This is the accepted version of the paper in Electric Power Components and Systems,

Volume 44, Issue 8, Page 864-872, April 2016

Roadmap of Smart Grid for Bangladesh based on Functions

and Technological Challenges
Sultana Razia Akhter1 and Md Multan Biswas2
1
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Stamford University Bangladesh, Dhaka-1217, Bangladesh
2
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh

CONTENTS Abstract— To ensure a reasonable, dependable, and sustainable

supply of electricity, a modern power grid is necessary which will
1. Introduction be smarter on the basis of power generation, transmission and
distribution. On the ground of these perspectives, United States,
2. Technology Overview of Smart Grid some developed countries in Europe, Asia, North America and
3. Smart Grid Functions Australia have carried out some significant activities to formulate
4. Technological Challenges of Smart Grid for Bangladesh and promote a pathway for the evolution of the next generation
intelligent power grid system. Implementation of Smart Grid can be
5. Roadmap for Smart Grid Implementation in Bangladesh a better tool to develop greener digital Bangladesh. This new
6. Conclusion technology ensures effective control of electric supply and demand
using information technology, and assures the potential use of
References environment friendly power generation.
The objective of this paper is to present a roadmap that could be used
as guidance for the development of smart grid architecture based on
technological challenges for this south Asian developing country.
This paper contains a brief discussion on the concept and functions
of smart grid from perspective of the country. The key technological
challenges for the implementation of this new intelligent grid have
been outlined and their potential remedies are proposed. The paper
also briefly illustrates the ongoing initiative taken up by Bangladesh
government towards smarter grid. The most challenging part is to
run this new technology in a profitable manner and to ensure this,
some pilot projects are needed to be demonstrated.

1. INTRODUCTION
Present power industry faces a tremendous challenges
with the perpetual growing consciousness of energy and
environment, the demand of safe and steady running grid,
necessity of high quality and reliable supply, as well as
building a sustainable economy that ensures prosperity of
current and future world inhabitants. In these consequences,
deploying smarter grid is being considered as a common
target for different countries in the whole world and has been
consecutively proposed in America, Europe, Asia, and
Australia [1]-[4] to meet these enormous challenges. Also,
many other countries looking forward to this new intelligent
grid system as the future solution [4] for the existing aged
power infrastructures. The objective is often focused on
Keywords: Bangladesh, renewable integration, roadmap, smart grid, sustainable
environment, technological challenges
integrating multiple sources, energy monitoring and control
in real-time, wide area communications systems,
interoperability, and support of new services to consumers.
Though the smart power grid is gaining very fast interest over the As shown in Figure 1, a smart grid is mainly shrouds the
globe, different nations have different status in energy sector, physical power system with an information scheme which
which makes their own challenges and roadmap towards smart grid associates a variety of equipment and assets to form a customer
dissimilar. service platform. Besides, comparison between the conventional
According to the energy report, Ministry of Finance, grid and new smart power grid is presented in Table 1 on the
Bangladesh net electricity demand has grown by 8.1% annually basis of features of grid, [11], [12] which will clarify the
over the last 10 years [5]. Present power distribution infrastructure modification and effectiveness of the new grid system.
is very complex and ill-suited to the requirements of the 21st
century. Furthermore, Bangladesh power grid confronts many
challenges because its design and engineering is not that much
efficient and capable to handle such power demand with eminence.
In this country, up to 35% of the present electricity generation
capacity [6] is not utilized properly; introducing a smarter grid this
loss could be minimized. Lack of automated analysis, slow
response due to using mechanical switches, poor visibility, lack of
situational awareness etc., have contributed for inefficient and poor
power quality and service. For these reasons, blackouts have been
happening over the past 30 years. Also, due to fossil fuel used
electricity generation and transportation industries, the greenhouse
gas emissions have been a significant threat over the last few years.
Therefore, a modern and innovative power grid infrastructure is
immediately required to address these major technological
challenges in Bangladesh. Having determined to follow smart grid
technology, all of its different aspects should be taken into
consideration.
This article is organized as follows. Section 2 presents a concise FIGURE 1. Smart grid concept.
description of smart power grid and Section 3 describes the
functions of this new technology with both general and nation’s Comparative Topic Traditional Grid Smart Grid
perspective. The principal technological challenges toward One-way, Not Real- Both-way, Real-
Communication
implementation of smart grid are reported in Section 4. The time time
roadmap of smart grid technology employment developed for this Interaction with the
Infrequently Frequently
south Asian developing country is presented in Section 6, followed user
by the conclusion. Analog/Electro-
Technological base Digital
mechanical
Generation Centralized Distributed
Control Limited Pervasive
2. TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW OF SMART GRID Operation and Artificial device
Remote monitoring
management calibration
The smart grid introduces a bidirectional dialogue where energy
Use of Sensors Few Through-out
and related information can be exchanged between the utility and
Response to system
consumer [4]. This new intelligent grid is a developing network of Vulnerable Resilient
disturbances
computers, communications, controls, automations and new Response type Failures and Blackouts Adaptive Islanding
technologies and tools working together to make the grid energy more Power Restoration Manual Self-healing
efficient, reliable, secure and greener. The smart grid facilitates
advanced and echo friendly technologies to be incorporated, such as TABLE 1. Comparison of traditional and smart grid.
renewable energy production, energy storage device, and charging of
plug-in electric vehicle [7]-[9]. Moreover, it will supervise, diagnose, 3. SMART GRID FUNCTIONS
and respond to power quality deficiencies so that the business losses
due to inadequate power quality can be overcome and provide self- The smart grid will work by linking the current electric grid
healing quality which will make the system less vulnerable to natural with new a communication networks, software, hardware,
disasters. This intelligent technology is also assured to provide the real and energy generation systems. It has various functions; by
time information about the power condition and daily usage to the enabling the following tree [13] as demonstrated in Figure 2
consumers [10], which will contribute to alleviate the power wastage. and depicteded in the following sub-sections.

FIGURE 2. Tree of integrated functions of smart grid.
3.1. Computerized Data Management
The integration of consumers into the power grid requires closer
modeling of their consumption usage, and in particular of the
energy flexibility potentially derived from new ‘prosumer’ usages.
This requires closer integration of the information systems needed
to manage these new customer profiles, with the ‘aggregator’
control centers integrating these new uses. This greater integration
has the effect of bringing closer together the worlds of the IT
integrators and energy efficiency specialists and industries, in order
to offer new turnkey solutions integrating information systems and
active management solutions based on standardized data
interchange. The computerized central control architecture for
remote sub-systems of smart grid is demonstrated in Figure 3. This
command center will monitor the power and data flow from
generation to consumers’ premises with the help of high speed,
reliable, and secured communication technologies.
3.2. Real Time Data Management with Interactive
Communication System
One of the main goal of the intelligent power grid system is to build
up a two way communication line, which will significantly increase
the amount, quality, and use of data received from various
sensors and meters to provide real time information to the energy
users. This will ensure the active participation of the consumers
and improved reliability of the grid.
FIGURE 3. Smart grid control architecture.
3.3. Conventional and Renewable Energy Generation
Upstream of the smart energy systems is the generation
plants, historically based on conventional centralized
generation facilities – coal, gas, oil and nuclear power
gradually evolving toward decentralized renewable power
generation facilities, such as wind power, hydroelectric,
photovoltaic, geothermal, and tidal power etc. This is
because; renewable energy technologies are environment
friendly and featuring low cost over time through
technological modifications and the advantages of mass
production and manufacturers’ competition. Due to
geographical position, there has a significant potential for
renewable power generation in Bangladesh. However,
Bangladesh does not have feed-in tariffs (FIT) which offers
preferential rate paid for the electricity fed back into the
national grid from a renewable energy generator. Through
smart power grid the FIT policy would also be possible, as
the energy usage could be monitored distantly and individual
renewable power generations and energy-efficient entities
could be offered rebates and incentives. This will encourage
citizenry of urban areas of the country to install solar systems
and feed the extra electricity to the grid lines.
3.4. Quality and Efficiency of Electric Power Transmission
In transmission network of smart grid ultra-high-voltage i.e.
voltage greater than 800 kV, high-capacity transmission
corridors will be to link main territorial interconnections. In
this way the balancing between energy supply and demand
will be feasible on national basis. Long distance transmission
can be established using governable high-capacity ac and dc
installations. In addition to this, the smart
transmission grid will utilize a unique, digital platform for quick
and reliable communication, sensing, computing, control, securing,
visualization, and maintenance of the complete transmission
scheme.
3.5. Protection, Automation and Control of Power Grids
The power grid allows a switch power flow between upstream
generation and consumption downstream. Their broad
dissemination and critical availability features require the
implementation of extremely fast protective devices capable of
isolating faulty grid sections, and of remotely controlling the
reconfiguration of certain branches of the grid. Remotely control
of various substations in system is shown in Figure 4. Grid
communications systems enable the data communication required
to maintain the stability of the grid, load balancing and fault
protection systems by a transmission system operator (TSO) or
distribution system operator (DSO). This task is primarily executed
by the TSO or the DSO, or may be performed by an independent
performer but the overall responsibility and ownership of
information remains with TSO and DSO.
FIGURE 4. Remotely control of various substations.
3.6. Demand Response
Demand response emphasizes mainly on limited use of electricity
when the system demand runs in peak, and incorporates the
consumers with price signals or time-based incentives to encourage
them to reduce their peak use. Demand response solutions vary
from simple advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) systems to
fully automatic home systems. Bangladesh is an agricultural
dependant country and irrigation consumes vast amount electricity.
New smart gird will enable demand response consumption which
will significantly diminish farmers cultivating cost when irrigating
off peak hours.
3.7. Self-healing
The smart grid will be designed and facilitated foresee and respond
to system disturbances (self-heal). Using automatic
system it will heal itself by performing unceasing self-
assessments to detect and analyze issues, take counteractive
action to moderate them and promptly restore grid
components or network sections, if necessary.
4. TECHNOLOGICAL CHALLENGES OF SMART GRID
FOR BANGLADESH
Smart power grid is a promising platform for future electricity
networks. In [14] and [15], authors have guided that there is
very potential scope of integrating smart grid with the
existing power network and also suggested the
communication infrastructure that could be used for different
areas and function of this new intelligent grid in Bangladesh.
However, this south Asian developing country faces some
vital technological challenges towards the implementation of
this new system, which are discussed in following sub-
sections in accordance to the functions mentioned earlier.
4.1. Grid Network Design and Monitoring
In this south Asian small country the daily generation of
electricity during summer stands at 7,800 MW to 8,177 MW,
but in the absence of an advanced monitoring system,
pilferage of electricity from power lines without payments
has become mundane nowadays. Incorporating an intelligent
grid system with green energy would be an effective step to
curtail systemic losses. But the problem is that apart from
pilferage from the power grid, more than 10 per cent of the
daily generation [16] is lost in the old transmission lines. If
these lines are not changed, then a smart grid system alone
cannot curb system losses.
Again, utilization of Geographic Information Systems
(GIS) is very advantageous for planning and expansion of
power grid system. The capability of GIS to inspect for
databases and carry out geographic queries has been found as
an economically effectual solution for power utilities.
However, here in Bangladesh the present monitoring system
in a control center depends on state estimators, which are
based on data collected via supervisory control and data
acquisition (SCADA) systems and remote terminal units
(RTUs). The country only has a national load dispatch centre
and a distribution load dispatch centre which is not working
properly. The current visualization technology displays the
system configuration with one-line diagrams that can show
which buses are connected with a specific bus; it is not
accurately matched to the geographic location.
4.2. Selection of Communication Technology
At the dawn of 21st century, the drastic advancement of
communication technology throughout the world develops
the idea of this two-way communication based power system
named as smart grid. But this idea with the
automated meter reading (AMR) left the quandary of selecting the
most appropriate communication standard which will be rich in
bandwidth and cost effective at both long and short distance
network levels [17]. The primary substitutes involve changeover
from mobile to fixed communication standard. In Bangladesh the
future communication system for smart grid can be classified by
our existing communication network and the future potential
network. Wired technology such as Optical fiber and radio
frequency based system such as WiMAX, Wi-Fi are available in
Bangladesh; which can be utilized for communication in cities and
towns. But, if we want to implement the advance networking
system for smart grid, not only in every city or town but also in the
rural areas, then we require look after in diverse solutions or
different networking technologies and that will be more effectual.
Moreover, to ensure economically effective and stable operation
taking into consideration the importance of the interaction between
TSOs and DSOs, the tasks of continuous monitoring, economically
efficient balancing, and reporting must be clearly specific and
agreed upon by the related parties and accordingly implemented by
the TSOs and DSOs.
4.3. Challenges with Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI)
For the future intelligent grid system the center parts will be the
Smart meters or AMIs, because it will provide the facility to the
energy users so that they can monitor their power usage real time
and wisely response to demand. But the great challenge is to
involve smart meters with the existing systems. Without any
dependence on a single manufacturer to obtain a good level of data
interoperability and in allowing the evolution of the technology,
the AMI system is necessary. The adoption of standards will help
to solve this issue. In order to prepare for the massive smart meters
installment roll-out, pilot projects have been set up across Europe
[18]. In Bangladesh, utility companies have been sending out
workers to collect electricity data needed for decades. Workers
read meters visiting every territory and sight for blemished
equipment. Through smart metering, this can be done in a
significantly less time with significantly increased reliability.
However, in this south Asian developing country, there is no
significant development of smart meters commercially yet, some
prototypes are being evolved in academia and their performance
and responses are being analyzing.
4.4. Distributed Energy Resources Integration Challenge
Use of different green energy sources along with advanced
metering technologies and improved communications will enable
more intelligent incorporation of the distributed energy generation
by utilizing sensors and two-way metering. Since the penetration
of renewable generation increases, more advanced control will be
required for the power system to maintain system reliability. Thus
some modifications are needed to cope up the changes due to
integration of distributed generations. In Bangladesh, there are
many off-the-shelf and customized ways of incorporating
This is the accepted version of the paper in Electric Power Components and Systems,
Volume 44, Issue 8, Page 864-872, April 2016
generation from renewable energy sources into the grid.
Various private companies have been designing these green
sources integration, but that policy problems, not
technological ones, were stalling their installation in the
country.
Again, the flow of energy from renewable sources is quite
sporadic. While renewable energy cannot necessarily be
operated in a conventional manner, its behavior can be
foretold and the forecast information is exactly the kind of
information that a smart grid must use to improve system
efficiency. The country’s current power infrastructure is
unable to predict and detect such variability and therefore
cannot support or control this. So, a sensitive control system
is required which will use transmission and distribution more
efficiently, demand response and energy storage systems.
4.5. Energy Storage Technology
In order for massive penetration into current grids to take
place, energy storage technologies must become cheaper.
Until that time, such technologies will remain a barrier for
smart power grids. This is a great challenge for start-up
companies, as new technology, if adopted system-wide, will
open almost untapped marked of energy storage solutions. In
Bangladesh, battery is the prime energy storage device
presently utilizing in some wind power plants and
photovoltaic power generation [19]. Other storage
technology such as ultra-capacitor, flywheel, compressed air
energy storage system (CAES), superconducting magnetic
energy storage (SMES) are yet to be used commercially.
4.6. Security Challenges
Security is one of the very first issues of any control system.
In the smart grid there has a layer of control and
communication system to the grid in places. If any control
system is connected with the communication system, then it
needs a very high cyber security which will provide a safe
control. Nowadays, SCADA systems have the ability to be
access remotely. As the power flow on the bus is controlled
by a SCADA system, an attack on SCADA system can cause
a power outage in current electrical infrastructure. Not only
that, problems can happen on the way of ensuring both way
communications for AMI. Since, we live in a superfast
globalization world that is interconnected with the internet,
so accidentally or intentionally if any good programmer
(hacker/cracker) wants, then, it will not be impossible to
access any specific device.
5. ROADMAP FOR SMART GRID IMPLEMENTATION
IN BANGLADESH
Roadmaps and strategies toward implementation of this new
intelligent grid have been demonstrated in various countries
of United States [20], South America [21], [22], Europe [23], and
Asia [24] with the participation of different companies,
universities, government. In the U.S., through different
government policies and initiatives, there is a strong inflow of
grants and incentives to implement these new technologies.
The economy of Bangladesh is still undergoing development,
which presents large demand for electricity. For the restructuring
of the power industry in Bangladesh and the deployment of
countermeasures for energy-saving and emission reduction control,
smart grid can be a new trend of the future grid in here. However,
as compared with the drivers of smart grids in developed countries,
Bangladesh possesses unique characteristics due to its economic
level and energy allocation. Despite, in order to mitigate the trend
of global warming, government speeds up the development of
renewable energy in Bangladesh which is an important step
towards smart grid. There is a good prospect of the renewable
energy like solar, wind, hydro, biomass, biogas etc [19] in this
green country. The government of Bangladesh has set a goal to
increase the potential use of renewable energy from present status
to 15 percent of total energy supply by the year 2025 [25]. Power
Grid Company of Bangladesh Limited (PGCB) has taken initiative
to execute 21 mega projects at an estimated cost of USD 6.2 Billion
to ensure a smarter power distribution system by the year 2021
[26]. In order to employ the projects the PGCB is now negotiating
with the Asian Development Bank (ADB). FIGURE 5. Combination of power grid and optical fibre
Beside this, in terms of communication technology, which is the network.
soul part of smart grid system, Bangladesh holds a prospective
future for implementing the communication network along with the  Utility Drivers: A key aspect of the smart power grid is
power lines. Because, PGCB has already installed optical ground identifying the most important actions required to develop
wire (OPGW) on high voltage transmission lines which could be new technologies and policies that will help to attain
utilized for data communication of smart grid. Since global energy and climate goals.
communication system plays a very important role in smart grid so  Developing the Pathway: To pursue the regional
as a part of roadmap for this new technology in Bangladesh an conditions, the roadmap will compiled with the help of
integration of present power network and grid communication has contributions from a wide range of concerned authorities,
been performed graphically. Bangladesh power grid’s together with electricity utilities, regulators, technology
geographical map [27] of existing different voltages transmission and solution providers, consumer advocates, finance
lines, power plants and grid sub-stations and associated experts and government institutions.
communication network [28] have been amalgamated using  Current and Future State: The following step is to map
Illustrator graphic design software and is illustrated in Figure 5. the current state of the utility, including all available
So that, Bangladesh has a good prospect for implementing the resources such as available infrastructure, equipments,
smart grid system, only a proper roadmap is needed to provide processes and human resources. This will provide as a
direction to government and manufacturing stakeholders on the baseline for the development of future systems. Then,
technology pathways to attain energy security, economic growth based on the information previously gathered and through
and environmental goals. For accomplishing this target, the working closely with the utility team, the future projected
following phases can be followed: state is defined, listing all the resources necessaries for
 Mapping the Utility: This requires an insightful study of the this initiative, whether it is for a pilot project or for a
concession area, the utility’s electric grid and equipments, and complete smart grid implementation.
includes the whole electric system, with a special focus on  Introducing a Prototype: A prototype communication
network, meters, distribution automation systems, and infrastructure and smart meter can be deployed in a
substation automation. particular area of the country. A detailed study and
analysis can be carried out on the protection schemes of
 power grid. So that, inclusion and study of different optimal
power flow programs could be performed in order to choose the
best technique that is more efficient among those that are
available. Furthermore, a digital micro-grid system using AMIs
could quantify the precise readings, going through the power
lines. This micro-grid would divide the current power
distribution zones into residential and commercial zones. This
new systems would regulate the current zones better, reduce
power outages and provide stability to the power sector. The
optimum design and plan for power generation site,
optimization of power line routing, selection of appropriate
locations for positioning new feeders, distribution substation
site and capacity, load forecasting and distribution, etc.
attributes can be well performed by means of the GIS software.
 Selection of Communication Technology: In [16, 15] it has
been delineated that the communication linkup with
conventional generating units to substations could be made
efficaciously utilizing existing optical fibre due to its long
range coverage, reliability, and security. Wireless technology
such as WiMAX, Wi-Fi could be employed to communicate
between micro/renewable generation to substation because of
cost effectivity, malleability, and mobility. Grid to grid
communication can be implemented through existing optical
fibre as illustrated in Fig. 5 which guarantees maximum
security and long distance high speed data transfer. The
recommended technique for substation to feeder
communication is optical fibre because of its high security,
efficiency and speed. For feeder to consumers’ premises
communication the preferred method is PLC which is already
exist in Bangladesh.
 Automation and Control: To exploit the dynamic scheme
state in smart grid, the ultimate automation and control function
like connection and separation will be executed in real-time.
Automation and control strategy scheduling must consider the
stochastic and dynamically interdependent properties of power
systems. In order to provide adaptive stochastic techniques
more pragmatic research are required to focus on intelligent
control technique that takes vantage of Adaptive Critics
Designs (ACDs), Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) and
Fuzzy Logic (FL) methods.
 Communication Security: For wired communication systems
like optical fibre or BPL the unauthorized accessing procedure
must needed to be wired and the accessing tools must be
physically connected to the wire. If anyone tries to connect
unauthorized tools in the wired network then it can be easily
monitored and detected. The real-time automation and control
systems can detect the unauthorized entry and take action at
earliest possible time. In order to detect an unauthorized user
it is needed to be concerned about the firewall, host AV
(Anti-Virus), host IDS (intrusion detection system),
monitoring, management, and physical security.
 Costs and Benefits Analysis: It is one of the major parts
of developing the roadmap. All items need to be assessed,
such as hardware and software investments, equipment
costs, specific training and hiring, and communication
investments, among others. Once all the cost data has
been gathered, then it is to be analyzed either the smart
grid system is economically beneficial or not.
 Workshops on Smart Grid: In parallel with its analysis
and modelling, a team can be assembled to participate in
several expert national and international workshops for
preparing a perfect roadmap for Bangladesh.
Finally, Figure 6 shows the block diagram which will
provide an effective pathway for implementing smart grid in
Bangladesh. Moving towards smart grid, assessment and
estimation of the existing resources and opportunities along
with the requirements of this new technology will be the first
rung. Since it is the customer oriented power system so a
numeral innovative technical schemes and apparatus are
required and for their efficient performance number of test
projects should be run. And finally the most important thing
is the cost effectiveness and governmental governess.
FIGURE 6. Pathway towards implementing smart grid in
Bangladesh.
6. CONCLUSION
The main objective of smart grid is to provide proficient,
environment and customer friendly power system on a cost-
effective way to develop effective mechanism of electricity
consumption for reducing power wastage. For sustainable
development and meet-up the power crisis, implementation
of smart grid is essential in Bangladesh and an effective
roadmap can be the first stride on the way forward.

In this work, the comparison between smart grid and existing
conventional power grid shows a decisive driving factor in
Bangladeshi power sector. Besides Bangladesh has the better
feasibility to implement smart grid because the existing assets and
communication line is compatible with the required demand of this
new technology. The first four figures have been prepared using
Illustrator graphic design software. The demonstrated roadmap is a
pathway to implement this new intelligent grid system in the best
economic, environmental, and social aspects. Yet, an intense
prototype case study and analysis is incredibly essential on the way
of implementing the proposed roadmap in Bangladesh. Careful
planning and execution of the detailed roadmap is the key for the
correct implementation, but is not part of this research work.
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