Aerofoil Design Parameters PDF

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Copyright © 1985 by ASME
An Eleven Parameter Axial
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L. J. PRITCHARD
Senior Aerodynamicist
Turbine Airfoil Geometry Model
Williams International The mathematical derivation, and FORTRAN code, of a comprehensive but
2280 W. Maple Road easy to use geometry model for axial flow turbine nozzles and rotors is
presented. To uniquely define an airfoil on a cylinder the acrodynami
Walled Lake, Ml 48088 USA
cist need only specify the number of blades, and at each radius of
Member, ASME interest: the axial and tangential chord, throat, 1mcovered turning,
leading and trailing edge radii, inlet and exit blade angles, and inlet
wedge angle. Default values exist for six of these geometric variables,
which proves useful when starting a design. Both the suction and th8
pressure surfaces are described entirely by analytical functions.
Sample airfoils are included that demonstrate the effect of each para
meter upon blade shape.
Introduction
single polynomial blade shapes [ 5 J. clnfortunately.
The creation of turbine blades is not an unsolved these methods either require a lot of data, need
engineering problem. But axial flow turbomachines are additional smoothing, control the camberline instead of
a common component of gas turbine engines, therefore, controlling the surfaces, cannot handle every case, are
the aerodynamicist is always looking for a better way time consuming, or the geometric parameters are hard to
to shape airfoils. Any turbine geometry model must be quant.Lfy. However, the aut110r's experience with
comprehensive, easy to use, and lend itself to the airfoil geometry led to the formulation of a new 1nethod
rapid, interactive computation of blade surface having none of these drawbacks. Presented here is a
velocities. A. literature search uncovered a variety of simplified version of a Rapid Axial �urbine Design
methods for generating individual airfoils including 'llgori thm, RATD, that does not require a cumoersome
wrapping a numerically-defined thickness distribution amount of input, but still has enough degrees of free
around a numberically-defined camberline [ 1], met'iods dom to be universally applicable. To uniquely define
with analytically-defined camber lines and/or an airfoil cascade on a cylinder requires only i;he
analytically-defined thickness distributions [2], the eleven meaningful blade parameters described in Figure
Joukowski transformation [3], inverse methods which 1, and the immediate result is a nozzle or a rotor with
start with the desired surface velocities [4], and analytically defined surfaces.
INLET PARAMETERS REQUIRED

1/2 WEDGE TO GENERATE A
ANGLE COMPLETE AIRFOIL SECTION
• AIRFOIL RADIUS
• AXIAL CHORD
• TANGENTIAL CHORD
• UNGUIDED TURNING
• INLET BLADE ANGLE
• INLETWEDGEANGLE
• LEADING EDGE RADIUS
TANGENTIAL • EXITBLADE ANGLE
CHORD
• TRAILING EDGE RADIUS
• NUMBER OF BLADES
• THROAT
A-39153A
Figure 1. The Eleven Independent Geometric Parameters.
Presented at the Gas Turbine Conference and Exhibit

Houst on, Texas - March 18·21, 1985
Identification of all Blade Parameters
ITariable specified, the distance from the center line
At least 25 airfoil parameters can be associated with becomes the only independent variable. Thus only 31
any blade shape. /Uld every aerodynamicist must sort numbers are needed to completely define a blade row
out which of these variables are known with absolute from hub to tip.
certainty, which must be iterated upon_, and which
simply result from specifying something else more
important. For example, since
Table /. List of Airfoil Parameters.
27TR/Ns (1)

INDEPENDENT PARAMETERS DEPENDENT PARAMETERS
the turbine designer could specify the pitch and the - RADIUS - PITCH
num"her of blades, and let the design radius fall out.
- AXIAL CHORD* - EXIT WEDGE ANGLE
But it is more practical to specify the rarHus and th'l
- TANGENTIAL CHORD* - STAGGER ANGLE
number of blades, and accept the resultant pitch. Tn
�able I the most important airfoil quantities - UNGUIDED TURNING* - AREA
encountered during a turbine design are identified and - INLET BLADE ANGLE - MAXIMUM THICKNESS
organized. Slaven independent blade p11.rameters are
fo,rnd to be necessary and sufficient for creating an
- INLET WEDGE ANGLE - CHORD
airfoil, and 7igure 1 shows those eleven variables that - LEADING EDGE RADIUS* - ZWEIFEL LOADING COEFFICIENT
experience has proven to be the most useful to work - EXIT BLADE ANGLE - SOLIDITY
with. This model can successfully create hub, mean,
- TRAILING EDGE RADIUS*
and tip airfoils for both no7'zles ( Figure 2) and rotors - Xcg
( "'igure 3). Moreover, this method works equally well - NUMBER OF BLADES -
Ycg
for HP or LP turbine stages, and also can accommodate - THROAT* - INLET BLOCKAGE
free \TO rtex or variable work turbines. Furthermore, if
all the blade parameters are smooth functions of
- EXIT BLOCKAGE
radim1, as shown in l'igure 4, interpolated blade - CAMBER ANGLE
parameters always result in acceptable interpolated - LIFT COEFFICIENT
*DEFAULT VALUES AVAILABLE
airfoils. With the radial dependence of each geometric E -4649
NOMENCLATURE
POLYNOMIAL COEFFICIENT ORDINATE
AREA OF A TRIANGULAR SECTION OF THE AIRFOIL Y-COORDINATE OF THE CENTER OF A CIRCLE

•;
A CROSS SECTIONAL AREA OF THE AIRFOIL Y-COORDINATE OF THE CENTER-OF-GRAVITY OF THE AIRFOIL
POLYNOMINAL COEFFICIENT Y-COORDINATE OF THE CENTER-OF-GRAVITY OF A TRIANGULAR

SECTION
CHORD, POLYNOMIAL COEFFICIENT
Z-COORDINATE OF A POLAR COORDINATE SYSTEM
TANGENTIAL CHORD
{3 LOCAL BLADE ANGLE
AXIAL CHORD
E HALF.WEDGE ANGLE
LIFT COEFFICIENT
UNGUIDED TURNING
POLYNOMIAL COEFFICIENT
0 POLAR ANGLE
NUMBER OF BLADES
CAMBER ANGLE
THROAT
BLOCKAGE
RADIUS OF THE LEADING EDGE CIRCLE
STAGGER ANGLE
RADIUS OF THE TRAILING EDGE CIRCLE
a SOLIDITY
R RADIUS OF THE CYLINDER UPON WHICH THE AIRFOIL IS DEFINED
INCOMPRESSIBLE ZWEIFEL LOADING COEFFICIENT
PITCH l/J,
!max
MAXIMUM THICKNESS OF THE AIRFOIL SUBSCRIPTS
ABSCISSA in INLET
XO
X-COORDINATE OF THE CENTER OF A CIRCLE out EXIT
xcg X-COOROINATE OF THE CENTER-OF-GRAVITY OF THE AIRFOIL LE LEADING EDGE
X-COORDINATE OF THE CENTER-OF-GRAVITY OF A TRIANGULAR TE TRAILING EDGE

Xi
SECTION
1, 2, 3, 4, 5 SEE FIGURE 5
2
A -41835
Figure J. A Typical RA TD Rotor Hub, Mean, and Tip.
TIP
HUB
MEAN
INLET
I 12-WEDGE
ANGLE
IDEGI flN = 96.04-11.98R t 0.4115R2
RADIUS (cm)
A -41836 A-41052
Figure 2. A Typical RA TD Nozzle and Channel. Figure 4. A Typical Independent Parameter Radial Dependence.
3
Default Values for the Independent Blade Parameters Point No. 4
(Pressure Surface Leading Edge Tangency Point)
Of the 25 ( or more ) unique variables that can be asso
ciated with every airfoil, only eleven are independent Pin - Ein (11)
parameters. Furthermore, only five variables need to RLE • (1 + sinp4 ) (12)
be well known at the start of a design, because default
values can be used for the other six. The axial chord, ct - RLE • cosp4 (13)
for example, must be carefully controlled by the aero
dynamicist during the design of a turbine. But if the Point No. 5
axial chord is initially unknown it can be estimated by (Pressure Surface Trailing Edge Tangency Point)
assuming zero incidence, zero deviation, and reci,_uiring

the incompressible Zweife 1 loading coefficient L 6] to Pout + Eout (14)
be 0.8. Thus, the geometry results directly from the ex - RTE • (1 - sin p5) (15)
aerodynamics. ( In this case, the default value is
triggered by setting the parameter to zero . ) The - RTE • cosp5 (16)
tangential chord, on the other hand, is established
from examining the surface velocity distributions
[7]. But a good first guess comes from specifying the NOTE: The exit half-wedge angle is a dependent vari
percent maximum-thickness-to-chord, or the axial chord able that must be iterated upon to remove the suction
and stagger angle, or by requiring that the rate of surface throat point discontinuity. A good first guess
change of suction surface blade angle with axial at the exit half-wedge angle is one-half the unguided
distance be constant ( set c � 0. 0, and see Appendix turning.
A ). The unguided
t
turning can be determined by
requiring the suction surface second derivative to be THIRD ORDER
continuous at the throat. Next, the designer may POLYNO MIAL
specify the required percent blockages instead of

selecting leading edge or trailing edge ra<lii.
Finally, if the throat is not well lmown, its default
value comes from the blocked throat-to-pitch rule.
Although no default values exist for the inlet wedge
angle, it doesn't take long for the aerodynamicist to
NO
build up a data base that establishes a reasonable 2
range for this variable.
THIRD ORDER
POLYNO MIAL
locating the Five Key Points on an Airfoil Surface
CIRCULAR
Whether <lefault values are used or not, the eleven ARC
independent parameters translate into five points and

five slopes on the cylinder of a given radius. These
five key points on the airfoil surface result from 1)
loca ting the leading and trailing edge circles in
space, 2) finding the suction and pressure surface
tangency points, and 3) setting the throat. The five
NO.
key poin ts are shown in Figure 5 and can be computed

from the eleven independent parameters using the
following equations:
A-41045
Figure 5. The Five Key Points and the Five Surface Functions.
Point No. 1
(Suction Surface Trailing Edge Tangency Point, see Appendix B)
Pout - Eout (2) Mathematical Function Selection for the Airfoil Surfaces
ex - RTE • ( 1 +sin P1) (3) In or<ler to complete the airfoil description in the
R0-Z Plane, the five key points must be connected. And
RTE •cosp1 (4) the most natural way to connect them is by five mathe
matical functions. Logical choices for three of these
Point No. 2
(Suction Surface Throat Point)
functions are a leading edge circle, a trailing edge
circle, and a circular arc describing the uncovered
Pout - Eout+r (5) suction surface past the throat. The suction surface
from the leading edge tangency point to the throat, and
ex - R TE+ (o+RTE) • sin p2 (6) the entire pressure surface of the airfoil in Figure 5
2irR/N8 - (o +R TE) • cosp2
are both defined by third order polynomials. A variety
(7)
of mathematical functions were tried instead of the
Point No. 3 cubic, but a cubic is the most straight forward because
(Suction Surface Leading Edge Tangency Point) it provides four simple algebraic equations and four
unknown coefficient8, as shown in Appendix G. At the
Pin+Ein (8) points where they meet, all these functions and their
RLE • (1 - sin P3) (9)

first derivatives are piecewise continuous. However,
the second derivatives and curvatures, in general, are
ct + RLE • cosp 3 (10) not.
4
The Impact of Blade Parameters Upon Airfoil Shape
After experimenting with various combinations of input,

and various computational schemes, a computer model was
devised that starts with eleven parameters, determines
the five key points and slopes, and creates the five
curves in space that analytically define the airfoil.
This procedure is summarized in li'igure 6. "Figures 7
t hrough 13 represent the results of systematically
varying seven of the eleven independent geometric

parameters. Plotted are studies of the axial chord,
tangential chord, unguided turning, inlet 1/2 wedge
angle, throat, leading edge radius and trailing edge
radius.
11 INDEPENDENT 5 KEY POINTS 5SURFACE AIRFOIL

PARAMETERS AND SLOPES FUNCTIONS SHAPE
A-41056
A-41046
Figure 6. RATD Axial Turbine Design Flow Chart. Figure 9. Unguided Turn Study.
A 41053
A-41055
Figure 1. Axial Chord Study. Figu(e 70. Inlet 1/2 - Wedge Angle Study.
1n)
�
ct = 18.0 mm (0.709
in)��---
c 1 °15.0mm(0.591")
ct = 12.0 mm (0.472 ----�-
A-41054
A-41059
Figure 8. Tangential Chord Study. Figure 1 1. Throat Study.
5
r10de 1, and the one weakness of this mode 1 is an occa
sional flat spot ( inflection point ) on the suction
surface near the leading edge.
Summary
The creation of axial flow turbines has been boiled

down to the basics without throwing away anything
i.mportant. A.fter analyzing all possible airfoil para
meterB, and synthesizing the results into a workable
model, the "levers" that a turbine designer must "pull"

are now well defined. To mathematically describe an
airfoil, the aerodynamicist need specify only the para
meters that are of fundamental interest. Furthermore,
with the geometry quantified, it is useful to have a
format that includes a numerical record of the geometry
on each airfoil plot, including the dependent variables
A-41058 listed in Appendix 8. Since eAch axiA.l flow turbine
rotor or nozzle is totally defined by eleven numbers,
Figure 12. Leading Edge Radius Study. there is potential for standardization. T'tis method
'1.as been successfully used by the author to design bot'1
axial flow turbine nozzles and rotors and can duplicate
blade shapes created by other means. The more access
ible the algorithm the more useful it is, and one of
the strengths of this method is the compactness of its
logic and computer code. For that reason a FORTRAN
listing appears in Appendix JI and a user's guide in
Appendix G. The auth or would like to thank Gerry
Large, .Jim McKenna, A.nd Ron Pampreen whose assistance
'.llade this geometry model possible.
Appendix A
The curve in Figure 14 goes through a point with a

given slope, has the required slope at another value of
x, and has constant turning in between. The value of y
that goes with the second slope is also given.
A-41057
GIVEN: AT x = xl y = YJ
Figure 13. Trailing Edge Radius Study. '
x = x1 y = tan il 1
'
x = •2 y = tan il2
List of Refinements .'!_E. = CONSTANT

dx
RATD, of course, is not the last word in geometry
models.
include the
In its final
capabilities
form, any
listed
geometry model
in Table II.
should
Most of
FIND: y Ix) = YJ
+(�)·�
il 1 - il2 1f
) )
these updates were incorporated in later versions of
the geometry model presented in this paper. However, ., - •2 cosiJ 1
(
180
(
--
it is possible to create unacceptable airfoils with any Y2 =
YJ + --- ' • In
il1 - il 2 1f cos
il 2
Table II. List of Additional Geometry Model Requirements.
- ALTERNATE SURFACE FUNCTIONS TO CHOOSE FROM
ELLIPTICAL LEADING EDGE '--
PLOT OF BLADE ANGLE ANO CURVATURE
COMPUTATION OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES ISEE APPENDIX 01 '

'
- RADIAL INTERPOLATION OF BLADE PARAMETERS '
'
LINKS TO FLOW PROGRAM, A BOUNDARY LAYER MODEL, AND A LOSS MODEL '
,
'
'
- INTERACTIVE ON THE TEKTRONIX CRT '
'
'
- ROTATE AIRFOIL '
'
'
- STACK ON CG, LEADING EDGE, TRAILING EDGE, OR WITH COMPOUND LEAN '
'
'
- MIRROR IMAGE ' ,
- CUT FLAT SECTIONS ' ,
'
' \
- CREATE INSPECTION SHEET ' I
,,
- CREATE FINITE-ELEMENT INPUT FILE
- DESIGN ON CONES A-41047 A

- PLOT OF CHANNEL CONVERGENCE E-4648
Figure 74. Default Tangential Chord from d{3 Idx Constant.
6
A�pendix B Appendix D
Given the center of a circle, its radius, and the slope The mechanical properties of an airfoil can be deter
of a tangent line, what are the x,y coordinates of the mined by dividing that airfoil into triangular pieces.
tangency point? See Figure 15. NOTE: If the slope of Thus, given the vertices of a triangle, find its area
the tangent line is negative ( or positive ) then so is and its center-of-gravity. See Figure 17.
beta.
)
GIVEN: (x0 , y0), R, f3

FIND: Ix, y)
1 y
X = XO - R sin {3
=
Yo + R cos{3
(x1 , v1l
l AREA 112 Ix1 v 2 + v1 x3 + v 3 x2 - v 2 x3 - v1 x2 - x1 v 3 I

X = X0 + R sin {3
y =
Yo - R cos{3 1/3 (x1 + x2 + x3)
1/3 (yl +
Y2 + Y3)
A-41050
A-41048
Figure 11. The Mechanical Properties of a Triangle.
Figure 15. Leading Edge and Trailing Edge Tangency Points.
Appendix E
Appendix C
For reference, the dependent parameters defined by
Figure 16 shows the coefficients of the third order

closed-form analytical expressions are listed here [8].
polynomial that goes through two points with the slopes
given at those points. 27TR/NB (17)
tan·1 (18)
A L ai
(:: ) (19)
2 ct2
c
Jc x
+ (20)
(xl , Yt)
--��------ 47TR cosf3out
\_ ......... sin ({3in - f3outl (21)
GIVEN: AT X =
Xt Y = Yt
-......................... ',,
l/Jz
ex NB
• ·---
cosf3 in
c/s (22)
',� � �
a
AT X =
Xt y' =
tan{31 '
'
AT
AT
x = x2
x = x2
Y
y'
=
=
Y2
tan{3 2
' ,, ,
'
'
' Xcg =
L xi ai
(23)
2
'
A
a + bx + cx + d x3
'
Y
=
'
'
ai
'
' \
'
L Yi
'
'
\
\ Ycg = (24)
tan i3 1 + tan i3 2 ' \ A
THEN: ' \
d = 2
' '
lx1 - x2)
' ' 2RLE
,_,
/\·In = • 100 (25)
IYt - Y2) s • cosf3in
c 2
= lx1 - x2)
/\out = s • 100 (26)

• cosf30ut
(27)
A-41049 (28)
Figure 16. A Cubic Determined From Two Points and Two Slopes. (29)
7
Appendix F
Here is a FORTRAN 77 listing of the 327 line axial

turbine geometry mode 1, which uses Calcomp graphics,
and runs on the Harris 800 computer.
PROGRAM RATO
C ••• RAPID AXIAL TURBINE DESIGN PROGRAM. WRITTEN JANUARY OF 1984 BY LJ�
c •••INPUT FILE = 25, OUTPUT FILE = 16. SOME DEBUG WRITES COM"ENTEO our.

OIMENSION X S!52),YS!52l,XP<52l,YP!52l•TITLE(9ltXC<24ltTCC24>
REAL NB
LOGICAL ITER USED FOR TMAXICHORO•lOO ITERATION
ICG=O
PI= 3.1'1159
CALL PLOTS(O.,o.,-20>
CALL PLOT<0.,-15.,-3)
CALL PLOT< l.,2.5o-31
REA0(25t8l TITLE
8 FORMAT<9AG>
READ<25o•l NoNBoFACTORoITRIG
DO 1 II =lo N
TTER=.FALSE.
REA0(25o•l RtCX,CT,THROAT,UGT,BINoWEDGIN,RLEtBOUT,R TE
C ••• DEFAULT VALUES
IFCRLE. GE.2.0> RLE=RLEll00.•2.•PT•RINB•COS<BIN•PiflB0.112.
IF<RTE.GE.2.0> RTE=RTEll00.•2.•Pl•RINB•COS!BOUT•PI/180.>12.
IF<CX. LE.O.I CX='l.•PI•Rl.BINB•SIN<<BIN-BOUTl•PI /180.>
+•COS<BOUT•PillBO.>ICOS<BIN•PI/180.)
IF<THROAT.LE.O.> THROAT=2.•PI•RINB• COS<BOUT•Plfl80.>-2.•RTE
IF<UGT.LE.rr.> UGT=. 0001
WEOGOUT=UGT/2.
IF<CT.LT.20.I 60 TO 30
CT=CX•TAN<CT•PI/180.1
GO TO 21
c • • •IF CT IS BETWEEN 4.0 AND 20.0o T HICKNESSfCHORD•lOO IS ITERATED UPON
30 IF<CT.GE.4.l ITER=.TRUE.
IF<CT .GE.4.1 TTC=CT/100.
IF< CT .GE.4.I CT=O.
C ••• HERE THE KEY POINTS OF INTEREST ALONG THE BLADE ARE C OMPUTED
27 BETAl=BOUT-WEDGDUT
Xl=CX-RTE•<l.+SIN CBETAl•PI/180.1>
Yl =RTE•COS<BETAl•PiflBO.>
BETA2=BOUT -WEDGOUT+UGT
X2=CX-RTE+(THROAT +RTE>•SIN<BETA2•Pil180.I
Y2=2.•PI•R/NB-<THRnAT+RTEl•COS<BETA2•PI/180.l
BETA3=BIN+WEOGIN
IF<CT.EQ.O.> CT=Y2+180.IPI•<X2-X3lf<RETA2-BETA3>•ALOG
+CCOS(BETA2•PI/180.llCOSCBETA3•Pil1BO.ll-RLE•COS<BETA3•Pl/180.>
X3=RLE•<l.-SI N<BETA3•PI/180.IJ
20 Y3=CT+RLE•COS<RETA3•Pil180.I
BETA4=BIN-WEIJGIN
X4=RLE•<STN<BETA4•PI/1BO.l+l.1
Y4=CT-RLE•COS<BETA�•Pil180.>
BETAS=BOUT+WEOGOUT
X5=CX-RTE•Cl.-STNCBETA5•PI/180.ll
Y5=-RTE•COS
++Xl•TAN<BETA2•PI/lBO.l-X2•TAN(BET Al•Pifl80.l l /C TA�CBETA2•PI/180.>
+ -TAN<BETAl•PI /180.1 l
YO=-<XO-XI I /TAN<BETAl•PI/180. l+Yl
RO=SQRT<!Xl-X01 ••2•<Tl-T01••21
c ••• HERE THE EXIT WEOGE ANGLE rs ITERATED UPO� T O RE�OVE THROAT DISCONTI�UITY
YT2=YO+SQRT!RO•R 0-!X2-XOl••21
C WRITE<tG,211 WEDGDUT,)(2.Y2oYY2
IF!ABS!Y2-YY2>.LT• • 00001J GO TO 26 THROAT DISCONTINUITY REMOVED
WEOGOUT=WEDGOUT•(Y2/YT2l••4
IF<WEDGOUT.GT •• 0011 GO TO 27 ' I F WEOGOUT<O GO TO NEXT SECT IO�
WRITE( 16t28l
?� FORMAT<"OTHE EXIT WEDGE ANGLE ITERATION FAILED.•,/,
+• THE EXIT WEDGE ANGLE WANTS TO GO NEGATIVE.•,f,
+• REDUCE THE EXIT BLADE ANGLE OR DECREASE THE THROAT,•>
GO TO l
8
c ••• THE THIRD ORDER POLTNOl'llll CALL FOR SUCTl�N l!IU �RESSURE SURFACE
26 CALL CU BIC< X2.Y2,8ETA2.x3,Y3,8ETA3.AS•'BSH�S"oDSJ
CALL CUBIC(X4,Y4,BETA4,X5,Y5,8ETA5tAP,BPtCPoDP>
3 FOR·"AT<•l•>
C ••• THTS IS THE SUCTION AND PRESSURE SURFACE D£FlllfITION I 50 P O I NT S P1:R SIDE
XSCl >=XS
YS<ll=YB
XP<t>=X8
TP=Y8
DXP=<K4-X8>19.

DXS=<ll3-J!81f9.
DO 4 1=2,10
XP<Il=XPII-l)+OXP
YP(IJ=Y9-SQR T<RLE•RLE-< XP<Il-X91••21
XS<Il=XS<I-ll+DXS
4 YS=Y9+SQRT<RLE•R LE-<XS<Il -X91••2>
DXP=<X5-X4) 130.
DXS=< ll2-X3l /2 O.
DO 5 I:ll,30
XP<Il=XP<I-t>+DXP
TPII>=AP+XP•<BP+ XP•<CP+XP •DPI>
XS!l>=XS<I-ll+DXS
5 YS<Il=AS+XS<Il•<BS+XS•<CS+XS• DSI>
Dxs=c x1-x2111 o.
DO 6 I= 31,4 0
XPII>=XP<l-IJ+OXP
YP!I>=AP+XP!IJ•<BP+XP<Il•(CP+XP•DPJI
XS!Il=XS<I-ll+DXS
6 YSIIJ=YO+SQR T<RO•RO-!XS!IJ-X01••2)
DXP=IX6-XSI '10.
DXS:!X6-X1111 0.
DO 1 I=U,50
XP=XP<I-ll+DXP
IF(XP.GT.CX> XP=CX
YP<IJ:Y7-SQRT<RTE•RTE-<XP-X71••2>
XS=XSII-l>+OXS
IF<XSII>.GT.CXl XSII>=CX
7 YSIIJ=Y7+SQRTIRTE•RTE-IXSII>-•7>••2l
c •• THE CALL TO THE M ECHANICAL PROPERTIES SUBROUTINE
CALL MECPRo<xs,ys,XPtYP.AREAtXCGtYCG>
C WRITE<l6,231 AREA,XCGoTCS
23 FO RMAT<•OA�EAt XCGt YCG=0,3F10.51
c •• • THE AIRFOIL HAXIMUH THICKNESS rs FOUND HERE
TMAX=O.
DO 17 I=lo50
T"l='!99.
DO 18 J=l,50
18 TH=AMINl<TNtSGRTl!XSIIJ-XP<Jll••2+1YSIIJ-TP!Jll••21l
17 THAX=AHAXl!THAX,TH)
CHORD=SQRT!CT•CT+CX•CXI
c ••• HAX TH[CKNESS-TO-CHORD CONVERGENCE CRITERIA
IF<.NO T.ITER> GO TO 19
WRITEl16t21J CT,TMAX,CHORD,TTC
21 FORMAT(• • ,4Fl0.,)
I�IABSITHAXfCHORO-TTCl.LT •• OOOlJ GO TO 19
c •••UPOATfD T ANGE�TIAL CHORD ESTIMATE FOR TTC CTERAT[ ON
CT:CT•(3.•TMAX/CHORD/TTCJl4.
60 TO 20
c ••• AJRfOIL PLOTT ING CODE
19 XSl51>=0.
l'S<51l=O.
XSl52l=1.fFACTOR
l'Sl521=1.IFACTOR
XP!Sll::O.
YP(51J=O.
l!Pl52l=I.IFACTOR
YP<521=1.IFACTOR
IFIITRTG.NE.41 CALL LINECXS,Ys,so,1 ,0,4>
IFICTRIG.NE.,> CALL L I NECXP,l'P,S0,1,0,41
c ••• THE OUTPUT FILE rs CREATED HERE
WRITEl16tl11
11 FDRMATc•twILLIAHS I NTER NATIO�AL AXIAL TURBIME GEOMETRY MODEL•,!,
+ •o R A DIUS ex CT UGT RETAIN WEOGIN RLE BE TAOUT
RTE THR O AT AREA CGX CGY"I
P!TCH=2.. Pl •R/NB
STAG=AT ANICTICX>•180.fPI
ZWEIFEL=4.•Pl•RfCXINB•S INl(BIM-BOUTJ•PI/180.)•COS(80UT•Pif180.I
+ICOSIBCN•Plf 180.J
SOL=CH!lROfPITCH
PCTC=2.•RLEfCOSI BI�•Pil180.lfPITCH•lDO.
PCTE=2.•RTE!COSCBOUT•PI/180.J/PITCH•lOO.
THETAC=Bl�-BDUT
CL=PITCH/CHORD•CCOSIBIN•PI/180.l+COSIBOUT•PI/180.11•
9
+!TAN!BIN•P il18D.>-TAN!BOUT• PI,180. I>
WRI TEl16.151 R .cx. c r.uGT.BIN. WEDGIN.RLE.BOUT.RT E .THROA T.ARE•. xc•
+,TCG
15 FORHAT!•o•.t5FB.4>
c 31 llRt TE< 16,2 I x O,TO ,R o,x1 ,Y1 ,BETA!.x2. T2,BETA2,1ChT3, BETA:lwX4ttt
c +tBETA4.x5,T5,BETA51X6,Y6,X11T71X8.T81X91T9.AS.BS.cs.os.AP.BP.cP.DP
WRITEl16•12>
12 FORHA T<•ON UHBER S UCT IO N PRESSURE•t/t
+• )( T )(
DO 13 I::lt50
13 WRITE <16,1�> I1XS IJ>.T S !I l ,XP C I >,T P !J)

14 FORMAT<• •1I 3.4F8.4)
c •••CHECK FOR INFLECTION POINT ON PRESSURE SURFAC E
XTNFL=-CP/3.IDP
IF< X I N FL.GT.X 4.AND.XINFL.LT.X5 ' WRITE< 1 6.29 1
29 FORHAT!•OTHERE JS AN INFLECTION POINT IN THE PRESSURE SURFACE.•,/•
+• D ECRE ASE UNGUIDED TUR NING OR REDUCE TANGENTIAL CHORD.•>
16 FORMAT(• •1
C • • •CHAN NEL Pt.OT
DO 22 I=lD•H
SLOPE:BS+XSCI)•(2.•CS+3.•DS•XSCill
IFCSLOPE.NE.O.I S =-t. IS LOPE
ALPHA= A UNI SI
IF!SLOPE.Et>.O.I At.PHA�Pil2.
XC<I-9>='KS +THROAT•C<n;·Ut:PHU
YC!J-91�YS<Il+THROAT•SIN<•LPHAI
IF< S.LE.O. I XCfI-9> =XS-THROAT•COSUt.!'HO
JF < S.L E . O.I T C 
22 CONTINU E
XC<231=0.
YC!23>=0.
XC!241 ,,,1 .I FAC TOR
YC!2�> =1 .I FAC TOR
IF<ITRIG.E0.31 CALL LINE<KC.Yc.22.1.0.�>
I FCITRIG.EO.l l GO TO 9
c •• •PLOT OF BLADE STACKED O N CG
I F<ITR IG. NE. 4 l GO TO 24
DO 25 1=1•50
XS!Il=XS!Il-XCG
XPCll=XPCil-XCG
YS< Il"'YSCil-YCG
25 TP!Il=YP!Il-YCG
IF!ICG.EQ.OI CALL PLOT!J.25,5.,-31
IFCICG.EQ.01 CALL S YHB OL !O .,o.,.0 7,3,o.,-1)
IC G=l
CALL LINE<xs.vs.so.1.0.4>
CALL L INE<XP tYP.so.1.0,4 1
60 TO 1
C ••• PLOT OF THE A I R FOI L ONE PITCH AVAT
24 CALL SY HBO L !X2•FAC T OR ,T2 •FACT OR ,.o1,3,o •• -11
DO 10 I=l,50
YP I Il = Y PI I> + PITC H
10 YS=TS!Il+PlTCH
CALL LINEcxs .vs.so.1. 0,41
CALL LINE<XPtYP,50.1,0.4>
9 CALL TITLES<TITLE.�.cx,cT.THRDAT,UGTtBIN.WEDGIN.RLE.BOUT.RTEtNS
+ ,AREA,P ITCH , ST AG 1FACT OR .THA X1CH OROtZYEI FEL,S OL• XCG 1TCG. PCT T .P CT E
+,WEOGO UT.THETAC,CLI
CALL PLOT<e.s.o.,-3)
C ONTINUE
JF(ITRIG.EQ.41 CALL PLOT(-3.2s.o.,-3)
CA L L PLOT<r.s,o.,999)
ENO
c
SUBROUTINE CUBIC!l(2,T2,BETA21x3.Y3.BETA3.A,0,c,01
C ••• THIS SUBROU TI NE PUTS A CUBIC THROUGH TYO POINTS WITH TYO SLO P ES , AND
C •••SOLV ES FOR THE COEFFICIENTS OF T=A+ BX+C X••2+D X••3
PI=3.1H59
O=<TAN<BETA 2•PI/180.>+TAN!BETA3•Pll1BO.>>/(X3-X21f(X3-X21
+-2.•(Y2-Y3)/C X2-X3>f!X2-X31f!X2-X3l
C=<Y2-T3>11X2 -X3l/(X2-X31-TAN<BETA3•Pl/180.>l!X2-X3l-D•!X2+2.•X 3>
B=TAN!BETA3•Pilt80.>-2.•C•X3-3.•0•X3•X3
A=Y3-B•X3-C•X3•X3-D•X3•)(3•X3
RET UR N
EN O
c
S U B ROU T INE TI TL ES!TlTLE .RtC X tCT , THROAT,UGT.BIN. WE DG IN tRLEtBOU T ,RTE
•tNB,AREA•PITCH,STAG ,FACTOR.T�AXoCHORO,ZWElFELtSOLtXCG.YCG.PCTl
+,PCTE.WEDGOUT,THETAC,CLJ
C •••THIS SUBR OUT IN E LABEL S ANO PUTS LEGEND ON THE PLOT
REAL NB
INTEGE R•� O A l3> . TI!3>
CALL S Trttl'OL < 0••10 •••1 4, TIT LE. o•• so
CALL STHBOL<G.0,9.5 ••01 ,2 H R= t 0 ot 2 l
10
CALL NUHBER<999. ,999.,.07,R,0.,31
CALL SYHBOL<G.Q,9.4,.07,3HCX=o0.,31
CALL NUHBER!399 •• 9 39 .,.0 1, c x , o .,31
CALL SYHBOL!6.0,9.3,.07,3HCT=,O.,JJ
CALL N UHBER < 999 . ,999 ••• 01.cr,o • • 3J
CAL L SYMBOL<6.0,9.2,.07,�HUGT:,Q, ,4J
CALL NUH BE R<9 99,,999 .,. 01. uG T , a •• 21
CALL STMBDL!6.o,9.t,.07,8HBETA TN=,o.,8)
CALL NUHBE R< 9 99••999••• 01,srN.o •• 11
CALL SYM80L(6.0,9 .o,.01.t4HHALF WEDGE IN=.a • • 1�1

CALL NUMBER(999.,999.,.o7,wEDGfNt0.,21
CALL STHB O L<6.0, 8 .9,. 0 7.4 H R LE=,o.,4J
CALL NUHB ER ! 999••999 •• • c1,RLE,o ••41
rALL SYHBOL!6.0,B.A •• 07 ,9HBET A OUT=,0.,91
CALL N UMB ER< 99 9 .,9 99••• 01.aour,o•• 1>
CALL SYHBOL<G.o,a.1,.01,4HRTE=,0.,4)
CALL NUHB E R!999 .,9 9 9 .,, Q7 ,R TE •• 0,41
CALL SYHBOL<6.0,B.6,.07,JHNB= •O•t31
CA LL NUHB E R< 9 99•• 999••• o7.NB.o.,-11
CALL STHBOL(6.0,B.s ••0 1 ,7HT H R OA T= ,o., 1 1
CALL NUHBER1999,,999,,.07,THROAT,0.,3l
CALL SYHB OL < G .o ,s .3 ,.0 1,6HP ITCH= .o •• 6)
CALL NUHB E R < 9 9 9 .,9 9 9.,.o7 ,PT T CH . o •• 31
CALL S Y HBOL( 6 .o, s. 2,. 01,1sHH AL F WF�r.r �ur=.o.,t5>
CALL NUMBER(999.,999.,.01.wEDGOUT,o.,2>
CALL SYMBOL<G.o.s.1 •• 0 1.B HST AGGER=. o•• e1
CALL NUHBE R ( 9 9 9•• 999••• 01,srAG,o•• 11
CALL SY HB O L ! G . 0, 8 .0 ,. 07,S HAR EA=, o•• s>
CALL NUHB ER< 9 99 . ,9 9 9. , .0 7 ,ART A,0 0 , •l
CALL S Y HB OL<G. o ,7.9 , . 07. SHTHA X=.o •• 5 )
CA LL NUH BE R( 999 .,99 9 ••• 0 1 ,TMAx.o .,4 1
CALL SY HB OL < 6 . o, 1 . s , . 0 1,6HCHO RO=, o•• 6J
CALL NUHBER<999.,999.,.01,CHOR0,o.,3)
CALL ST"80L<6.o.1.1,.01,sHZWETFEL=·o •• s1
CALL NUHBER<999,,999 ••• 01. zwET F EL t0. , 3)
CALL SYMBOL<G.o,1.G,.01,9HSOLTDTTY=,o•• 91
CALL NUHBER<999,,999•••0 1, so L, 0 . , 31
CALL SYMBOL<G.o,1.s •• 0 1. 4H XCG= .o •• 4>
CA L L NUHBE R< 999 . ,99 9 ., .01. xcG . o., 3 J
CALL STHBOLC6.0,7.4,.07,4HYC6=•0••41
CALL NUMBERC999 .,9 99,,.o7,TCG,o.,31
CALL SYHBOL!6.0,7.3,.07,12HlttLET BLDCK:,Q,,121
CALL NUHBER!999.,99g.,.07oPCTT,0.,2>
CALL SYHBOL<G.o,1.2,.01.11HEXlT BlOCK=·o •• 1 1 1
CALL NUHBERC999.,9990,.Q7,PCTEtOot2l
CALL SYHBOL < 6 . 0t7• 1,. 0 7 , 1 3HCAH B ER ANGLE:,0,,13!
CALL NUHB E R < 999,,99 9 • • •0 1,TH ETA C,o .,1>
CALL STMBO L C 6 .0,7. 0 , .0 7o llHL lFT COEFF=,0•• 111
CALL NUMBER(999.,999.,.01.cL,.o.21
CALL NUHBERCG.O,G.9,.07,FACTOR,0.,-1)
CALL SYH80L C 9 99.,99 9. ,.07 , 6HX STZE,0.,6>
CALL DATECOA)
CALL TlHEITI>
CALL STHBOL(5.93,6.7,,07,TI,Oot9l
CALL STHBOL l6.0o6.6,.01.0A,o.,9)
RETURN
ENO
c
SUBRO UTINE MECPRD<XS,YS,xP, TP,AREA,XCG,YCGJ
C •••SUB ROU TI N E TO COMPUTE CROSSECTIDNAl AREA AND CENTER-�F-GRAVITY
c ••• BY AREAKING AIRFOIL UP I NTO TRIAN�LES
DIMENSION XS<50J,YS!501,XP<50ltTPt50J
A(Xt,Y 1,x2.r2.xJ,T3>=ABS<Xl•T 2+Tt•XJ+Y3•X2-Y2•X3-Yl•X2-Xl•Y3J/2.
AREA:A(XS<ll1TS( lltXS(2J,TS<2l,xP!21,YPl21l
XCG=!XS< ll+XS(2l+XP<2>1f3.•AREA
YCG:(YS<l>+YS(2l+YP<2ll/�.•AREA
00 1 1= 2.48
Al:A(XS(JJ,YS<Il,XS(l+ll,YS<I+lJ,XP!IltYP<IJJ
AREA=AREA+Al
XCG=XCG+<XS<Il+XS<I+ll+XP<IJJ/3.•Al
YCG:YCG+(YS(Jl +YS<I+t>+YP!IJJl3.•Al
A2=A<XS<IJ,YS(lltXP(JJ,yp(Jl,XP <t+lltTP(J+1JJ
AREA=AREA+A2
XCG=XCG+(XS<JJ+XP<Il+XPfl+ llll3.•A2
TCG:YCG+(TS(Jl+TP<TJ+YP(J+11ll3.•A2
A1=A<XS<49J,YS<49J,XS(50J,YS<50J,XP<49l ,YP!49ll
AREA:AREA+ Al
XCG=XC$+(XS(49l+XS(50l+XP<491ll3.•Al
JCG:TCG+<TS<49l+TS<SO>+YP<4911f3.•Al
XCG:XCGfAREA
YCG=YCGfAREA
RETURN
EN O
11
Appendix G
There is a user's guide in Figure 18. Shown in Figure

19 are the input and the output it produces when run
through the program of Appendix F.
TITLE
--- ·------------ ________ ___,
REFERENCE TURBINE AIRFOIL
- --- --- - - ------ ---- ----- ·----'
FACTOR ITRIG 1 51. 4. 3
5.500 1.102 0.591 0.0 6.50 35.0 9.00 0.0310 -57.0 0.0160

E-464
TITLE Up to 54 characters
N Number of airfoils to be generated
NB Number of blades (real)
FACTOR Plot scale factor
ITRIG Plot trigger (1;1 blade, 2;2 blades, 3;2 blades + channel,
4; C.G. stack)
R Radius of airfoil design cylinder
ex Axial chord (If CX ; 0.0, iJ; z is set to 0.8)
CT Tangential chord (II CT; 0.0, program assumes d {3 /dx ; constant)
(II 4.0 ,,;:;; CT < 20.0, program interprets CT as

'max/chord x 100)
(II CT ;;;., 20.0 program interprets CT as�)
THROAT Throat (II throat ; 0.0, throat set to s • cos BOUT-· 2 • RTE) lt•.5 . .500
CX•l.102
CT•0.591
UGT Unguided turning UliT•6 ..50
llET A 11�.. J.5.0
HALF WEDliE llll•J.OQ.
BIN Inlet blade angle ltLE•O·O'JlO
&EU OUT•-.57 .o
ltTE•0.0160
WED GIN Inlet wedge angle JIB•.51
THROAT •O.337
RLE Leading edge radius (II RLE ;;;., 2.0, RLE is inlet percent blockage) ,,,,
SE OUT•J.31.
21.2
BOUT Exit blade angle 1514
17K
.2.so
RTE Trailing edge radius (II RTE > 2.0, RTE is exit percent blockage) 0.111
•1 ·••.S
45
T 6
lllLET BLOCK•ll .17.
ALL DATA IS FREE FORMAT. EXU BLOCJ;•l.U
CA1'18ER AN•LE•l1.0
llfT COEFF•1.H
AN UNLIMITED NUMBER OF SECTIONS CAN BE INPUT. 4X_.S17E
12•37•40
ALL ANGLES ARE IN DEGREES, AND IF THE SLOPE IS POSITIVE (OR 27 AU; 14
NEGATIVE) THEN SO IS THE ANGLE.

ENGLISH OR METRIC DIMENSIONS CAN BE USED, BUT SOME UNITS
MAY TRICK THE DEFAULT VALUES OF CT.
A-41856.1
A-41105
Figure 18. RA TD User's Guide. Figure 19. Test Case Input and Output.
Bibliography [5] Engeli, Zollinger, and Allemann, "A Computer

Program for the Design of 'I'tlrbomachinery 'llades,"
ASME 78-GT-36.
[1J Abbott and Von Doenhoff, Theory of Wing Sections,
Dover Publications, New York, 1959. [ 6] Sawyer, J, W., ed, Chapter 4, Sawyer's Gas Turbine
Engineering Handbook, 2nd Edition, Vol I, Gas
[ 2] Dunham, J., "A Parametric Method of Turbine Blade Turbine Publications, Inc., Stamford, Conn., 1972,
Profile Design," ASME 74-GT-119. p 70.
[3 ] Spiegel, M. , Gomplex Variables, McGraw-Hill, [ 7] Katsanis, T., "Fortran Program for Calculating
New York, 1964, p 224. Transonic Velocities on on a Blade-to-Blade Stream
Surface of a Turbomachine," NASA TN D-5427, 1969.
[ 4] Meauze, G., "An Inverse Time Marching Method for
the Definition of Cascade Geometry," ASME 81- [s] Horlock, J. H., Axial li'low Turbines, Krieger fub
GT-167. lishing Company, Huntington, New York, 1973.
12

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THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS

345E.47St., New York, N.Y.10017

An Eleven Parameter Axial

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INLET PARAMETERS REQUIRED

Figure 1. The Eleven Independent Geometric Parameters.

Presented at the Gas Turbine Conference and Exhibit

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POLYNOMIAL COEFFICIENT ORDINATE

AREA OF A TRIANGULAR SECTION OF THE AIRFOIL Y-COORDINATE OF THE CENTER OF A CIRCLE

POLYNOMINAL COEFFICIENT Y-COORDINATE OF THE CENTER-OF-GRAVITY OF A TRIANGULAR

xcg X-COOROINATE OF THE CENTER-OF-GRAVITY OF THE AIRFOIL LE LEADING EDGE

X-COORDINATE OF THE CENTER-OF-GRAVITY OF A TRIANGULAR TE TRAILING EDGE

Figure J. A Typical RA TD Rotor Hub, Mean, and Tip.

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specify the required percent blockages instead of

independent parameters translate into five points and

key poin ts are shown in Figure 5 and can be computed

RLE • (1 - sin P3) (9)

After experimenting with various combinations of input,

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11 INDEPENDENT 5 KEY POINTS 5SURFACE AIRFOIL

ct = 12.0 mm (0.472 ----�-

Figure 8. Tangential Chord Study. Figure 1 1. Throat Study.

The creation of axial flow turbines has been boiled

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The curve in Figure 14 goes through a point with a

List of Refinements .'!_E. = CONSTANT

Table II. List of Additional Geometry Model Requirements.

- ALTERNATE SURFACE FUNCTIONS TO CHOOSE FROM

ELLIPTICAL LEADING EDGE '--

PLOT OF BLADE ANGLE ANO CURVATURE

COMPUTATION OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES ISEE APPENDIX 01 '

- DESIGN ON CONES A-41047 A

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l AREA 112 Ix1 v 2 + v1 x3 + v 3 x2 - v 2 x3 - v1 x2 - x1 v 3 I

Figure 16 shows the coefficients of the third order

/\out = s • 100 (26)

Here is a FORTRAN 77 listing of the 327 line axial

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There is a user's guide in Figure 18. Shown in Figure

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CT Tangential chord (II CT; 0.0, program assumes d {3 /dx ; constant)

(II 4.0 ,,;:;; CT < 20.0, program interprets CT as

NEGATIVE) THEN SO IS THE ANGLE.

Bibliography [5] Engeli, Zollinger, and Allemann, "A Computer

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