‘1-1’
39
Bending Moment Envelope (Beams)
B45 UPPER ROOF B1 230X300 End-I -9.8322 UDCon12 9.8E-05 8.3646 UDCon13 9.4E-05
B45 UPPER ROOF B1 230X300 Middle -2.2721 UDCon13 9.4E-05 6.8688 UDCon14 9.4E-05
B45 UPPER ROOF B1 230X300 End-J -9.9813 UDCon11 9.9E-05 8.302 UDCon14 9.4E-05
B1 ROOF B2 230X380 End-I -55.8674 UDCon12 0.00046 19.9142 UDCon11 0.000149
B1 ROOF B2 230X380 Middle 0 UDCon14 0 42.4472 UDCon2 0.000336
B1 ROOF B2 230X380 End-J -60.2207 UDCon11 0.000502 11.1508 UDCon14 0.000125
B6 ROOF B2 230X380 End-I -98.1331 UDCon12 0.000872 0 UDCon12 0.000436
B6 ROOF B2 230X380 Middle 0 UDCon14 0.000218 77.2756 UDCon2 0.000685
B6 ROOF B2 230X380 End-J -82.3337 UDCon11 0.000732 0 UDCon11 0.000366
B8 ROOF B2 230X380 Middle -5.6162 UDCon13 0.000125 20.3791 UDCon11 0.000153
B29 ROOF B1 230X300 End-I -47.105 UDCon12 0.000561 6.037 UDCon13 9.4E-05
B29 ROOF B1 230X300 Middle -2.1376 UDCon13 9.4E-05 28.4455 UDCon2 0.000307
40

B33 ROOF B1 230X300 End-J -47.0796 UDCon11 0.000561 3.9091 UDCon14 9.4E-05
B45 ROOF B1 230X300 End-I -20.3326 UDCon12 0.000211 7.5325 UDCon13 9.4E-05
B45 ROOF B1 230X300 Middle -6.7252 UDCon13 9.4E-05 5.5412 UDCon14 9.4E-05
B59 ROOF B1 230X300 End-I -35.7406 UDCon12 0.000402 0 UDCon14 0
B59 ROOF B1 230X300 End-J -3.2869 UDCon13 9.4E-05 29.5596 UDCon12 0.000321
B82 ROOF B1 230X300 End-I -3.3377 UDCon14 9.4E-05 22.8915 UDCon11 0.000241
B13 ROOF B3300x500 End-I -105.3043 UDCon12 0.000607 58.6828 UDCon11 0.000323
B13 ROOF B3300x500 Middle -0.6672 UDCon13 0.000224 79.8504 UDCon12 0.000448
B13 ROOF B3300x500 End-J -61.1207 UDCon13 0.000337 100.5094 UDCon12 0.000576
41

B2 ROOF B3300x500 End-I 0 UDCon14 0.000262 20.4961 UDCon14 0.000317
B2 ROOF B3300x500 End-J -168.0324 UDCon11 0.001047 0 UDCon11 0.000523
B10 ROOF B 450x850 End-I -235.0911 UDCon12 0.000713 0 UDCon12 0.000357
B10 ROOF B 450x850 Middle -99.6575 UDCon14 0.000604 54.0516 UDCon14 0.000853
B10 ROOF B 450x850 End-J -75.9868 UDCon14 0.000604 77.7223 UDCon14 0.000853
B15 ROOF B3300x500 End-I -7.8607 UDCon14 0.000224 0.0497 UDCon14 0.000317
B15 ROOF B3300x500 End-J -16.7038 UDCon14 0.000224 0 UDCon11 8.6E-05
B4 ROOF B2 230X380 End-I 0 UDCon14 0.000236 43.6657 UDCon2 0.000347
B3 ROOF B2 230X380 Middle 0 UDCon14 9E-05 11.3587 UDCon14 0.000177
B27 ROOF B2 230X380 Middle 0 UDCon14 6.7E-05 13.1517 UDCon14 0.000177
B38 ROOF B1 230X300 Middle 0 UDCon14 9E-05 20.3644 UDCon2 0.000212
42
B44 ROOF b 350x600 End-I -101.7719 UDCon11 0.000456 148.6625 UDCon12 0.000683
B44 ROOF b 350x600 Middle -153.4772 UDCon11 0.000707 127.7696 UDCon12 0.00058
B44 ROOF b 350x600 End-J -208.6949 UDCon11 0.000995 0 UDCon11 0.000498
B9 ROOF B2 230X380 End-J 0 UDCon14 0.000133 44.5499 UDCon2 0.000355
B14 ROOF B 450x850 End-I -37.2116 UDCon14 0.000604 16.0707 UDCon14 0.000853
B14 ROOF B 450x850 Middle -328.8159 UDCon11 0.001016 16.7213 UDCon14 0.000853
B14 ROOF B 450x850 End-J -246.9629 UDCon11 0.000751 76.0348 UDCon14 0.000853
B1 2F B2 230X380 End-I -70.4657 UDCon12 0.000609 19.6195 UDCon11 0.000147
B1 2F B2 230X380 Middle 0 UDCon14 0 39.1923 UDCon2 0.000308
B1 2F B2 230X380 End-J -68.2365 UDCon11 0.000585 18.4471 UDCon12 0.000138
B6 2F B2 230X380 End-I -121.9624 UDCon12 0.001082 0 UDCon12 0.000541
B6 2F B2 230X380 Middle 0 UDCon14 0.000271 65.7008 UDCon2 0.000558
B6 2F B2 230X380 End-J -117.894 UDCon11 0.001046 0 UDCon11 0.000523
B8 2F B2 230X380 Middle -11.6164 UDCon13 0.000125 26.9324 UDCon11 0.000205
B29 2F B1 230X300 Middle -3.6255 UDCon13 9.4E-05 30.0945 UDCon2 0.000328
43

B59 2F B1 230X300 End-I -34.3344 UDCon12 0.000383 8.1413 UDCon13 9.4E-05
B82 2F B1 230X300 End-J -33.4451 UDCon11 0.000371 9.0166 UDCon14 9.4E-05
B13 2F B3300x500 End-I -196.9924 UDCon12 0.001272 131.1111 UDCon13 0.000779
B13 2F B3300x500 Middle 0 UDCon14 0.000318 101.2972 UDCon12 0.000581
B13 2F B3300x500 End-J -164.0702 UDCon13 0.001016 184.9975 UDCon12 0.001182
44
B2 2F B3300x500 End-I 0 UDCon14 0.000343 28.4851 UDCon14 0.000343

B2 2F B3300x500 Middle -155.0758 UDCon11 0.000949 6.6477 UDCon14 0.000343
B2 2F B3300x500 End-J -213.6873 UDCon11 0.001373 0 UDCon11 0.000687
B10 2F B 450x850 End-I -280.985 UDCon12 0.00086 3.9913 UDCon14 0.000853
B10 2F B 450x850 Middle -224.3394 UDCon12 0.000679 70.4783 UDCon14 0.000853
B10 2F B 450x850 End-J -97.2267 UDCon14 0.000604 96.3967 UDCon14 0.000853
B20 2F B2 230X380 Middle -49.7311 UDCon12 0.000402 0 UDCon14 0.000178
B21 2F B2 230X380 Middle 0 UDCon14 3.1E-05 36.441 UDCon2 0.000284
B21 2F B2 230X380 End-J 0 UDCon14 3.1E-05 39.1737 UDCon2 0.000308
B24 2F B2 230X380 End-I 0 UDCon14 3.1E-05 39.1737 UDCon2 0.000308
B25 2F B2 230X380 End-I 0 UDCon14 0.00019 17.5714 UDCon14 0.00019
45

46

B59 1F B1 230X300 End-I -33.5994 UDCon12 0.000373 8.6319 UDCon13 9.4E-05
B82 1F B1 230X300 End-J -32.3423 UDCon11 0.000357 9.4749 UDCon14 9.4E-05
B13 1F B3300x500 Middle 0 UDCon14 0.000323 105.3785 UDCon12 0.000608
B13 1F B3300x500 End-J -175.745 UDCon13 0.001107 192.5151 UDCon12 0.001244
B5 1F B2 230X380 End-J 0 UDCon14 0.000139 26.0594 UDCon12 0.000198
47

B2 1F B3300x500 End-I 0 UDCon14 0.000329 29.7211 UDCon14 0.000329
B15 1F B3300x500 Middle -137.4846 UDCon11 0.000823 0 UDCon14 0.000318
B21 1F B2 230X380 End-J 0 UDCon14 3.1E-05 38.5126 UDCon2 0.000302
B24 1F B2 230X380 End-I 0 UDCon14 3.1E-05 38.5126 UDCon2 0.000302
B25 1F B2 230X380 End-I 0 UDCon14 0.000195 16.7632 UDCon14 0.000195
B25 1F B2 230X380 Middle -56.31 UDCon11 0.000464 0 UDCon14 0.000195
48

B1 GF B2 230X380 End-I -1.0139 UDCon14 0.000125 0 UDCon14 0.000125
B1 GF B2 230X380 Middle -2.2328 UDCon14 0.000125 0.4553 UDCon14 0.000125
B1 GF B2 230X380 End-J -1.9577 UDCon14 0.000125 12.2006 UDCon14 0.000125
B6 GF B2 230X380 End-I -19.8888 UDCon11 0.000136 28.1418 UDCon11 0.000195
B6 GF B2 230X380 Middle -2.5457 UDCon14 0.000125 0 UDCon14 0.000177
B29 GF B1 230X300 End-I -41.8694 UDCon12 0.000489 0 UDCon14 0
B29 GF B1 230X300 Middle 0 UDCon14 0 29.4946 UDCon2 0.00032
B29 GF B1 230X300 End-J -43.4042 UDCon11 0.000513 0.0522 UDCon14 9.4E-05
49

B30 GF B1 230X300 Middle 0 UDCon2 0.000241 57.3141 UDCon2 0.000692
B30 GF B1 230X300 End-J -74.0028 UDCon2 0.000905 0 UDCon2 0.000543
B33 GF B1 230X300 End-I -42.5527 UDCon12 0.0005 0.077 UDCon13 9.4E-05
B33 GF B1 230X300 End-J -42.6743 UDCon11 0.000501 0 UDCon14 0
B45 GF B1 230X300 Middle -3.5703 UDCon13 9.4E-05 3.9168 UDCon14 9.4E-05
B47 GF B1 230X300 Middle -2.7746 UDCon13 9.4E-05 10.008 UDCon2 0.0001
B56 GF B1 230X300 End-I -49.1688 UDCon2 0.000588 0 UDCon2 9.4E-05
B56 GF B1 230X300 End-J -44.7922 UDCon11 0.000532 0 UDCon11 1.5E-05
B59 GF B1 230X300 End-J 0 UDCon14 0 16.0425 UDCon11 0.000164
B82 GF B1 230X300 End-I 0 UDCon14 0 15.4782 UDCon11 0.000157
B13 GF B3300x500 End-I -98.6104 UDCon12 0.000564 7.804 UDCon14 0.000317
B13 GF B3300x500 Middle -10.4803 UDCon14 0.000224 65.5784 UDCon12 0.000363
B13 GF B3300x500 End-J -53.9925 UDCon13 0.000296 77.9951 UDCon12 0.000437
50

B5 GF B2 230X380 End-J 0 UDCon14 0.000142 47.145 UDCon2 0.000378
B12 GF B2 230X380 End-J 0 UDCon14 0.00015 49.7045 UDCon2 0.000402
B2 GF B2 230X380 End-I 0 UDCon14 0.000162 49.9147 UDCon2 0.000404
B10 GF B3300x500 End-I -53.8992 UDCon11 0.000281 0 UDCon14 0.000317
B10 GF B3300x500 Middle -7.7846 UDCon14 0.000224 0 UDCon13 0.000317
B15 GF B2 230X380 End-I 0 UDCon14 0.000168 52.4842 UDCon2 0.000428
B16 GF B3300x500 End-I -59.7118 UDCon12 0.000312 0 UDCon14 0.000317
B16 GF B3300x500 Middle -9.5927 UDCon14 0.000224 2.0789 UDCon14 0.000317
B3 GF B2 230X380 Middle 0 UDCon14 6.7E-05 11.4454 UDCon14 0.000177
B28 GF B1 230X300 Middle 0 UDCon14 6E-05 16.3683 UDCon2 0.000167
51

B44 GF b 350x600 End-I -100.8694 UDCon11 0.000452 128.2231 UDCon12 0.000583
B44 GF b 350x600 Middle -150.9066 UDCon11 0.000695 104.4209 UDCon12 0.000468
B44 GF b 350x600 End-J -204.4561 UDCon11 0.000972 0 UDCon11 0.000486
B11 GF B1 230X300 End-J -48.1281 UDCon2 0.000574 0 UDCon2 7.5E-05
Shear Force Envelope (Beams)
B45 UPPER ROOF B1 230X300 End-I 18.3194 UDCon14 0.00025 0.1487 UDCon14
0.00022 0.1487 UDCon14 0
B45 UPPER ROOF B1 230X300 Middle 5.227 UDCon14 0.00025 0.0122 UDCon11
0.00022 0.0122 UDCon11 0
B45 UPPER ROOF B1 230X300 End-J 8.2189 UDCon14 0.00025 0.0122 UDCon13
0.00022 0.0122 UDCon13 0
0.00022 0.142 UDCon14 0
0.00022 0.0068 UDCon11 0
0.00022 0.0068 UDCon13 0
0.00022 0.1768 UDCon14 0
52
0.00022 0.0862 UDCon11 0
0.00022 0.0862 UDCon13 0
0.00022 0.2047 UDCon14 0
0.00022 0.2047 UDCon11 0
0.00022 0.2047 UDCon13 0
B1 ROOF B2 230X380 End-I 61.1064 UDCon2 0.00031 0.2627 UDCon2 0.00031 0.2627
UDCon14 0
B1 ROOF B2 230X380 Middle 18.5522 UDCon14 0.00025 0.2627 UDCon12 0.00022

0.2627 UDCon12 0
B1 ROOF B2 230X380 End-J 64.4807 UDCon2 0.00033 0.2627 UDCon2 0.00033 0.2627 UDCon2
0
B6 ROOF B2 230X380 End-I 129.9999 UDCon11 0.00131 0.9131 UDCon11 0.00059

0.9131 UDCon2 0

0.4311 UDCon11 0
B6 ROOF B2 230X380 End-J 121.9047 UDCon11 0.00124 0.4311 UDCon11 0.00054

0.4311 UDCon11 0

1.4503 UDCon11 0

1.1188 UDCon11 0

1.1188 UDCon11 0

0.2521 UDCon14 0

0.2521 UDCon13 0

0.2521 UDCon11 0
5.121 UDCon12 0
5.121 UDCon12 0
B18 ROOF B2 230X380 End-J 34.8239 UDCon2 0.00046 5.121 UDCon12 0.00069 5.121
UDCon12 0
53
B19 ROOF B2 230X380 End-I 58.5585 UDCon2 0.0004 0.8943 UDCon2 0.00043 1.0011 UDCon2
0
B19 ROOF B2 230X380 Middle 17.0519 UDCon14 0.00025 1.0011 UDCon2 0.00028 1.0011
UDCon2 0
0
0.095 UDCon14 0
0.095 UDCon13 0
0.095 UDCon11 0
0.4967 UDCon12 0
0.4967 UDCon12 0
0.1425 UDCon2 0
UDCon12 0
1.3397 UDCon12 0
UDCon12 0
0.6427 UDCon12 0
0.5558 UDCon11 0
0
0
UDCon2 0
0
UDCon12 0
0.1618 UDCon11 0
54
UDCon11 0
0
UDCon2 0
0
UDCon12 0
0.3855 UDCon11 0
0.3855 UDCon11 0
0.0809 UDCon12 0
0.0369 UDCon13 0
0.0369 UDCon13 0
0.1084 UDCon12 0
0.0593 UDCon13 0
0.0593 UDCon11 0
0.6956 UDCon12 0
1.0646 UDCon11 0
1.2387 UDCon11 0
0.2572 UDCon12 0
0.2572 UDCon11 0
0.2572 UDCon11 0
UDCon2 0
55
0.2659 UDCon11 0
UDCon11 0
0.9426 UDCon11 0
0.9426 UDCon11 0
1.0529 UDCon11 0
UDCon12 0
1.3012 UDCon12 0
UDCon2 0
UDCon12 0
0.2709 UDCon11 0
0.2709 UDCon11 0
0
UDCon2 0
0
0
0.2684 UDCon12 0
UDCon11 0
1.4524 UDCon11 0
1.3966 UDCon11 0
1.3502 UDCon11 0
56
B13 ROOF B3300x500 End-I 161.6336 UDCon12 0.00133 4.6 UDCon12 0.00062
4.6 UDCon12 0
B13 ROOF B3300x500 Middle 127.361 UDCon12 0.00111 4.6 UDCon12 0.00048
3.3354 UDCon12 0
B13 ROOF B3300x500 End-J 128.9587 UDCon12 0.00112 7.0412 UDCon11 0.00046
7.0412 UDCon11 0

0.5314 UDCon11 0

0.5314 UDCon12 0

0.5314 UDCon11 0
2.7661 UDCon12 0
1.3619 UDCon12 0
2.7157 UDCon12 0

3.2896 UDCon11 0

3.2896 UDCon11 0

3.2896 UDCon11 0
B10 ROOF B 450x850 End-I 630.8951 UDCon12 0.00296 45.226 UDCon12 0.00081
45.226 UDCon12 0
B10 ROOF B 450x850 Middle 614.1573 UDCon12 0.00291 45.226 UDCon12 0.00079
45.226 UDCon12 0
B10 ROOF B 450x850 End-J 579.9519 UDCon12 0.00279 45.226 UDCon12 0.00074
45.226 UDCon12 0
1.0476 UDCon12 0
1.0476 UDCon12 0
1.0476 UDCon12 0

0.8016 UDCon11 0

0.8016 UDCon11 0
57
UDCon2 0

0.7023 UDCon12 0

0.7023 UDCon11 0

0.7023 UDCon11 0
1.5493 UDCon12 0
1.5493 UDCon11 0
1.5493 UDCon12 0
1.0695 UDCon12 0
1.0695 UDCon14 0
UDCon2 0
0.8429 UDCon12 0
1.7436 UDCon12 0
1.7436 UDCon12 0
1.5187 UDCon11 0
1.5187 UDCon11 0
1.5187 UDCon11 0
0.689 UDCon11 0
0.5339 UDCon11 0
0.5339 UDCon11 0
0.6734 UDCon12 0
58
0.0009 UDCon14 0
UDCon2 0
0.52 UDCon12 0
0.52 UDCon11 0
0.52 UDCon11 0
0.5775 UDCon12 0
0.5775 UDCon11 0
0.2884 UDCon11 0
UDCon12 0
0.2486 UDCon13 0
0.2486 UDCon11 0
UDCon12 0
0.6317 UDCon12 0
0
B44 ROOF b 350x600 End-I 277.946 UDCon12 0.0025 31.538 UDCon11 0.00128
31.538 UDCon11 0
B44 ROOF b 350x600 Middle 288.7699 UDCon12 0.00255 31.538 UDCon12 0.0013
31.538 UDCon12 0
B44 ROOF b 350x600 End-J 299.5939 UDCon12 0.00261 31.538 UDCon12 0.00131
31.538 UDCon12 0
0
B11 ROOF B1 230X300 Middle 51.9317 UDCon2 0.00031 0.1227 UDCon2 0.00031 0.1227 UDCon2
0
0
59
UDCon2 0
UDCon2 0

0.8016 UDCon11 0
B14 ROOF B 450x850 End-I 452.4214 UDCon12 0.00184 6.4193 UDCon12 0.00043
6.4193 UDCon12 0
B14 ROOF B 450x850 Middle 490.8098 UDCon11 0.00299 45.2437 UDCon11 0.00125
45.2437 UDCon11 0
B14 ROOF B 450x850 End-J 477.2706 UDCon11 0.00295 45.2437 UDCon11 0.00123
45.2437 UDCon11 0
B1 2F B2 230X380 End-I 66.4806 UDCon12 0.00031 0.2553 UDCon12 0.00032

0.1382 UDCon12 0
B1 2F B2 230X380 Middle 18.1303 UDCon14 0.00025 0.0869 UDCon12 0.00022

0.0869 UDCon12 0
B1 2F B2 230X380 End-J 66.1732 UDCon11 0.00031 0.0869 UDCon11 0.00031

0.0869 UDCon11 0

0.2802 UDCon12 0

0.94 UDCon11 0

0.94 UDCon11 0

0.6094 UDCon12 0

0.0337 UDCon11 0

0.0337 UDCon11 0

0.2788 UDCon12 0

0.2788 UDCon13 0

0.2788 UDCon11 0

3.7399 UDCon12 0

3.7399 UDCon12 0
60

3.7399 UDCon12 0

0.4112 UDCon12 0

0.4112 UDCon13 0

0.292 UDCon11 0

0.1922 UDCon12 0

0.1922 UDCon11 0

0.1922 UDCon11 0

0.3968 UDCon12 0

0.3968 UDCon13 0

0.3968 UDCon11 0

1.6268 UDCon12 0

1.6268 UDCon12 0
B26 2F B2 230X380 End-J 70.1687 UDCon2 0.00044 1.6268 UDCon12 0.00048 1.6268
UDCon12 0

0.8354 UDCon12 0

0.7017 UDCon12 0

0.8354 UDCon12 0
B30 2F B1 230X300 End-I 99.6431 UDCon2 0.00069 0.1355 UDCon2 0.00069 0.1355 UDCon2
0

0.0137 UDCon11 0
B30 2F B1 230X300 End-J 103.1256 UDCon2 0.00071 0.425 UDCon2 0.00071 0.425 UDCon2
0

0.1902 UDCon12 0
61

0.1902 UDCon11 0

0.1231 UDCon11 0
0

0.2533 UDCon12 0
0

0.0553 UDCon12 0

0.0553 UDCon11 0

0.0553 UDCon11 0

0.0812 UDCon12 0

0.0831 UDCon13 0

0.0831 UDCon13 0

0.1325 UDCon12 0

0.0748 UDCon13 0

0.0748 UDCon11 0

0.5515 UDCon12 0

1.012 UDCon11 0

0.5515 UDCon11 0

0.1548 UDCon12 0

0.1548 UDCon11 0

0.1548 UDCon11 0
62

0.8098 UDCon11 0

0.6803 UDCon11 0

0.8098 UDCon11 0

2.148 UDCon11 0

2.148 UDCon11 0

0.7602 UDCon11 0

0.5693 UDCon12 0

0.5693 UDCon13 0

0.3264 UDCon11 0

0.0613 UDCon12 0

0.0613 UDCon13 0

0.0613 UDCon11 0
B65 2F B1 230X300 End-I 99.1403 UDCon2 0.00066 0.2347 UDCon2 0.00063 0.2347
UDCon12 0

0.2347 UDCon2 0
UDCon12 0
UDCon12 0

0.1941 UDCon11 0
UDCon11 0

1.8325 UDCon11 0

2.0667 UDCon11 0
63

2.0667 UDCon11 0
B13 2F B3300x500 End-I 243.608 UDCon12 0.00174 3.3775 UDCon12 0.00079

3.3775 UDCon12 0
B13 2F B3300x500 Middle 209.3354 UDCon12 0.00153 3.3775 UDCon12 0.00078

3.3775 UDCon11 0
B13 2F B3300x500 End-J 209.2993 UDCon12 0.00153 3.3775 UDCon11 0.00057

3.3775 UDCon11 0

1.691 UDCon12 0

0.3643 UDCon14 0

0.3643 UDCon11 0

2.6291 UDCon12 0

0.7459 UDCon12 0

2.5198 UDCon12 0

7.8796 UDCon11 0

7.8796 UDCon11 0

7.8796 UDCon11 0
B10 2F B 450x850 End-I 685.3191 UDCon12 0.0034 56.97 UDCon12 0.00103

56.97 UDCon12 0
B10 2F B 450x850 Middle 668.5813 UDCon12 0.00334 56.97 UDCon12 0.00101

56.97 UDCon12 0
B10 2F B 450x850 End-J 634.3759 UDCon12 0.00322 56.97 UDCon12 0.00095

56.97 UDCon12 0

18.5285 UDCon12 0

18.5285 UDCon12 0

18.5285 UDCon12 0

36.3886 UDCon11 0
64

36.3886 UDCon11 0

36.3886 UDCon11 0

0.415 UDCon12 0

0.1608 UDCon12 0

0.3127 UDCon14 0

0.3127 UDCon12 0

0.1608 UDCon14 0
B21 2F B2 230X380 End-J 62.7625 UDCon12 0.00057 0.1608 UDCon14 0

0.1608 UDCon14 0
B24 2F B2 230X380 End-I 62.506 UDCon12 0.00057 0.1608 UDCon14 0

0.1608 UDCon14 0

0.1608 UDCon11 0

0.1608 UDCon11 0

0.1608 UDCon13 0

0.1608 UDCon11 0

0.1608 UDCon11 0

0.4607 UDCon12 0

0.4607 UDCon14 0

0.6503 UDCon11 0

0.2099 UDCon12 0

0.2099 UDCon14 0

0.6581 UDCon11 0
65

0.2038 UDCon14 0

0.2038 UDCon13 0

0.2038 UDCon11 0

0.4179 UDCon12 0

0.1406 UDCon11 0

1.0597 UDCon11 0

0.2409 UDCon12 0

0.7066 UDCon13 0

0.7066 UDCon11 0

0.3206 UDCon12 0

0.3206 UDCon11 0

0.6156 UDCon11 0

0.3415 UDCon12 0

0.064 UDCon11 0

0.064 UDCon11 0

0.0748 UDCon12 0

0.4965 UDCon13 0

0.4965 UDCon11 0

0.6727 UDCon12 0

0.6727 UDCon11 0
66

1.0062 UDCon11 0

0.1827 UDCon12 0

0.1261 UDCon13 0

0.1261 UDCon11 0

0.3669 UDCon12 0

0.3669 UDCon12 0

0.3669 UDCon11 0

41.3837 UDCon11 0

41.3837 UDCon11 0

41.3837 UDCon11 0
UDCon12 0
B11 2F B1 230X300 Middle 52.3962 UDCon2 0.00032 0.1619 UDCon2 0.00032 0.1619 UDCon2
0
UDCon11 0

0.2502 UDCon12 0

0.0522 UDCon13 0

0.0522 UDCon11 0

0.3807 UDCon12 0

0.9474 UDCon11 0

0.9474 UDCon11 0

1.0848 UDCon12 0
67

0.51 UDCon11 0

0.51 UDCon11 0

0.2074 UDCon12 0

0.2074 UDCon13 0

0.2074 UDCon11 0

3.6075 UDCon12 0

3.6075 UDCon12 0

3.6075 UDCon12 0

0.7062 UDCon12 0

0.0352 UDCon11 0

0.7062 UDCon11 0

0.1416 UDCon12 0

0.1416 UDCon11 0

0.1416 UDCon11 0

0.7018 UDCon12 0

0.7018 UDCon11 0

0.7018 UDCon11 0

1.8818 UDCon12 0

1.8818 UDCon12 0

1.8818 UDCon12 0
68

0.9811 UDCon12 0

0.8555 UDCon12 0

0.9811 UDCon12 0
0

0.0123 UDCon11 0
0

0.2215 UDCon12 0

0.2215 UDCon11 0

0.0918 UDCon11 0
0

0.312 UDCon12 0
0

0.1987 UDCon12 0

0.0285 UDCon11 0

0.0285 UDCon11 0

0.0575 UDCon14 0

0.0714 UDCon13 0

0.0714 UDCon11 0

0.0641 UDCon12 0

0.0734 UDCon13 0
69

0.0734 UDCon11 0

0.4649 UDCon12 0

0.4649 UDCon11 0

0.4649 UDCon11 0

0.1095 UDCon12 0

0.1095 UDCon11 0

0.1095 UDCon11 0

0.8715 UDCon11 0

0.7491 UDCon11 0

0.8715 UDCon11 0

1.8871 UDCon11 0

1.8871 UDCon11 0

0.8025 UDCon11 0

0.9543 UDCon12 0

0.9543 UDCon11 0

1.058 UDCon11 0

0.1529 UDCon12 0

0.1529 UDCon11 0

0.1529 UDCon11 0
UDCon12 0
70

0.2314 UDCon11 0
UDCon11 0
UDCon12 0

0.2034 UDCon11 0
UDCon11 0

1.7937 UDCon11 0

1.911 UDCon11 0

1.911 UDCon11 0

3.3192 UDCon12 0

3.3192 UDCon11 0

3.3192 UDCon11 0

1.8771 UDCon11 0

0.3849 UDCon14 0

0.3849 UDCon11 0

2.9169 UDCon12 0

0.9038 UDCon12 0

2.8139 UDCon12 0

8.3554 UDCon11 0

8.3554 UDCon11 0

8.3554 UDCon11 0
71

56.2446 UDCon12 0

56.2446 UDCon12 0

56.2446 UDCon12 0

16.8722 UDCon12 0

16.8722 UDCon12 0

16.8722 UDCon12 0

38.1987 UDCon11 0

38.1987 UDCon11 0

38.1987 UDCon11 0

0.3809 UDCon12 0

0.104 UDCon12 0

0.287 UDCon14 0

0.287 UDCon14 0

0.104 UDCon14 0
B21 1F B2 230X380 End-J 62.6248 UDCon12 0.00057 0.104 UDCon14 0

0.104 UDCon14 0
B24 1F B2 230X380 End-I 62.3715 UDCon12 0.00056 0.104 UDCon14 0

0.104 UDCon14 0

0.104 UDCon11 0

0.104 UDCon11 0

0.104 UDCon13 0

0.104 UDCon11 0
72

0.104 UDCon11 0

0.5037 UDCon12 0

0.5037 UDCon14 0

0.8201 UDCon11 0

0.2846 UDCon12 0

0.2846 UDCon14 0

0.5969 UDCon11 0

0.1059 UDCon12 0

0.1507 UDCon13 0

0.1507 UDCon11 0

0.4415 UDCon12 0

0.1511 UDCon11 0

1.1586 UDCon11 0

0.1396 UDCon12 0

0.4043 UDCon13 0

0.4043 UDCon11 0

0.3785 UDCon12 0

0.3785 UDCon11 0

0.7339 UDCon11 0

0.0931 UDCon12 0
73

0.0394 UDCon13 0

0.2567 UDCon11 0

0.1007 UDCon12 0

0.482 UDCon13 0

0.482 UDCon11 0

0.6818 UDCon12 0

0.6818 UDCon11 0

1.399 UDCon11 0

0.1055 UDCon12 0

0.1201 UDCon13 0

0.1201 UDCon11 0

0.1367 UDCon12 0

0.4043 UDCon11 0

0.4043 UDCon11 0

40.7114 UDCon11 0

40.7114 UDCon11 0

40.7114 UDCon11 0
UDCon12 0
B11 1F B1 230X300 Middle 55.6053 UDCon2 0.00036 0.19 UDCon12 0.00034 0.19
UDCon11 0
UDCon11 0
74
B1 GF B2 230X380 End-I 7.1172 UDCon14 0.00025 2.319 UDCon12 0.00029

0.0677 UDCon14 0
B1 GF B2 230X380 Middle 7.0312 UDCon14 0.00025 0.8615 UDCon14 0

0.8615 UDCon14 0
B1 GF B2 230X380 End-J 64.0125 UDCon12 0.00041 2.6322 UDCon11 0.00045

2.6322 UDCon11 0

0.9185 UDCon11 0
B6 GF B2 230X380 Middle 18.2732 UDCon11 0.00036 0.9185 UDCon11 0.00028

0.5807 UDCon14 0

5.0671 UDCon12 0

0.3462 UDCon14 0

0.3278 UDCon12 0

0.9965 UDCon12 0

0.0495 UDCon14 0

0.1194 UDCon14 0

0.4115 UDCon12 0

1.0223 UDCon14 0

0.0586 UDCon14 0

1.4032 UDCon12 0

0.1169 UDCon14 0

1.0388 UDCon14 0

1.1965 UDCon12 0

0.0518 UDCon14 0

0.0573 UDCon14 0
75

0.2732 UDCon12 0

0.0498 UDCon14 0

0.0767 UDCon14 0

2.1388 UDCon11 0

0.1834 UDCon14 0

0.0422 UDCon14 0

0.6232 UDCon14 0
B29 GF B1 230X300 End-I 71.4071 UDCon2 0.00045 0.3883 UDCon2 0.00045 0.113 UDCon2
0
B29 GF B1 230X300 Middle 19.7793 UDCon14 0.00025 0.3421 UDCon2 0.00023 0.3421
UDCon2 0
B29 GF B1 230X300 End-J 72.1549 UDCon2 0.00045 0.3883 UDCon2 0.00045 0.3883 UDCon2
0
0
UDCon2 0
0
0
UDCon2 0
0
B34 GF B1 230X300 End-I 86.175 UDCon2 0.0007 0.4566 UDCon12 0.00057 0.4566
UDCon12 0

0.0131 UDCon12 0
B34 GF B1 230X300 End-J 102.607 UDCon2 0.0007 0.4566 UDCon12 0.00056 0.4566
UDCon12 0
0
76

0.0568 UDCon11 0
0
B45 GF B1 230X300 End-I 51.7392 UDCon12 0.00032 0.0183 UDCon14 0

0.0183 UDCon14 0

0.0183 UDCon13 0
B45 GF B1 230X300 End-J 51.7422 UDCon11 0.00032 0.0183 UDCon14 0

0.0183 UDCon14 0

0.0482 UDCon14 0

0.022 UDCon11 0

0.022 UDCon13 0
UDCon2 0

0.7236 UDCon11 0

0.8707 UDCon11 0
UDCon2 0

0.5971 UDCon11 0

0.5971 UDCon11 0
0
B56 GF B1 230X300 Middle 46.4887 UDCon2 0.00037 0.2579 UDCon2 0.00037 0.1175 UDCon2
0
0

1.2275 UDCon11 0

1.2275 UDCon11 0

0.0914 UDCon11 0
77

0.148 UDCon14 0

0.0377 UDCon14 0

0.2975 UDCon11 0

0.0877 UDCon14 0

0.0535 UDCon14 0

0.551 UDCon12 0
UDCon11 0

0.0331 UDCon11 0
UDCon11 0
UDCon12 0

0.0868 UDCon12 0
UDCon14 0

0.1616 UDCon11 0

1.3478 UDCon11 0

1.3478 UDCon11 0
B13 GF B3300x500 End-I 154.0736 UDCon12 0.00116 3.3957 UDCon12 0.00052

3.3957 UDCon12 0
B13 GF B3300x500 Middle 119.801 UDCon12 0.00095 2.7508 UDCon12 0.0004

2.7508 UDCon11 0
B13 GF B3300x500 End-J 125.1644 UDCon12 0.00098 3.7447 UDCon11 0.00042

3.7447 UDCon11 0

UDCon2 0

2.2872 UDCon11 0
78

2.2089 UDCon11 0
UDCon2 0
UDCon12 0

4.1809 UDCon12 0

UDCon2 0

UDCon2 0

UDCon2 0

3.5435 UDCon11 0

0.2951 UDCon14 0
B10 GF B3300x500 End-J 119.2118 UDCon11 0.00087 0.2951 UDCon14 0

0.2951 UDCon14 0
UDCon2 0
UDCon2 0
UDCon2 0

6.5364 UDCon12 0

1.0342 UDCon12 0
B16 GF B3300x500 End-J 125.2643 UDCon12 0.00094 1.0342 UDCon14 0

1.0342 UDCon14 0

0.047 UDCon14 0

0.0687 UDCon14 0

0.0687 UDCon14 0

0.0471 UDCon14 0
79

0.0237 UDCon14 0

0.0001 UDCon14 0

0.0245 UDCon14 0

0.0513 UDCon14 0

0.0808 UDCon14 0

0.0808 UDCon14 0

0.0455 UDCon14 0

0.0455 UDCon14 0

0.2668 UDCon14 0

0.2636 UDCon14 0

UDCon2 0

0.1252 UDCon14 0

0.7514 UDCon14 0

0.7514 UDCon11 0

0.631 UDCon11 0

0.631 UDCon14 0
UDCon2 0

0.3476 UDCon12 0

0.3476 UDCon13 0

0.3476 UDCon11 0
80

0.7863 UDCon11 0

0.7863 UDCon14 0

0.7863 UDCon11 0

0.3457 UDCon12 0

0.0037 UDCon13 0

0.0037 UDCon11 0
UDCon12 0

0.1887 UDCon14 0
UDCon2 0

0.5593 UDCon11 0

0.5593 UDCon14 0

0.5593 UDCon11 0
UDCon2 0

0.1696 UDCon12 0
UDCon2 0

0.7008 UDCon14 0

0.6664 UDCon14 0

1.6237 UDCon11 0

0.6591 UDCon14 0

0.2055 UDCon14 0
81

0.9479 UDCon11 0
B44 GF b 350x600 End-I 276.2099 UDCon12 0.00242 28.2161 UDCon11 0.00128

28.2161 UDCon11 0
B44 GF b 350x600 Middle 287.0338 UDCon12 0.00247 28.2161 UDCon2 0.00129 28.2161
UDCon2 0
B44 GF b 350x600 End-J 297.8578 UDCon12 0.00253 28.2161 UDCon2 0.00128 28.2161
UDCon2 0
UDCon12 0
B11 GF B1 230X300 Middle 55.5983 UDCon2 0.00036 0.0948 UDCon2 0.00036 0.0376 UDCon2
0
UDCon11 0
82
Bending Moment Envelope (Column)
C21 UPPER ROOF LIFT C6 230x300 Top 29.8655 2.5266 -10.0638 UDCon14 0.8 %
C21 UPPER ROOF LIFT C6 230x300 Bottom 34.5216 -3.2083 6.6108 UDCon14 0.8 %
C22 UPPER ROOF LIFT C6 230x300 Top 26.0139 -1.2783 -9.2631 UDCon14 0.8 %
C22 UPPER ROOF LIFT C6 230x300 Bottom 30.67 0.9327 7.471 UDCon14 0.8 %
C23 UPPER ROOF LIFT C6 230x300 Top 7.9483 0.8532 -6.4934 UDCon14 0.8 %
C23 UPPER ROOF LIFT C6 230x300 Bottom 12.6044 -1.4298 11.2353 UDCon14 0.8 %
C24 UPPER ROOF LIFT C6 230x300 Top 12.6468 -2.9728 -4.6397 UDCon14 0.8 %
C24 UPPER ROOF LIFT C6 230x300 Bottom 17.3029 2.8342 2.5933 UDCon14 0.8 %
C1 ROOF C3 300x460 Top 229.6303 119.0316 12.7378 UDCon12 1.06 %
C1 ROOF C3 300x460 Bottom 268.0895 -107.419 -5.9099 UDCon2 0.85 %
C2 ROOF C1 230X380 Top 166.4915 17.0965 -45.3856 UDCon11 1.98 %
C2 ROOF C1 230X380 Bottom 176.0589 -12.3424 40.711 UDCon11 1.6 %
C4 ROOF C1 230X380 Top 213.6324 -21.8009 -76.5986 UDCon11 4.29 %
C4 ROOF C1 230X380 Bottom 244.7167 15.635 66.3721 UDCon2 3.4 %
C5 ROOF C1 230X380 Bottom 259.7589 -19.1428 -32.9174 UDCon12 1.06 %
C7 ROOF C4 300x480 Top 112.7219 -175.6358 24.725 UDCon13 1.83 %
C8 ROOF C2 300x400 Top 146.4182 78.9811 -81.9992 UDCon12 2.5 %
C8 ROOF C2 300x400 Bottom 159.5543 -57.5918 52.6405 UDCon12 1.37 %
C17 ROOF C3 300x460 Top 287.9045 -25.0929 -69.6301 UDCon11 0.87 %
C17 ROOF C3 300x460 Bottom 187.858 12.9247 27.9986 UDCon14 0.8 %
C19 ROOF c centre 300x 460 Top 281.6643 76.137 -118.2462 UDCon12 2.58 %
C19 ROOF c centre 300x 460 Bottom 287.7292 -76.4665 66.0314 UDCon11 1.37 %
C20 ROOF c centre 300x 460 Top 278.9912 -83.2043 119.7297 UDCon11 2.7 %
83
C20 ROOF c centre 300x 460 Bottom 291.8891 90.0387 47.0484 UDCon11 1.09 %
C21 ROOF LIFT C6 230x300 Top 96.364 -7.129 -10.9793 UDCon14 0.8 %
C21 ROOF LIFT C6 230x300 Bottom 101.0202 7.4735 11.1794 UDCon14 0.8 %
C22 ROOF LIFT C6 230x300 Top 123.2553 -23.1476 2.4651 UDCon11 0.88 %
C23 ROOF LIFT C6 230x300 Top 79.1197 -5.8533 -19.3854 UDCon14 0.8 %
C24 ROOF LIFT C6 230x300 Top 129.8476 -22.5024 6.1679 UDCon11 0.88 %
C24 ROOF LIFT C6 230x300 Bottom 137.6078 23.9491 -7.1433 UDCon11 1.03 %
C25 ROOF C2 300x400 Top 166.0267 -76.0125 58.3572 UDCon11 1.77 %
C25 ROOF C2 300x400 Bottom 187.8012 54.9868 -57.5227 UDCon2 1.41 %
C26 ROOF C1 230X380 Top 82.4766 -90.9571 4.7613 UDCon14 2.12 %
C28 ROOF C1 230X380 Top 66.3819 -58.6896 4.697 UDCon14 1.22 %
C13 ROOF C4 300x480 Top 322.5541 -337.5887 -79.2917 UDCon11 5.11 %
C13 ROOF C4 300x480 Bottom 337.1298 283.3605 77.656 UDCon11 4.24 %
C1 2F C3 300x460 Top 518.7039 238.6028 44.6844 UDCon2 3.37 %
C1 2F C3 300x460 Bottom 489.5604 -249.1969 -43.2021 UDCon12 3.54 %
C2 2F C4 300x480 Top 376.2457 110.508 -85.7026 UDCon12 1.97 %
C2 2F C4 300x480 Bottom 392.0091 -115.2766 89.6952 UDCon12 2.16 %
C3 2F C1 230X380 Top 304.4984 41.3932 -50.2958 UDCon11 2.94 %
C3 2F C1 230X380 Bottom 314.0659 -51.3703 65.3982 UDCon11 4.4 %
C4 2F C4 300x480 Top 437.9594 -73.6577 -153.3657 UDCon11 3.04 %
C4 2F C4 300x480 Bottom 453.7228 78.0362 168.9201 UDCon11 3.53 %
C5 2F C1 230X380 Top 550.2154 47.9892 19.1464 UDCon12 1.05 %
C5 2F C1 230X380 Bottom 520.428 -41.2655 -44.977 UDCon12 2.76 %
C6 2F C1 230X380 Top 653.8181 58.3047 22.1269 UDCon12 1.76 %
C6 2F C1 230X380 Bottom 652.3063 -60.9298 -44.2126 UDCon12 3.55 %
C7 2F C4 300x480 Top 384.5828 -108.6942 91.7178 UDCon11 2.11 %
C7 2F C4 300x480 Bottom 400.3461 109.3041 -98.1865 UDCon11 2.29 %
C8 2F C2 300x400 Top 314.4578 81.0464 -45.4775 UDCon12 1.52 %
C9 2F C3 300x460 Top 389.1128 98.2685 82.3104 UDCon12 1.93 %
C11 2F C4 300x480 Top 401.1092 70.8009 68.586 UDCon11 1.12 %
C12 2F C4 300x480 Top 387.1202 80.7873 -86.0943 UDCon12 1.65 %
C14 2F C3 300x460 Top 517.9155 178.861 -67.54 UDCon12 2.84 %
C15 2F C3 300x460 Top 648.7563 100.3969 -71.1336 UDCon12 1.69 %
84

C17 2F C4 300x480 Top 687.0113 -150.6196 -111.6141 UDCon2 3.06 %
C18 2F C3 300x460 Top 477.1283 58.6143 83.9877 UDCon12 1.47 %
C19 2F c centre 300x 460 Top 654.3946 111.3904 -109.3299 UDCon2 2.81 %
C19 2F c centre 300x 460 Bottom 564.0007 -101.973 134.3465 UDCon11 3.23 %
C20 2F c centre 300x 460 Top 554.6865 -90.0387 -85.3627 UDCon11 1.81 %
C20 2F c centre 300x 460 Bottom 569.793 91.8216 101.6734 UDCon11 2.35 %
C21 2F LIFT C6 230x300 Top 287.8983 27.9395 21.7802 UDCon12 2.03 %
C21 2F LIFT C6 230x300 Bottom 295.6585 -31.3817 22.2076 UDCon12 2.53 %
C22 2F LIFT C6 230x300 Top 220.6245 -27.5241 -17.6036 UDCon11 1.72 %
C22 2F LIFT C6 230x300 Bottom 223.0763 32.2339 17.5867 UDCon11 2.34 %
C23 2F LIFT C6 230x300 Top 294.4816 27.9366 -22.1669 UDCon12 2.06 %
C24 2F LIFT C6 230x300 Top 229.8307 -27.5305 18.4725 UDCon11 1.76 %
C24 2F LIFT C6 230x300 Bottom 237.5909 31.8783 -20.4671 UDCon11 2.45 %
C25 2F C2 300x400 Top 355.5331 -80.2857 65.1442 UDCon11 1.94 %
C10 2F C1 230X380 Top 273.756 -51.1491 13.1879 UDCon11 0.86 %
C10 2F C1 230X380 Bottom 283.5856 56.0282 13.6614 UDCon11 1.04 %
C26 2F C1 230X380 Top 169.6943 -61.0146 7.487 UDCon14 1.14 %
C26 2F C1 230X380 Bottom 288.9583 67.8816 -13.4918 UDCon11 1.5 %
C27 2F C1 230X380 Top 151.9198 38.2449 4.9923 UDCon14 0.8 %
C28 2F C1 230X380 Top 156.0118 39.3747 4.9467 UDCon14 0.8 %
C16 2F C5 300x600 Top 483.1276 204.76 70.8503 UDCon12 1.58 %
C13 2F C4 300x480 Top 670.6606 -283.3605 -76.2072 UDCon11 4.23 %
C1 1F C5 300x600 Top 676.1539 466.4067 84.2263 UDCon11 4.01 %
C2 1F C4 300x480 Top 270.8791 9.5844 -89.6952 UDCon13 1.26 %
C3 1F C1 230X380 Top 463.4096 16.9507 -51.5294 UDCon11 2.53 %
C4 1F C5 300x600 Top 729.7945 -18.8579 -293.5491 UDCon2 4.2 %
C5 1F C1 230X380 Top 955.842 7.4958 26.3314 UDCon2 1.2 %
C6 1F C1 230X380 Top 1180.5456 8.3999 31.7824 UDCon2 2.14 %
C7 1F C4 300x480 Top 276.4526 109.3041 5.5866 UDCon14 0.81 %
C8 1F C2 300x400 Top 471.5254 74.7373 -26.7411 UDCon12 0.8 %
C9 1F C3 300x460 Top 599.937 83.2148 82.5893 UDCon12 1.71 %
85

C11 1F C4 300x480 Top 243.4463 75.2753 -4.975 UDCon14 0.8 %
C12 1F C4 300x480 Top 377.0515 84.1078 -8.89 UDCon14 0.8 %
C14 1F C3 300x460 Top 869.3697 284.9876 -17.3874 UDCon2 3.81 %
C15 1F C3 300x460 Top 1012.7263 73.7603 -96.9304 UDCon12 2.22 %
C17 1F C5 300x600 Top 1038.5436 -21.9554 -196.794 UDCon2 2.67 %
C18 1F C4 300x480 Top 720.9912 46.3559 118.6116 UDCon12 1.96 %
C19 1F c centre 300x 460 Top 894.8598 77.1558 130.5173 UDCon12 2.98 %
C19 1F c centre 300x 460 Bottom 909.9663 -61.5752 -174.4329 UDCon12 3.98 %
C20 1F c centre 300x 460 Top 895.3047 -91.8216 88.0294 UDCon12 2.15 %
C20 1F c centre 300x 460 Bottom 910.4112 77.833 -130.0186 UDCon12 2.99 %
C21 1F LIFT C6 230x300 Top 415.6258 26.5499 8.3125 UDCon12 1.23 %
C21 1F LIFT C6 230x300 Bottom 423.386 -33.7635 -8.4677 UDCon12 2.36 %
C22 1F LIFT C6 230x300 Top 314.4929 -26.1013 -6.2899 UDCon11 1.03 %
C22 1F LIFT C6 230x300 Bottom 322.2531 33.7802 6.4451 UDCon11 2.15 %
C23 1F LIFT C6 230x300 Top 347.1383 23.4496 -17.7857 UDCon12 1.27 %
C24 1F LIFT C6 230x300 Top 321.2252 -26.1885 6.4245 UDCon11 1.06 %
C24 1F LIFT C6 230x300 Bottom 324.6288 33.9138 -6.4926 UDCon11 2.18 %
C25 1F C2 300x400 Top 556.7534 -87.0846 32.3174 UDCon2 1.23 %
C10 1F C1 230X380 Top 260.0972 43.0645 7.6745 UDCon14 0.8 %
C26 1F C1 230X380 Top 426.9337 -61.2292 14.0863 UDCon11 1.24 %
C26 1F C1 230X380 Bottom 428.8905 54.6225 -19.0409 UDCon11 1.29 %
C27 1F C1 230X380 Top 229.0384 38.4487 -7.0645 UDCon14 0.8 %
C28 1F C1 230X380 Top 239.1624 40.6628 -6.942 UDCon14 0.8 %
C16 1F C5 300x600 Top 613.4197 230.2222 -73.593 UDCon11 1.76 %
C13 1F C4 300x480 Top 1244.7661 -298.3714 -94.6198 UDCon11 5.33 %
C1 GF C5 300x600 Top 299.9785 157.6237 28.5501 UDCon13 0.82 %
C1 GF C5 300x600 Bottom 194.8271 4.9174 0.9285 UDCon14 0.8 %
C2 GF C4 300x480 Top 249.4408 -50.5508 0.0013 UDCon14 0.8 %
C2 GF C4 300x480 Bottom 143.2849 -3.0434 -0.2562 UDCon14 0.8 %
C3 GF C1 230X380 Top 186.8961 -7.3006 0.2004 UDCon14 0.8 %
C3 GF C1 230X380 Bottom 85.6655 1.7133 -0.3708 UDCon14 0.8 %
C4 GF C5 300x600 Top 313.4832 -80.8976 -11.8561 UDCon14 0.8 %
C4 GF C5 300x600 Bottom 195.0636 4.9234 -0.0104 UDCon14 0.8 %
C5 GF C1 230X380 Top 280.6783 -5.6136 0.8569 UDCon14 0.8 %
86
C5 GF C1 230X380 Bottom 122.7631 -2.4553 0.2799 UDCon14 0.8 %

C6 GF C1 230X380 Top 367.3464 -7.3469 1.2262 UDCon14 0.8 %
C6 GF C1 230X380 Bottom 163.2482 3.265 0.6339 UDCon14 0.8 %
C7 GF C4 300x480 Top 186.0586 29.2524 20.5478 UDCon14 0.8 %
C7 GF C4 300x480 Bottom 110.2257 -2.3412 0.2743 UDCon14 0.8 %
C8 GF C2 300x400 Top 215.5669 -4.3113 4.8458 UDCon14 0.8 %
C8 GF C2 300x400 Bottom 118.4716 2.3694 -0.0518 UDCon14 0.8 %
C9 GF C3 300x460 Top 113.4778 17.1483 6.2202 UDCon14 0.8 %
C11 GF C4 300x480 Top 166.7277 23.8108 21.1057 UDCon14 0.8 %
C12 GF C4 300x480 Top 253.0051 -23.8108 14.7122 UDCon14 0.8 %
C14 GF C3 300x460 Top 314.4894 14.8201 3.9298 UDCon14 0.8 %
C15 GF C3 300x460 Top 877.4797 -17.8421 -4.4876 UDCon14 0.8 %
C17 GF C5 300x600 Top 1232.0957 -135.7108 -67.6717 UDCon12 0.92 %
C17 GF C5 300x600 Bottom 760.2345 -19.31 0 UDCon14 0.8 %
C18 GF C4 300x480 Top 1033.8003 65.607 64.8666 UDCon11 0.97 %
C18 GF C4 300x480 Bottom 549.493 11.7591 0 UDCon14 0.8 %
C19 GF c centre 300x 460 Top 1162.2427 66.9964 60.0613 UDCon11 1.2 %
C19 GF c centre 300x 460 Bottom 724.7379 14.9103 0 UDCon14 0.8 %
C20 GF c centre 300x 460 Top 1210.2247 -68.1841 59.6691 UDCon12 1.28 %
C20 GF c centre 300x 460 Bottom 747.2111 15.3726 0 UDCon14 0.8 %
C21 GF LIFT C6 230x300 Top 320.6654 6.4132999999999996 11.3578 UDCon14 0.8 %
C21 GF LIFT C6 230x300 Bottom 324.8559 -6.4971 -6.3287 UDCon14 0.8 %
C22 GF LIFT C6 230x300 Top 265.421 -5.3084 6.0814 UDCon14 0.8 %
C22 GF LIFT C6 230x300 Bottom 269.6115 5.3922 -3.2717 UDCon14 0.8 %
C23 GF LIFT C6 230x300 Top 294.1987 5.884 1.3117 UDCon14 0.8 %
C23 GF LIFT C6 230x300 Bottom 298.3892 -5.9678 -0.5133 UDCon14 0.8 %
C24 GF LIFT C6 230x300 Top 117.5624 -2.3512 9.2716 UDCon14 0.8 %
C24 GF LIFT C6 230x300 Bottom 121.7529 2.4351 -5.1184 UDCon14 0.8 %
C25 GF C2 300x400 Top 158.3004 3.166 3.0117 UDCon14 0.8 %
C10 GF C1 230X380 Top 346.0123 -27.4888 0.6278 UDCon14 0.8 %
C10 GF C1 230X380 Bottom 351.3203 -7.0264 0 UDCon14 0.8 %
C26 GF C1 230X380 Top 349.8288 -40.3852 0.7305 UDCon14 0.8 %
C26 GF C1 230X380 Bottom 354.9796 7.0996 0 UDCon14 0.8 %
C27 GF C1 230X380 Top 302.6706 -23.8347 -0.0418 UDCon14 0.8 %
C27 GF C1 230X380 Bottom 307.9786 -6.1596 0 UDCon14 0.8 %
C28 GF C1 230X380 Top 315.1978 -24.1251 0.0976 UDCon14 0.8 %
C28 GF C1 230X380 Bottom 320.5058 6.4101 0 UDCon14 0.8 %
C16 GF C5 300x600 Top 299.9743 47.2776 7.0991 UDCon14 0.8 %
C13 GF C4 300x480 Top 1611.0445 164.1513 -8.433 UDCon11 2.14 %
C13 GF C4 300x480 Bottom 511.009 -10.629 0 UDCon14 0.8 %
87
Shear Force Envelope (Column)
C21 UPPER ROOF LIFT C6 230x300 Top 5.4633 UDCon14 0.00033 5.6826 UDCon14 0.00025
C21 UPPER ROOF LIFT C6 230x300 Bottom 5.4633 UDCon14 0.00033 5.6826 UDCon14 0.00025
C1 ROOF C3 300x460 Top 24.6466 UDCon14 0.00033 12.4952 UDCon14 0.00051
C1 ROOF C3 300x460 Bottom 24.6466 UDCon14 0.00033 12.4952 UDCon14 0.00051
C2 ROOF C1 230X380 Top 9.5914 UDCon14 0.00025 10.1358 UDCon14 0.00042
C2 ROOF C1 230X380 Bottom 9.5914 UDCon14 0.00025 10.1358 UDCon14 0.00042
C19 ROOF c centre 300x 460 Top 85.1759 UDCon14 0.00033 71.6643 UDCon14 0.00051
C19 ROOF c centre 300x 460 Bottom 85.1759 UDCon14 0.00033 71.6643 UDCon14 0.00051
C20 ROOF c centre 300x 460 Top 96.6416 UDCon14 0.00033 72.5635 UDCon14 0.00051
C20 ROOF c centre 300x 460 Bottom 96.6416 UDCon14 0.00033 72.5635 UDCon14 0.00051
C21 ROOF LIFT C6 230x300 Top 6.8781 UDCon14 0.00033 8.1502 UDCon14 0.00025
88
C21 ROOF LIFT C6 230x300 Bottom 6.8781 UDCon14 0.00033 8.1502 UDCon14 0.00025
C1 2F C3 300x460 Top 25.8026 UDCon14 0.00033 15.279 UDCon14 0.00051
C1 2F C3 300x460 Bottom 25.8026 UDCon14 0.00033 15.279 UDCon14 0.00051
C3 2F C1 230X380 Top 22.7023 UDCon14 0.00025 8.4557 UDCon14 0.00042
C3 2F C1 230X380 Bottom 22.7023 UDCon14 0.00025 8.4557 UDCon14 0.00042
89

C19 2F c centre 300x 460 Top 46.3433 UDCon14 0.00033 41.4305 UDCon14 0.00051
C19 2F c centre 300x 460 Bottom 46.3433 UDCon14 0.00033 41.4305 UDCon14 0.00051
C21 2F LIFT C6 230x300 Top 9.8569 UDCon14 0.00033 14.0215 UDCon14 0.00025
C21 2F LIFT C6 230x300 Bottom 9.8569 UDCon14 0.00033 14.0215 UDCon14 0.00025
90

C1 GF C5 300x600 Top 92.4357 UDCon14 0.00033 62.4763 UDCon14 0.00067
C1 GF C5 300x600 Bottom 54.1362 UDCon14 0.00033 18.1271 UDCon14 0.00067
C3 GF C1 230X380 Top 42.7956 UDCon14 0.00025 9.967 UDCon14 0.00042
C3 GF C1 230X380 Bottom 0.582 UDCon14 0.00025 1.9714 UDCon14 0.00042
91

C19 GF c centre 300x 460 Top 39.0954 UDCon14 0.00033 38.1342 UDCon14 0.00051
C19 GF c centre 300x 460 Bottom 39.0954 UDCon14 0.00033 38.1342 UDCon14 0.00051
C20 GF c centre 300x 460 Top 49.4178 UDCon14 0.00033 37.8851 UDCon14 0.00051
C20 GF c centre 300x 460 Bottom 49.4178 UDCon14 0.00033 37.8851 UDCon14 0.00051
C21 GF LIFT C6 230x300 Top 1.4113 UDCon14 0.00033 6.7461 UDCon14 0.00025
C21 GF LIFT C6 230x300 Bottom 1.4113 UDCon14 0.00033 6.7461 UDCon14 0.00025
92
Design of beams
93
BEAMS
A beam is a structural element that is capable of withstanding load primarily by resisting
against bending. The bending force induced into the material of the beam as a result of
the external loads, own weight, span and external reactions to these loads is called
a bending moment. Beams are characterized by their profile (shape of cross-section),
their length, and their material.
Beams are traditionally descriptions of building or civil engineering structural elements,
but smaller structures such as truck or automobile frames, machine frames, and other
mechanical or structural systems contain beam structures that are designed and analyzed
in a similar fashion.
Statically determinate beam bending under udl
Beam Characteristics
There are a number of properties of a beam that an Engineer should be aware of as
they dictate beam behaviour when subject to a load and ultimately represent possible areas
or mechanisms for failure. The main ones being:
 Second moment of area (also referred to as the second moment of inertia): this depends on
the cross section profile of the beam and is a measure of the resistance of the shape of the
beam to bending.
 Bending moment: usually illustrated on a bending moment diagram, and often related the
deflection of the beam, can be used to calculate regions subject to maximum bending forces
and consequently most likely to yield. It also illustrates which sections of the beam are in
compression or tension.
 Beam deflection: beam deflection tends to be undesirable and correlates to the bending
moment.
 Shear diagrams: these are used to illustrate stress concentrations along the beam and
provide a means to identify areas of maximum shear forces where the beam is more likely
to fail by shear.
94
For simply supported beam compression acts at the two fiber and tension acts at bottom and
vice versa for cantilever beam. Beam has two axes:
1.Longitudinal axis and
2.Transverse axis.
In the cross section the load acts at the transverse axis, and the beam is subjected
to shear force and bending moment only. If load is acting eccentrically with transverse axis
then the beam is subjected to shear force, mending moment and torsion.
There are two ways to solve the problem. First, we may increase the depth of the
beam, which may not be feasible in many situations. In those cases, it is possible to increase
both the compressive and tensile forces of the beam by providing steel reinforcement in
compression face and additional reinforcement in tension face of the beam without
increasing the depth.
The reinforced concrete beam should be able to resist tensile, compressive &
shear stresses induced in it by the loads on the beam. Concrete is fairly strong in
compression but very weak in tension. Plain concrete beams are thus limited in carrying
capacity by the low tensile strength. Steel is very strong in tension thus the tensile weakness
of concrete is overcome by the provision of reinforcing steel in the tension zone to make a
reinforced concrete beam.
The beam & slabs in concrete structures are cast monolithic. Hence a structure
becomes a slab which is stiffened by concrete ribs in which intermediate beams act as T-
beams & beams around staircase, support frames, openings act as L-beams. The portion of
slabs that act as flange of T or L beam depends on its thickness & span.
The flange of the T beam provides the necessary resistance to compression while
the vertical ribs provide the depth & hence the necessary lever arm. The width of the rib
must be such as to accommodate the tensile reinforcement. A certain portion of the slab on
either slab may be considered forming the compression flange. If the supporting beam
happens to be an end beam, the flange of the beam is present only on the side of the beam
in such a case it is called an L-beam.
The necessity of providing steel in the compression region arises due to two main
reasons:
1.The main reinforcement of a singly reinforced beam cannot be increased by more than 25%
of balanced section by increasing steel only on tension side.
2.At the support of the continuous beam the bending moment changes its sign. Such a
situation may also arise in the design of a ring beam.
The beams may be singly reinforced or doubly reinforced. In case of singly reinforced
beam the main reinforcement is provided near the face of the beam subjected to tension
while in the case of a doubly reinforced beam, main reinforcement is provided near the
face of the beam subjected to tension & compression.
A doubly reinforced beam is generally provided in the following situations:

1.When the depth & breadth of the beam are restricted & it has to resist greater bending
moment than a singly reinforced beam of that section would do.
2.When the beam is continuous over several supports, the section of the beam at the support
is usually designed as a doubly reinforced section.
3.When the member is subjected to eccentric loading.
95
Effective Span:
Since the frame is analysed as continuous frame the effective span is the distance between
the center of supporting members.
Guidelines for finalizing the beam positions:

1.Normally beams shall be provided below all the walls.
2.Beams shall be provided for supporting staircase fights at floor levels and at mid landing
levels.
3.Beams should be positioned so to restrict the slab thickness, to 15 cm, satisfying the
deflection criteria. To achieve this, secondary beams shall be provided where necessary.
4.As far as possible, cantilever beams should not be projected from beams, to avoid torsion.
5.Beams of equal depths shall be provided on both side of the expansion joint from
aesthetical point of view.
6.Where secondary beam are proposed to reduce the slab thickness and to form a grid of
beams, the secondary beams shall preferably be provided of lesser depth than the depth of
supporting beams so that main reinforcement of secondary beams shall always pass above
the main beams.
7.In toilet block provide minimum number of secondary beams so that casting slabs and
beam will be simple. ‘No secondary beam’ condition would be ideal.
8.Beams which are required to give a planer look from the underside shall be provided as
Inverted Beams, e.g. canopies. Alternatively hidden beams inside the slab having the same
depth as thickness of slab may be adopted. Such hidden beams can be provided in toilet
blocks, under partition wall etc. where a cluster of beams can be avoided.
Load imposed on a beam:

Load on beam comprises of:
1.Dead load from slab on either side
2.Live load from slab on either side
3.Load from walls on the beams.
4.Load of the beam itself
Dispersion of load of slab on beams:

As stated earlier the load of the slab is dispersed on the supporting beam is
accordance with the clause 24.5 of code which stated the load on beams supporting solid
spans ,spanning in two direction at right angles and supporting uniformly distributed loads,
may be assumed in accordance.
In the following pages we are determined the loads on the supporting beam by adopting
simplified formula. Since the loaded area is trapezoidal and triangular in section the
calculation of load is rather cumberstome that is why some simplified formula has to be
adopted.
Equivalent uniformly distributed load B.M are calculated by using following for longer
Span beam which produces the same B.M’s of trapezoidal load for longer span beams.
Weq = WsLx/6x(3-(Lx/Ly)2 for the longer span of beam
Weq = WsLx/3 for shorter span beam
96
Where Lx,Ly are shorter and longer spans respectively.

Ws = load/m on slab.
For one way slab which is resting over two opposite support, the load carried by each
supporting beam is given as load on support ie.WsLx/2 per mt run.
A reinforcement concrete beam should able to resist tensile, compression, and shear stress
induced in it. Concrete is fairly strong in compression but weak in tension. Plain concrete
beams are thus limited in carrying capacity by the low tensile strength. Steel is very strong
in tension zone to make a reinforced concrete beam.
The beams and slabs in concrete structure are cast monolithic. Hence the structure
becomes a slab which is stiffened by concrete ribs in which the intermediate beams acts as
“T” beam, and beams around staircase, lift opening, supports frames, etc. acts as “L”
beams. The portion of at the slab that acts a-flange of T or L beams on its own thickness
and span..
The beams are classified as:

 According to shape: Rectangular, T, L, Circular etc
 According to supporting conditions: Simply supported, fixed, continuous and cantilever
beams
 According to reinforcement: Singly reinforced and doubly reinforced
Shear Force
Shear force is the internal resistance created in beam cross sections, in order to balance
transverse external load acting on beam. Consider following beam, it does not matter from
where you take a section, when you add forces acting on it, it should be in equilibrium.
Shear force is induced exactly for this purpose, to bring the section to equilibrium in
vertical direction. It acts parallel to cross section
So just by applying force balance in vertical direction on the free body diagram, we can
determine value of shear force at a particular cross section. Usual sign convention of the
shear force is as follows.
+VE -VE
Usual sign convention of shear force
Now we can apply same concept in different cross section and find out how shear force
varies along the length of the beam.
Bending Moment
But balance of transverse forces alone does not guarantee equilibrium of a section. There
is another possibility of beam rotation, if moment acting on it is not balanced. If this is the
97
case a bending moment will be induced in cross section of beam, to arrest this rotation. It
will be induced as normal forces acting on fiber cross section
Resultant of those forces will be zero, but it will produce a moment, to counter balance the
external moment. So we can calculate moment induced at any cross section by balancing
the external moment acting on the free body diagram.
Sign convention of bending moment is as follows.
This sign convention approach is valid for simply supported beam. For cantilever case sign
convention is exactly opposite to this.
With these concepts developed, we can easily calculate distribution of shear force and
bending moment along the length of the beam. We will see few examples.
Types of Reinforced Concrete Beams:-

a) Singly reinforced beam
b) Doubly reinforced beam
c) Singly or Doubly reinforced flanged beams
Singly reinforced beam:-

 In singly reinforced simply supported beams or slabs reinforcing steel bars are placed
near the bottom of the beam or slabs where they are most effective in resisting the tensile
stresses.
 Reinforcement in simply supported beam.
98
 Reinforcement in a cantilever beam
 STRESS BLOCK PARAMETERS:-
99
x = Depth of Neutral axis

b = breadth of section
d = effective depth of section
 The depth of neutral axis can be obtained by considering the equilibrium of the normal
forces , that is,
 Resultant force of compression = average stress X area
= 0.36 fckbx
 Resultant force of tension = 0.87 fy At
 Force of compression should be equal to force of tension,
0.36fckbx = 0.87 fyAst
X=
Where Ast is area of steel in tension

 The distance between the lines of action of two forces C & T is called the lever arm and
is denoted by z.
 Lever arm z = d – 0.42 x
 z = d – 0.42*
z =d
 Moment of resistance with respect to concrete = compressive force x lever arm
= 0.36 fckb x z
 Moment of resistance with respect to steel = tensile force x lever arm
= 0.87 fyAst x z
Maximum depth of neutral axis
 A compression failure is brittle failure.
 The maximum depth of neutral axis is limited to ensure that tensile steel will reach its
yield stress before concrete fails in compression, thus a brittle failure is avoided.
 The limiting values of the depth of neutral axis Xm for different grades of steel from
strain diagram.
Maximum depth of neutral axis:-

fy N/mm2 xm
250 0.53d
415 0.48d
500 0.46d
100
Limiting value of tension steel and moment of resistance:-

 Since the maximum depth of neutral axis is limited, the maximum value of moment of
resistance is also limited.
 Mlim with respect to concrete = 0.36 fckb x z
= 0.36 fck b Xm (d – 0.42 xm)
 Mlim with respect to steel = 0.87 fckAst (d – 0.42 xm)
Limiting moment of resistance values, N mm:-

Grade Grade of steel
of concrete Fe 250 steel Fe 450 steel Fe 500 steel
General 0.148 fckbd2 0.138 fckbd2 0.133 fckbd2
M20 2.96 bd2 2.76 bd2 2.66 bd2
M25 3.70 bd2 3.45 bd2 3.33 bd2
M30 4.44 bd2 4.14 bd2 3.99 bd2
DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAM

Beam is that in which doubly reinforcement is provided both for tension as well as
compression face.
A doubly reinforced section is generally provided under the following conditions.
1.When the depth and breadth of the beam are restricted and it has to resist greater bending
moment than a singly reinforced beam of that section would do.
2.When the beam is continuous over several supports, the section of the beam at the
support is usually designed as doubly reinforced section.
3.When the member is subjected to eccentric loading.
4.When the bending moment in the member reverse according to the loading conditions
e.g.. the wall of underground R.C.C storage reservoir ,brackets etc.,,
5.When the member is subjected to shocks, impact or accidental lateral thrust
101
Design of Beams:
1.Trial Section – The basic principle in assuming trial sections is that types of sections
should be minimum to utilize the formwork repeatedly. The centering process also
becomes very simple because the beam bottoms are at the same level. This reduces the
cost considerably. All spans can be grouped within a variation of 20% and same
section be adopted for beams in one group of spans. Generally, the width of the beams is
kept constant as 230mm to 300mm.
2.Effective Cover d’ – The effective cover includes nominal cover to the reinforcement
and half the diameter of bars used. Nominal cover to meet durability requirement is given
in table 16 of IS 456:2000. Generally effective cover of 40mm is adopted for beams.
3.Effective depth d = D – d’
4.For flanged beams depth of flange df= depth of slab supported.
5.Loads:-
loads from roof or floor slab (self weight +floor finish +live load)
2.wall- thickness * density * height
3. Grill- thickness* density* height
4. Self weight of beam- 25 x b x d
6.Design Moment – Mu = wul2/8
7.Maximum Ultimate moment of resistance of rectangular section

Mu lim= Ru max bd2
For M20& Fe415 Ru max = 2.76 N/mm2
If Mu < Mu lim, then the beam is designed as Singly Reinforced Beam.
If Mu > Mu lim, then the beam is designed as Doubly Reinforced Beam.
For Compression reinforcement
Mu - Mu lim= fscAsc(d-d’)
8.Check for Depth –
d=
9.Main Steel –
For Singly Reinforced Beam – Ast= bd
For Doubly Reinforced Beam – Ast= Ast1 + Ast2

Ast1 = area of tensile reinforcement
Ast2 = Ascfsc/0.87 fy
fsc = Design stress in Compression member
Provide no. of bars n =

Min. Ast= 0.85 bd/fy
102
10. Design for Shear – As per Cl.40 of Code

Vu = wul/2
Vuc= ucbd
Vus=
11. Check for Deflection –
103
DESIGN OF BEAM
BEAM 2
For Fe550 Steel fy = 550 N/mm2

For M25 Concrete fck = 25 N/mm2
For M25& Fe550 xu, max /d = 0.45
Width of the beam b = 230 mm
Nominal cover to reinforcement = 25 mm
Overall depth of beam (inclusive of slab) = 400 mm
Effective depth of the beam d = 375 mm
Limiting Moment of resistance Mu,lim =0.133 fck bd2 = 0.133x 25 x 230 x 3752
= 107.54 kNm
Area of Steel Required:
Mu = 21.11 kNm ; Mu < Mu,lim singly reinforced beam
Mu =0.87*fyAstd(fyAst/fckbd)
21.11 ∗ 106 = 550*Ast*375*(550*Ast/25*230*375)
Ast = 679.12 mm2

Provide 4 bars of 16mm diameter
Check for deflection:
For simply supported beam basic value l/d=20
Modification factor:
% of steel=(679.12/230*375)*100 = 0.78
Stress in steel fs =0.58*550*679.12/804.24 = 269.36N/mm2
From fig4 IS 456 modification factor =1.0
l/d ratio=1.0*20 = 20
l/d = 4570/375
= 12.18<20
Hence deflection is safe.
Shear reinforcement:
104
Vu = 33.14 KN
τv = Vu / bd
= 33.14*103 /(230*375)
= 0.38 N/mm2
percentage of steel at support = Ast*100/bd
= 3.14*122*100/4*230*375
Pt = 0.14 %
Ref to table 19 of IS 456 τC=0.29 N/mm2
max shear stress in concrete τC max=3.1 N/mm2
τv<τc shear reinforcement has to be designed
shear to be resisted by shear reinforcement
Vus= (τv - τC) *b*d
= (0.38- 0.29) *375*230
= 7.76 KN
Design of vertical stirrups:
Shear resistance to be provide by vertical stirrup=Vus/2
=3.88 KN
Spacing of two legged 6mm stirrups:
Asv=2*3.14/4*62
=56.5mm2
Sv=0.87fyAsvd/Vus
=0.87*550*56.5*375/7.76*103
= 678.34 mm
105
Spacing from min shear reinforcement as per IS:456
Asv/bSv=0.4/0.87fy
SV=0.87fyAsv/0.4b
=0.87*550*56.5/0.4*230
=293.86 mm
Max allowed spacing = 0.75*375
= 281 or 300mm whichever is less
Therefore , spacing should be least of above
Hence provide two legged 6 mm stirrups at 280 mm c/c.
106
Design of columns
107
COLUMNS
INTRODUCTON
A column in structural engineering is a vertical structural element that transmits, through

compression, the weight of the structure above to other structural elements below. Other
compression members are often termed "columns" because of the similar stress conditions.
Columns are frequently used to support beams or arches on which the upper parts of walls
or ceilings rest. In architecture "column" refers to such a structural element that also has
certain proportional and decorative features. A column might also be a decorative or
triumphant feature but need not be supporting any structure e.g. a statue on top.
A column or strut is a compression member, which is used primarily to support axial
compressive loads & with a height of at least three times it’s least lateral dimension.
A reinforced concrete column is said to be axially loaded when the line of the
resultant thrust of loads supported by column is coincident with the line of C.G of the
column in the longitudinal direction. Depending on the architectural requirements & the
loads to be supported, R.C columns may be cast in various shapes i.e. square, rectangle,
hexagonal, octagonal & circular. Columns of L or T shaped are also sometimes used in
multistoried buildings.
The longitudinal bars in a column help to bear the load in the combination with
concrete. The longitudinal bars are held in position by transverse reinforcement, or lateral
binders. The binders prevent displacement of longitudinal bars during concreting operation
& also check the tendency of their buckling under loads.
In the present are designed with Fe 415 and M20 mix having reinforcement on all four sides
of column. The longitudinal reinforcement should not be less than 0.8% and not more than
6% of the cross sectional area of the column.
The bars shall not be less than 12mm in diameter.
1.There shall be minimum of four bars in rectangular column and six bars in circular column.
2.Spacing of longitudinal bars along the periphery of column shall not exceed 300mm. This
is a requirement of cracking.
3.If a column has a larger c/s area than that required to support the load, this minimum area
of bars shall be based on the concrete area required to resist the direct stress and not upon
the actual area.
Minimum Eccentricity:
All columns shall be designed for minimum eccentricity equal to the unsupported length
of the columns/500 plus lateral dimension/30, subjected to minimum of 20mm.
Effective Length:
The effective length of the column is defined as the length between the points of contra-
flexure of the buckled column. The code has given certain values of the effective length
108
for normal usage assuming idealized end conditions shown in appendix D of IS-456
(Table24).
Cover:
The longitudinal reinforcing bar in a column shall have concrete cover, not less than 40mm,
not less than the diameter of bar. In the case of columns the minimum dimensions of
200mm or under whose reinforcing bars do not exceed 12mm, a cover of 40mm may be
used.
Short and slender column:

A compression member may be considered as short when both the slenderness ratios; Lex/D
and Ley/b are less than 12.
All the columns in this building are designed as short columns.
Unsupported Length:
The unsupported length, of a compression member shall be taken as the clear distance
between end restraints
A column may be classified as follows based on the type of loading:
1.Axially loaded column
2.A column subjected to axial load & Uniaxial bending
3.A column subjected to axial load & biaxial bending
Axially Loaded Columns

All compression members are to be designed for a minimum eccentricity of load into
principal directions. In practice, a truly axially loaded column is rare, if not nonexistent.
Therefore, every column should be designed for a minimum eccentricity. Clause 22.4 of
IS code specifies the following minimum eccentricity, emin for the design of column.
Emin = L/500 + D/300, subjected to a minimum of 20 mm.
109
Where L is the unsupported length of the column (see 24.13 of the code for definition of
unsupported length) & D is the lateral dimension of the column in the direction under the
consideration.
Axial Load & Uniaxial Bending

A member subjected to axial force & uniaxial bending on the basis of
1. The maximum compressive strength in concrete in axial compression is taken as 0.002.
2. The maximum compressive strength at the highly compressed extreme fibre in concrete
subjected at the highly compressed extreme fibre in concrete subjected to axial
compression & bending & when there is no tension shall be 0.0035-0.75 times the strain at
least compressed extreme fibre
Design charts for combined axial compression & bending are given in the form of
interaction diagrams in which curves for Pu / (fckb D) versus Mu / (fck bD2) are plotted for
different values of p/ fck, where p is the percentage of reinforcement.
Axial Load & Biaxial Bending

The resistance of a member subjected to axial force & biaxial bending shall be obtained
on the basis of assumptions given in 38.1 & 38.2 with neutral axis so chosen as to satisfy
the equilibrium of load & moment about the two axes.
Alternatively such members may be designed by the following equation: -
(Mux / Mux1) α n + (Muy / Muy1) α n ≤ 1
Mux&Muy - Moment about& Y-axis due to design loads.
Mux1& Muy1 - Maximum uni-axial moment capacity for an axial load of Pu bending
about& Y-axis respectively.
αnrelated to Pu/Puz
Puz = 0.45fckAc + 0.75fyAsc
For values of Pu/Puz = 0.2-0.8, the values of αn vary linearly from 1-2 for values
less than 0.2, αn is 1, for values greater than 0.8, αn is 2.
Assumptions:
The following assumptions are made for the limit state of collapse in compression.
1.Plane sections normal to the axis remain plane after bending.

2.The relationship between stress – strain distribution in concrete is assumed to be parabolic.
The maximum compressive stress is equal to fck/1.5 or 0.445fck.
3.The Tensile strength of concrete is ignored.
4.The maximum compressive strain in concrete in axial compression is taken as 0.002.
5.The stresses in reinforcement are desired from the representative stress-strain curve for the
type of steel used.
6. The maximum compression strain at the highly compressed extreme fibre in concrete
subjected, to axial compression and bending, but when there is no tension at the reaction,
takes as 0.0035 minus 0.75 times the strain at the at least compressed extreme fibre.
7. The maximum compressive strain at the highly compressed extreme fibre in concrete
subjected to axial compression and bending. When part of the section is in tension is taken
110
as 0.0035. In the limiting case when the neutral axis lies along one edge of the reaction, the
strain varies from 0.0035 at the highly compressed edge to zero at the opposite edge.
Guidelines for fixing the Position and Orientation of Columns in the Plan
This is an important stage. It is skillful job and economy in design is achieved by
locating columns at proper and ideal locations.
1. Columns should generally and preferably be located at or near corners and intersection
/junction of walls.
2. If the site restrictions make it obligatory to locate column footings within the property line
the column may be shifted inside along a cross wall to accommodate footings within the
property line. Alternatively trapezoidal footing, eccentric footing can also be adopted. In
residential buildings, generally columns should be located at 3 to 4m.c/c to avoid large
spans of beam. This will also control deflection and cracking.
3. While fixing the orientation columns care should be taken that it does not change
architectural elevation. This can be achieved by keeping the column orientations and side
restrictions as proposed in plans by the Architect.
4. As far as possible, column projections outside the walls should be avoided, unless plans
show contrary or same is required as structural requirement.
5. Columns should not obstruct door and window positions.
6. As far as possible, column should be so positioned, that continuous frames from one end
to the other end of building in both X and Y directions are available. This will increase the
global stiffness of the building against horizontal forces.
7. When the locations of two columns are near to each other (for e.g. the corner of the building
and intersection of the walls) then as for as possible only one column should be provided.
8. As far as possible, column should not be closer than 2m.c/c to avoid stripped /combined
/continuous footings. Generally the maximum distance between two columns should not
be more than 8m.c/c.
9. Columns should be normally provided around staircases and lift wells.
10. Twin columns of equal size are desirable at expansion joints from aesthetic point
of view.
11. As far as possible every column must be connected (tied) in both directions with beams at
each floor level, so as to avoid slender columns.
12. As far as possible column supported on beam should be avoided.
13. When columns along with connecting beams from a frame, the columns should be so
orientated that as far as possible the larger dimension of the column is perpendicular to the
major axis of bending. By this arrangement column section and there reinforcement are
utilized to the best structural advantage.
Design Procedure for Short Axially Loaded Columns:

1. Evaluate the factored axial load Pu acting on the column.
111
2. Decide on a reinforcement ratio rg that satisfies ACI Code limits. Usually a 1 % ratio is
chosen for economic considerations.
3. From equations (8) or (9) for tied and spirally reinforced columns respectively,
determine the gross sectional area Ag of the concrete section.
4. Choose the dimensions of the cross section based on its shape. For rectangular sections,
the ratio of the longer to shorter side is recommended to not exceed 3.
5. Readjust the reinforcement ratio by substituting the actual cross sectional area in
Equations (8) or (9). This ratio has to fall within the specified code limits.
6. Calculate the needed area of longitudinal reinforcement ratio based on the adjusted
reinforced ratio and the chosen concrete dimensions.
7. From reinforcement tables, choose the number and diameters of needed reinforcing
bars. For rectangular sections, a minimum of four bars is needed, while a minimum of six
bars is used for circular columns.
8. Design the lateral reinforcement according to the type of column, either ties or spirals,
as explained in the previous sections of this chapter.
9. Check whether the spacing between longitudinal reinforcing bars satisfies ACI Code
requirements.
10. Draw the designed section showing concrete dimensions and with required longitudinal
and lateral reinforcement.
112
DESIGN OF COLUMN
COLUMN NO: C8 GF
Total axial load on the column, Pu = 471.93 KN

Moment about Y-Y axis Muy= 25.33 KN-m
Moment about X-X axis Mux = 70.72 KN-m
Eccentricity about X-X -axis ex = Muy/Pu
= 25.33 x 10⁶/ 471.93 x 10³
= 53.67 mm
Eccentricity about Y-Y -axis ey = Mux/Pu
= 70.72 x 10⁶/ 471.93 x 10³
= 149.85 mm
Eccentricity should not be more than the least of the following
1. e min. = L/500 + b/30 = (3300/500) + (230/30) = 14.26 mm

2. e min.= 0.05 x 230 = 11.5 mm
3. e min = 20 mm
Therefore, emin = 11.5mm
ex>emin and ey>emin, ( Biaxial Column)
BIAXIAL COLUMN
Effective cover longer side d'= 50 mm
d’/D = 50/400 = 0.125 X - axis
B=300 mm D=400mm
Pu /(fckbD) = 471.93 x 10³/ (25 x 300x400) = 0.157
113
Mux/(fckbD2) = 70.72 x 106/ (25 x 300x 4002) = 0.059
Referring to chart 48 of SP-16
Pt /fck = 0
Asc = 0
Therefore , provide min Asc = 0.8%b*D = 0.8*300*400/100 = 960 mm²
Provide 6 bars of 16 mm diameter
Ascprovided = 1206.37 mm²
Ast x 100 1206.37x100

Percentage of Steel Pt %    1.0 %
bd 300 x 400
Check for Bi-axial Bending

Bending about X – X axis X - axis
D = 400 mm
Pt = 1.0 % b=300mm
d’ / D = 50 / 380 = 0.125
Pt / fck= (1.0 / 25) = 0.04
Mu / fck bD2 = 0.059
Mux1 = 0.059 x 25 x 300 x 4002 = 70.80 KN-m>Mux(SAFE)
Bending about Y – Y axis Y - axis

D = 400 mm
d’ / D = 50 / 400 = 0.125
Pt / Fck = (0.8/ 25)= 0.0.0314 ̴ 0.04
Mu / fck bD2 = 0.015
Muy1= 0.015 x 25 x 550 x 4002 = 33.1 KN-m> Muy (SAFE) d=400mm

α= Pu / Puz
where ,
Puz = 0.45 fckAcc+ 0.75 fyAsc
= (0.45 x 25 x 300 x 400) + (0.75 x 550 x1206.37)
= 1847.62 KN
114
α = 471.93 / 1847.62
= 0.2554
Calculate α by interpolation from IS 456-2000 i.e α = 0.2554

α α
 M ux   M uy 
Therefore,     1
 M ux   M uy1 
 1  
α α
 M ux   M uy 
     0.94  1
M  M 
 ux1   uy1 
Hence, SAFE
Lateral Ties
 Diameter of Lateral ties should not be less than the greater of the following
1. 1/4th the diameter of the largest bar = 12/4 = 3 mm
2. 6 mm
Provide 8 mm diameter lateral ties.
 Pitch of Lateral ties should not exceed least of the following
1. 16 x diameter of bar = 16 x 16 = 256 mm
2. Least lateral dimension = 230 mm
3. 300 mm
Therefore, provide 8 mm diameter lateral ties at a spacing of 250 mm c/c.
115
Design of footings
116
FOOTINGS
INTRODUCTION
Footing are the structural members that transfer loads from the building or individual
column to earth. If these loads are to be properly transmitted, foundations must be designed
to prevent excessive settlement or rotation, to minimize differential settlement & to provide
adequate safety against sliding & overturning.
Most foundations may be classified as follows:

1. Isolated footings under individual columns
2. Strip footings & wall footings
3. Combined footing supporting two or more columns
4. Raft or mat foundation
5. Pile foundation
The size of the foundation depends on the permissible bearing capacity of the
soil which in turn depends on the type of the sub strata. In general the foundations have to
resist vertical load, horizontal load, & moments.
A Foundation is assumed to act as rigid body which is in equilibrium under the
action of applied forces from the structure & the stress in the soil. It is further assumed that
soil behaves elastically & the stress & strain distribution in the soil immediately beneath
the soil is linear. This permits the usage of theory of bending to determine the stress
distribution in soil for the given axial load & moment. All the limit states must be
considered in design to ensure an e\adequate degree of safety & serviceability.
ISOLATED FOOTING:
It is circular, square or rectangular slab of uniform thickness. Sometimes, it is stepped to
spread the load over a larger area. When footing is provided to support an individual
column, it is called “isolated footing”.
STRAP FOOTING:
117
It consists of two isolated footings connected with a structural strap or a lever, as shown
in figure below. The strap connects the footing such that they behave as one unit. The
strap simply acts as a connecting beam. A strap footing is more economical than a
combined footing when the allowable soil pressure is relatively high and distance
between the columns is large.
Strap Footing
COMBINED FOOTING:
It supports two columns as shown in figure below. It is used when the two column are so
close to each other that their individual footings would overlap. A combined footing is
also provided when the property line is so close to one column that a spread footing
would be eccentrically loaded when kept entirely within the property line. By combining
it with that of an interior column, the load is evenly distributed. A combine footing may
be rectangular or trapezoidal in plan. Trapezoidal footing is provided when the load on
one of the column is larger than the other column.
Combined Footing
STRIP FOOTING OR CONTINUOUS FOOTING:
118
A strip footing is another type of spread footing which is provided for a load bearing wall. A
strip footing can also be provided for a row of columns which are so closely spaced that their
spread footings overlap or nearly touch each other. In such cases, it is more economical to
provide a strip footing than to provide a number of spread footings in one line. A strip footing is
also known as continuous footing.
119
MAT OR RAFT FOOTING:
It is a large slab supporting a number of columns and walls under entire structure or a
large part of the structure. A mat is required when the allowable soil pressure is low or
where the columns and walls are so close that individual footings would overlap or nearly
touch each other. Mat foundations are useful in reducing the differential settlements on
non-homogeneous soils or where there is large variation in the loads on the individual
columns.
Mat or Raft Footing
120
PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION BELOW THE FOOTING:

The distribution of soil pressure under a footing is a function of the type of soil, the relative
rigidity of the soil and the footing, and the depth of foundation at level of contact between
footing and soil. A concrete footing on sand will have a pressure distribution similar to
Figure 11.2.a. When a rigid footing is resting on sandy soil, the sand near the edges of the
footing tends to displace laterally when the footing is loaded. This tends to decrease in soil
pressure near the edges, whereas soil away from the edges of footing is relatively confined.
On the other hand, the pressure distribution under a footing on clay is similar to Figure
11.2.b. As the footing is loaded, the soil under the footing deflects in a bowl-shaped
depression, relieving the pressure under the middle of the footing. For design purposes, it
is common to assume the soil pressures are linearly distributed. The pressure distribution
will be uniform if the centroid of the footing coincides with the resultant of the applied
loads, as shown in Figure.
1 Ultimate Bearing Capacity of Soil:

The maximum intensity of loading at the base of a foundation which causes shear failure
of soil is called ultimate bearing capacity of soil, denoted by u q .
2 Allowable Bearing capacity of Soil :
The intensity of loading that the soil carries without causing shear failure and without
causing excessive settlement is called allowable bearing capacity of soil, denoted by a q .
It should be noted that a q is a service load stress. The allowable bearing capacity of soil is
obtained by dividing the ultimate bearing capacity of soil by a factor of safety on the order
of 2.50 to 3.0. The allowable soil pressure for soil may be either gross or net pressure
permitted on the soil directly under the base of the footing. The gross pressure represents
the total stress in the soil created by all the loads above the base of the footing. These loads
include: (a) column service loads; (b) the weight of the footing; and (c) the weight of the
soil on the top of the footing, or
qgross = qsoil + q footing + qcolumn ( 11.1)
For moment and shear calculations, the upward and downward pressures of the footing
mass and the soil mass get cancelled. Thus, a net soil pressure is used instead of the gross
pressure value, or qnet = qgross - q footing - qsoil ( 11.2)
Figure 11.3 shows schematic representation of allowable and net soil pressures.
121
Objectives of Footings:
1.To distribute the weight of the structure over a larger area so as to avoid overloading of the
soil beneath
2.To load the substructure evenly and thus prevents unequal settlement
3.To provide a level surface for building operation
4.To take the super structure deep into the ground thus increase its stability preventing
overturning
Assumptions of Footings:
1.The foundation is rigid so that the variation of pressure under the foundation will be linear.
2.The distribution of pressure will be uniform if the centroid of the footing coincides with
the resultant of the applied loads.
Requirements of Footings:
1.The bearing pressure at the base does not exceed the allowable soil pressure.
2.The settlement of the foundation is within reasonable limit.

3.Differential settlement is so limited as not to cause any damage to the structure.
Analysis & design of footings
The analysis & design of footings can be broadly divided in the following steps:
1.Determination of the area of the footing.
2.Determination of bending moment & shear force at critical section & fixing the depth of
footing.
3.Determination of the area of reinforcement.
4.Check for development length at critical section.
The area of footing is worked based on the load on the member including self-
weight of footing & bearing capacity of soil. The calculation for bending moment, shear
force, development length etc are made based on provision in IS code.
122
BEARING CAPACITY OF SOIL:

For designing the foundations, bearing capacity of supporting soil is required. The values
of SBC of different soils, according to IS:1904 are
123
DESIGN OF FOOTING
FOOTING NO: C8
Total axial load transmitted from column Pu = 494.19 KN
Moment about Y-Y axis Muy = 9.18 KN-m
Moment about X-X axis Mux = 133.56 KN-m
Size of Column = 300 mm x 400 mm
Safe bearing capacity (S.B.C) = 350 KN/m2
Ultimate bearing capacity(U.B.C) =1.5*350 = 525 KN/m2
Self weight = 10 % Pu = 49.4 K N
Total load = 494.19 + 49.4 = 543.6 KN
Area of footing = 543.6 x 103 / 525 = 1035.4 mm2 ~ 1.03 m2
Providing square footing of size 1.1 m x 1.1 m = 1.2 m2
Net upward pressure intensity = Pu / area of footing
𝐹𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝑁𝑈𝑃𝐼 = = 494.19 / 1.1 x 1.1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝐹𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔
NUPI = 408.42 KN/ m2
Check for Net upward pressure intensity = P/A + M/Z < NUPI
Design of flexure :
Critical section occurs at the face of column
1.1−0.3
L= = 0.4 m
2
𝑤∗𝑙∗𝑙 408.42 ∗ 0.4 ∗ 0.4

Mu = = = 32.67 KN-m
2 2
2−0.4
Ltr = = 0.8 m
2
408.42 ∗ 0.8∗0.8
Mutr = = 130.7 KN-m
2
124
Depth of Footing :
137.29∗106
d=√ = 203.22 mm
23.325∗1000
Increase depth to account for shear
Taking d=500 mm
Slope height = 250
Flat Height = 250 mm
Check for One Way Shear :
Critical shear force occurs at a distance of ‘d’ from face of the column
𝐿 𝑎 1.1 0.3
− −𝑑 = − − 0.5 = 0.1 𝑚
2 2 2 2
Shear Force V= 408.42 * 0.1 * 2 = 81.68 KN
Nominal Shear Stress
𝑣 81.68 ∗ 10³
τv = = = 0.29 N/mm2
𝑏𝑑1 1100 ∗ 250
For 0.15% of steel τc from IS-456-2000 Table-19
Permissible shear stress (τc) = K*τc Where K=1

= 1* 1.25= 1.25 N/mm2
Therefore τc >τv
Footing is safe in shear
Check for Two way shear;
Critical Shear occur at a distance of d/2 from face of the coloumns

𝑣
Nominal Shear Stress = 2((𝑎+𝑑)+(𝑏+𝑑))𝑑
125
Punching force = Pu – [qu * area of footing]
= 281.81 KN
Punching stress = 0.25 N/mm2
Allowable punching stress = 0.25*fck = 1.25
Permissible Shear Stress τc1 = kτc

0.23
Where K= 0.5+β= 0.5+0.45 = 1.11>1 From IS-456-2000
τc1 = 025√𝑓 ck = 0.25√20 = 1.11 N/mm2
τv1<kτc1
Therefore Safe
Calculation of Area of Steel :
𝑓𝑐𝑘 4.6 𝑀𝑢
Ast= 0.5* 𝑓𝑦 (1-√1 − 𝑓𝑐𝑘∗𝑏∗ 𝑑∗𝑑)*bd
= 308.18 mm
(Using 12mm bars)
113.09
Spacing of bar = *1000
308.18
= 355 mm c/c
Therefore Provide 12mm bars @ 300 mm c/c
126
Design of staircase
127
STAIRCASE
Stairs consist of steps arranged in a series for the purpose of giving access to different
floors of building , since stair is often the only means of communication between the
various floors of building , the location requires good and careful consideration.
COMPONENTS OF STAIRCASES:
TREAD:-The upper horizontal portion of step over which foot is placed during ascending
and descending a stairway.
RISER:-The vertical member of step. It is used to support and connect successive treads.
HEADROOM:-The vertical height between the tread of one flight and ceiling of overhead
construction . It should be sufficient so as not to cause any difficulty to person using the
stairs.
STRINGERS:-These are the sloping members of the stair , used to support the end of steps
WINDERS:-These are the steps used for changing the direction of stairs .these are usually
triangular in plan.
FLIGHT:-This consist of series of steps provided between landings
RUN OR GOING:-Total length of stairs in horizontal plain including length of landings
LANDING:-This is the horizontal platform provided at the head of series of steps .It is
used as a resting place during use of stairs .it facilitates change of direction of flight
HAND RAIL:-It is an inclined rail provided at convenient height over steps .it serves as
guard rail and provide assistance to user of stairs .
BALUSTERS:-It is individual vertical member made of timber , metal or masonary fixed
between string and hand rail to give support to hand rail.
NOSING:-It is the projecting part of tread beyond the face of riser. It is usually rounded
to give pleasing effect to tread and make staircase convenient and easy to use.
LINE OF NOSING:-This is the straight line touching the nosing of various steps and
parallel to slope of line.
PITCH OR SLOPE:-Vertical angle made by line of nosing with horizontal
TYPES OF STAIRCASES:
STRAIGHTSTAIRS:-
 All steps lead in one direction
 This may be continuous with two flights with an intermediate landing
DOG-LEGGEDSTAIRS:-
 Consist of two straight flights running in opposite directions
 There is no space between the flights in plan
QUARTERTURNNEWEL:-
128
 A stair turning through 90° with the help of level landing

 Used in shops and public buildings
OPEN NEWEL STAIRS:-
 Popularly known as open well stairs
 A well or opening is left between forward and backward flight
GEOMETRICALSTAIRS :-
 These stairs may have any geometrical shape and they require no newel post
CIRCULAR STAIRS:-
 All the steps are radiate from a newi post or well hole
 All the steps are winders
DESIGN STEPS:
1) GEOMETRICALDESIGN:-
assume suitable tread and riser
no of riser= (f/f height)⁄ rise
no of risers in one flight=0.5×(no of risers)
no of tread = (no of risers ―1)
going distance= (no of tread) × (tread width)
width of landing ≥ width of stair
2) STRUCTURALDESIGN:-
2.1) EFFECTIVESPAN CALCULATION:-

effective span calculation=c/c distance between supports
if not given width of support can be taken in between 200 mm to 300 mm
2.2)TRIALDEPTHOFWAISTSLAB:-
According to IS 456:2000 article 23.2.1 by calculating ratio of span to effective
depth and after that ratio is multiplying by the modification factor
3) LOAD CALCULATION:-
Calculations should be made by considering width of slab equal to 1metre
3.1) self weight of slab = 25 × d × √(r²+t²)/t (KN-m)
3.2)wt of steps = 25 × 0.5 × r (KN-m)
3.3)wt of floor finish = 1 × 1 (KN-m) (assume)
3.4)live load = 3 KN/m² (residential building)
= 4-5 KN/m² (public building)
3.5) net load(w) =w₁ +w₂ +w₃+w₄
3.6)factored load = w’=1.5 ×w
4) CALCULATION OF DESIGN MOMENTS:-
Find max bending either by drawing shear force and bending moment diagram or by
considering it equals to (0.125w’ × l²)
129
5)CHECK FOR EFFECTIVE DEPTH:-

d = √(M/(Ru×b)) ≤ d provided
6)CHECK FOR REINFORCEMENT:-
6.1)Calculate main steel(Ast)

Ast =0.5fck/fy × (1 – √(1 – (4.6M/fckbd²))bd
Ast ≥ Ast minimum
for Fe 250 Ast min = 0.12 % of gross area

for Fe 415 Ast min = 0.15 % of gross area
6.2) Provide suitable distribution steel=Ast min
7) CHECK FOR SHEAR:-
7.1)CALCULATE MAX DESIGN SHEAR FORCE:-

Vud = 0.5 × W‘L
7.2)CALCULATE SHEAR RESISTED BY CONCRETE:-

Vuc = k × τc × b×d
Vud<Vuc
values of “τc” and “k” can be obtained by the following tables
8) PROVISION OF DEVELOPMENT LENGTH:-
l/dreq = (0.87 × fy × φ)/4 × τ
where φ = diameter of bar provided
τ = design bond stress
9) CHECK FOR DEFLECTION:-
Calculate actual % of reinforcement
l/d provided < l/d max
10) SUMMARY AND DETAILING
130
DESIGN OF STAIRCASE
Assuming the thickness of waist slab based on stiffness in the range of 20-25
Leff/d = 25
d = 3040/25 = 121.6 mm
Assuming the thickness of waist slab as D= 120mm
𝜙 12
Eff depth (d) = D - clear cover = = 120 - 20 - = 94 mm
2 2
Raise = 150 mm
Thread = 300 mm
Calculation of loads :
Live load = 3 KN/m2
Dead load from waist slab = 1x1x0.12x25 = 3 KN/m
Dead Load of waist slab in plan
𝑅 2 +𝑇 2 0.152 +0.32
W = w [√ ]=3[ √ ] = 3.35 KN/m
𝑇 0.3
D.L of steps = (1x1x0.15/2)25 = 1.87 KN/m
Floor Finishes = 1 KN/m
Total Load W = 9.22 KN/m
Factored Load (WL) = 13.83 KN/m
Moment (Mu) = wule2/8 = 17.37 KN-m
Check for depth :
17.37𝑥106
d=√ = 72.27 < 94 mm (safe)
0.133𝑥25𝑥1000
131
Area of Steel :
𝑓𝑐𝑘 4.6 𝑀𝑢
Ast = 0.5 x [1- √1 − ] = 588 mm²
𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑥 𝑏𝑑²
Spacing of 12mm ϕ bar at bottom
S = π(12²)/(4x588) x1000 = 192mm c/c
Hence provide 12mm ϕ bar @ 190mm c/c @ bottom
Distribution Steel :
Assuming 6mm ϕ bar of Fe550
AstD = 0.12x1000x120 / 100 = 144mm2
Spacing = ast/Ast x 1000 = 196 mm c/c
Provide 6 mm ϕ bar at 190mm c/c at Top
132
REFERENCE:
1. I.S 456-2000 Plain and Reinforced Concrete Code of Practice.

2. I.S 875-1987 Design Loads for Buildings & Structures
3. Codal Provision S.P-16
SOFTWARES USED:
1. ETABS (Extended Three Dimensional Analysis of Building Structures).
2. AutoCAD (Automatic Computer Aided Design).
3. M.S Office.
133
PLAN
134
BEAM ORIENTATION PLAN
135
COLUMN POSITIONING
136

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MUFFAKHAM JAH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Muffakham Jah College of Engineering and Technology

Department of Civil Engineering

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MULTI-STORIED

Under the Guidance of

Mr. SYED MUSHTAQ HASHMI

MOHAMMED AMER (1604-16-732-037)

MUFFAKHAM JAH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Certified that this is a bonafide report of the Project work of

MOHAMMED AMER (1604-16-732-037)

Mr. SYED MUSHTAQ HASHMI

Mr. MASIH UDDIN SIDDIQUI Dr. MOHAMMED HAMRAJ

We are extremely grateful to Mr. MOHAMMED HAMRAJ, head of Civil Engineering

3. Statement of Project .......................................................................................8

5. Design of Slabs .………………………………………………………....….........20

7. Analysis of Structure ....................................................................................30

8. Design of Beams ………………………………………………………....….........46

9. Design of Columns ...……………………………………………………………....60

10. Design of Footing…………..…………………………………………………..…..69

11. Design of Staircase .....................................................................................81

12. Design of Water tank...................................................................................88

13. Design of Lift .............................................................................................96

14. Estimation ...................................................................................................100

15. Abstract of Estimate .................................................................................

17. Detailing of Reinforcement ……………………………………………………102

A Area of cross section of member

Mmax Maximum bending moment

Analysis and Design of Multi-storied

Principles of Building planning:

Stages in structural design

Positioning and Orientation of Columns

Selection of type of footing

Working stress method (WSM):

Limit States Method (LSM):

Partial Safety Factors for Materials

Partial Safety Factors for Loads

CRITICAL LOAD COMBINATIONS, ARRANGEMENTS

Design steps: (General)

Check that dreq<dprovided

Where Amin = 0.12% bD (for Fe415 and Fe500)

DESIGN OF TWO WAY SLAB:

9) Main Steel (Ast):

Amin = 0.12% bD = 0.12*1000*125/100 = 150 mm2

1: 3 x effective depth = 3*100 =300

Provide 10 mm diameter bars at 300 mm c/c spacing @ support.

Amin = 0.12% bD = 0.12*1000*125/100 = 150 mm2

Along longer direction:

Amin = 0.12% bD = 0.12*1000*125/100 = 150 mm2

Amin = 0.12% bD = 0.12*1000*125/100 = 150 mm2

10) Check for Deflection:

11) Check for Shear:

Analysis of structure is the important constituent of structural design. A wrongly analyzed

 Slope Deflection Method

 Moment Distribution Method

 Kani’s Rotation Contribution Method

Modeling of Structural Systems:

 Templates for global-system and local-element modeling

Loading, Analysis, and Design:

Output and Versatility:

BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM (3D Perspective)

SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM (3D perspective)

SHEAR FORCE ALONG ‘X-X’

Amin = 0.12% bD = 0.121000125/100 = 150 mm2

Amin = 0.12% bD = 0.121000125/100 = 150 mm2

Amin = 0.12% bD = 0.121000125/100 = 150 mm2

Amin = 0.12% bD = 0.121000125/100 = 150 mm2