Quiz#1 – PURPOSES/ AIMS OF RESEARCH

KRISTIAN KARL B. KIW-IS

BSN III

1. Categorize the following research titles/ assumptions/ statements according to purpose (Identification,
Description, Explanation, Exploration, Prediction, or Control)

Description 1.1 The choice of an operative procedure as a medical intervention is a stress provoking situation.

Explanation1.2 How do complementary therapies relieve the pain experience of patient’s post-operatively?

Identification 1.3 Stressors encountered by pre-operative clients.

Identification 1.4 Health education is an effective management to allay the stress experience by patients who are to
undergo an operative procedure.

Exploration 1.5 Aggravating and alleviating factors of patients’ anxiety level preoperatively.

Identification 1.6 Experiences of pre-operative patients who underwent minor surgeries in the post-anesthesia care unit.

Description 1.7 Basic problems of patient’s affecting strict adherence to prescribed treatment regimen.

Identification 1.8 Experiences of nurses who cared for patients who had been pronounced brain dead.

Prediction 1.9 Cerebrovascular accident can lead to impaired mobility and a possible paralysis.

Prediction 1.10 The incidence of Down Syndrome in infants increases with the age of the mother.

Description1.11 Physical and psychological well-being among patients who underwent heart transplantation.

Explanation1.12 Why do patients with COVID disease need to be quarantined?

Exploration 1.13 What factors diminish or increases people’s stress during pandemic’s?

Control 1.14 Performing range of motion exercises among debilitated patient must be highly encouraged to prevent
complications such as pressure sore.

Control 1.15 Health education is reinforced among post-operative patients to increase level of positive outcomes.

2. Categorize into either Basic or Applied

Basic 2.1 Patient’s perceived degree of implementation of their bill of rights.

Applied 2.2 Level of competence of clinical instructors in the clinical area.

Applied 2.3 Effectiveness of self-directed learning methodology among the students of the new BSN curriculum.

Basic 2.4 A study to identify the carrative factors of nurses in the clinical area.

Applied 2.5 Efficiency of reflexology in decreasing blood pressure of hypertensive patients.

Basic 2.6 A study to identify the degree of consequence on the use of complementary therapies in pain management.

Applied 2.7 Remedial teaching: its effectiveness as a teaching methodology among slow learners
Basic 2.8 Assessment of partnership between nursing schools and hospital affiliation centers.

Basic 2.9 Attitude of professional nurses toward the care of patients with COVID 19 in selected hospitals in Cordillera.

Applied 2.10 Strict adherence to infection control measures decrease post-operative complications such as infection.

3. Discuss the following roles of nurses in research and give examples :

3.1 Client advocate during studies

Client advocates help patients understand scientific information and research findings that may help them. They may
also bring a patient perspective on research activities to scientific advisory boards and committees. For example, client
advocates use their own experiences and the experiences of patients to work with researchers to help develop clinical
trials that are safe and meet the needs of patients. They also help teach patients and their families about clinical trials
and recruit patients to clinical trials.

3.2 Subject in Research studies

A research participant, also called a human subject or an experiment, trial, or study participant or subject, is a person
who participates in human subject research by being the target of observation by researchers.

3.3 User of Research findings

User research insights can’t be explained as a simple number or score that’s easy to measure and understand. Instead,
findings are often difficult to define and may even be contradictory. Findings arise from a variety of conversations,
observations and discussions with users and these can be challenging to make sense of. Behavioral observations are
often not tied to one specific action, quote or observation but are still important indicators about the users’ motivations,
attitudes and experiences.

3.4 Identifier of researchable problems

The research problem is the heart of a study. It is a clear, definite statement of the area of concern or investigation and
is backed by evidence (Bryman, 2007). It drives the research questions and processes and provides the framework for
understanding the research findings. To begin, you will need to know where to look for your research problem and how
to evaluate when a research problem for success.

4. Explain the following goals for conducting research in the field of nursing:

4.1 For the production of evidence-based practice

The intended effect of EBP is to standardize healthcare practices to science and best evidence and to reduce illogical
variation in care, which is known to produce unpredictable health outcomes. Development of evidence-based practice is
fueled by the increasing public and professional demand for accountability in safety and quality improvement in health
care. EBP has been paraphrased and sometimes distorted, the original version remains most useful and is easily applied
in nursing, successfully aligning nursing with the broader field of EBP

4.2 To develop and achieve credibility of the nursing profession

Goals of nursing research: promote EBP, ensure credibility of the nursing profession, provide accountability of nursing
practice, and document the cost effectiveness of nursing care and Evidenced based nursing practice means that nurses
make clinical decisions based on the best research evidence, their clinical expertise, and the health care preferences of
the patients/clients. We as nurses must possess the knowledge in order to provide the best possible care for our
patients. “Nurses must have sound rationale for their actions, based on knowledge that is gained through scientific
research. “ Nursing is an ever-changing field and to ensure a nurse is up-to-date with the latest findings, he or she must
read research literature.

Quiz#2 ETHICS IN RESEARCH

IDENTIFICATION:

Belmont Report 1. Principal means of ensuring that the rights of research subjects are protected.

Nuremberg Code2. A set of research ethics principles for human experimentation which resulted from

the revelations of unethical human behaviour during the war.

Confidentiality 3. Management of private information.

Anonymity4. Exists when the identity of the research subject cannot be linked even by the researcher.

Justice 5. Fairness and equity.

Beneficence 6. One should do good above all do no harm principle.

The Right to Fair Treatment 7. A principle in research ethics which imposes a duty to maximize benefits

The Right to Fair Treatment8. The principle which states that no one within the population should be

unfairly burdened with the demands of the research.

The Right to Freedom From Harm and Discomfort 9. The duty to avoid, prevent, or minimize harm to

others; participants are not subject to unnecessary risks of harm.

Ethics10. A field of study which is generally concerned with rules and principles to govern the complex

nature of human behaviors.

ENUMERATION/ESSAY:

1. Give 5 examples of vulnerable clients or subjects in research

• Older Adults

• Pregnant women

• Children

• Person with Disability (PWD)

• Cancer Patients

2. What is the ethical violation in research made in Willowbrook study?

One of the ethical problems with the Willowbrook Hepatitis Study is that it did not protect the participants from harm.
New patients, who were healthy, were subjected to the infectious disease. Furthermore, researchers stated that the
children would more than likely become infected during their time at Willowbrook. Another ethical issue was the
recruitment of participants. The study involved mentally disabled children. Researchers knew that parents wanted to
find a facility that would take care of their children. They recruited new patients by telling parents that facility was
overcrowded and their child would be accepted only if they participated in the study. The parents met the researchers,
toured the facility, discussed the program with other parents, and spoke to private physicians about the facility.
Researchers received consent from the parents, however, they did not fully disclose the study entailed. The study was
conducted in an institution an unsanitary environment. This made the situation worse because the virus spread among
the healthy participants. They could not isolate the carriers of the disease as they did not know who the carriers were.

3. How do you observe the right to self-determination among research subjects/participants?

The subjects have the right to have enough time to decide whether or not to be in the research study, and to make that
decision without any pressure from the people who are conducting the research and the participants have the right to
refuse to be in the study at all, or to stop participating at any time after you begin the study. The study could be revised
to include the staff members. The staffs were knowledgeable about the situation and could have given proper consent
without intimidation

4. What is full disclosure?

A researcher is required to provide full disclosure of his or her own identity and purpose in collecting data. This analysis
suggests that, at a minimum, investigators typically should disclose to potential participants that they are being asked to
contribute to a research study designed to collect information to help others, and disclose any added net risks to which
they will thereby be exposed. The researcher has fully described the study, the person right to refuse participation, and
potential risks and benefits.

5. How do you observe research ethics in a quantitative study? In a qualitative study?

Health care providers who carry out qualitative research have an immense responsibility. As there is no statistical
analysis in qualitative studies, the researcher has to both evaluate what he or she observes and to interpret it. Providing
researchers with the necessary skills and applying stringent supervision can lead to better extraction of reliable
information from qualitative studies. On the other hand, In quantitative studies, researchers move from the beginning
point of a study (posing a question) to the end point (obtaining an answer) in a reasonably linear sequence of steps that
is broadly similar across studies, with due respect to IRB.

6. Differentiate implied from process consent and give an example for each.

There’s a major difference between implied consent and informed consent. With implied consent, the way a patient
behaves indicates whether or not they give you permission to do something. There is no formal agreement. For
example, a patient who calls to make an appointment is giving implied consent to treatment. While implied consent is
informal, informed consent is a legal term that requires seven elements to be valid: The individual is competent and can
understand what they’re consenting to. For example, a patient with dementia may not give informed consent. The
individual is making the decision voluntarily — i.e., no one is forcing them to do so.