CEB 711_Structural Design II

Semester 2, 2020
Lecture 7
Design and analysis of isolated column circular
footing (eccentrically loaded).
Design and analysis of isolated column circular footing (eccentrically loaded).
Footings Subject to Eccentric Loading
Footings are often subjected to lateral loads or overturning moments, in addition to vertical
loads. These types of loads are typically seismic or wind loads.
Lateral loads or overturning moments result in a non-uniform soil bearing pressure under the
footing, where the soil bearing pressure is larger on one side of the footing than the other. Non-
uniform soil bearing can also be caused by a foundation pedestal not being located at the
footing center of gravity.
If the lateral loads and overturning moments are small in proportion to the vertical loads, then
the entire bottom of the footing is in compression and a P/A ± M/S type of analysis is
appropriate for calculating the soil bearing pressures, where the various parameters are defined
as follows:
P = The total vertical load, including any applied loads along with the weight of all of the
components of the foundation, and also including the weight of the soil located directly above
the footing.
A = The area of the bottom of the footing.
M = The total overturning moment measured at the bottom of the footing, including horizontal
loads times the vertical distance from the load application location to the bottom of the footing
plus any overturning moments.
S = The section modulus of the bottom of the footing.
If M/S exceeds P/A, then P/A - M/S results in tension, which is generally not possible at
the footing/soil interface. This interface is generally only able to transmit compression,
not tension. A different method of analysis is required when M/S exceeds P/A.

Following are the typical steps for calculating bearing pressures for a footing, when non-
uniform bearing pressures are present. These steps are based on a footing that is rectangular in
shape when measured in plan and assumes that the lateral loads or overturning moments are
parallel to one of the principal footing axes. These steps should be completed for as many load
combinations as required to confirm compliance with applicable design criteria. For instance,
the load combination with the maximum downward vertical load often causes the maximum
bearing pressure while the load combination with the minimum downward vertical load often
causes the minimum stability.
 PROCEDURE FOR ANALYSIS.

1. Determine the total vertical load, P.

2. Determine the lateral and overturning loads.
3. Calculate the total overturning moment M, measured at the bottom of the footing.

4. Determine whether P/A exceeds M/S. This can be done by calculating and comparing
P/A and M/S or is typically completed by calculating the eccentricity, which equals M
divided by P. If e exceeds the footing length divided by 6, then M/S exceed P/A.
5. If P/A exceeds M/S, then the maximum bearing pressure equals P/A + M/S and
the minimum bearing pressure equals P/A-M/S.

6. If P/A is less than M/S, then the soil bearing pressure is as shown in Fig. 5-1. Such a soil
bearing pressure distribution would normally be considered undesirable because it makes
the footing structurally ineffective. The maximum bearing pressure, shown in the figure,
is calculated as follows:
Maximum Bearing pressure = 2 P / [(B) (X)]
Where X = 3(L/2 - e) and e = M / P
 Shallow Foundation – Structural Design II

FOOTINGS UNDER ECCENTRIC COLUMN LOADS.

When a column transmits axial loads only, the footing can be designed such that the
load acts at the centroid of the footing, producing uniform pressure under the footing.
However, in some cases, the column transmits an axial load and a bending moment, as
in the case of the footings of fixed-end frames. The pressure q that develops on the soil
will not be uniform and can be evaluated from the following equation:
𝑃 𝑚𝑦
𝑞= ∓ ≥0
𝐴 𝐼
Where:
P= vertical load, positive in compression,
A= area of the contact surface between the soil and the footing,
I= moment of inertia of this area,
M=moment about the centroid axis of the footing area
Y= distance from the centroidal axis to the point where the stresses are being calculated.

The moment,𝑀, can be expressed as 𝑃𝑒 , where(𝑒) is the eccentricity of the load

relative to the centroidal axis of the area 𝐴.
The maximum eccentricity (𝑒) for which equation above applies is that which first causes
𝑞 = 0, at some point.
Larger eccentricities will cause a portion of the footing to lift off the soil, because the
soil–footing interface cannot resist tension. For a rectangular footing, this occurs when
the eccentricity exceeds
𝑙 𝐵
𝑒 = 𝑜𝑟 𝑒 =
6 6
This is referred to as the kern distance. Loads applied within the kern, the shaded area
in Fig. 7.8c, will cause compression over the entire area of the footing, and 𝑞 can be
computed from equation above.

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 Shallow Foundation – Structural Design II

Figure 7.8

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 Shallow Foundation – Structural Design II

Various pressure distributions for rectangular footings are shown in Fig. 7.9.

 If the load is applied concentrically, the soil pressure 𝑞 = 𝑞 = as shown in

Figure a
 If the load acts through the kern point (Fig.C), 𝑞 = 0 at one side and 𝑞 = 2𝑞 at
the other.
 If the load falls outside the kern point, the resultant upward load is equal and
opposite to the resultant downward load, as shown in Fig. 7-9 d. Generally, such a
pressure distribution would not be acceptable, because it makes inefficient use of
the footing concrete, tends to overload the soil, and may cause the structure to
tilt.

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 Shallow Foundation – Structural Design II

Figure 7.9

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 Shallow Foundation – Structural Design II

There are three different conditions for eccentricity

1- When 𝑒 = 𝑀⁄𝑃 < 𝑙 ⁄6 𝑎𝑠 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤𝑚 𝑖𝑛 𝐹𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑏
𝑃 𝑀𝑌 𝑃 6𝑀
𝑞 . = + = +
𝐴 𝐼 𝐵𝑙 𝐵𝑙
𝑃 𝑀𝑌 𝑃 6𝑀
𝑞 . = − = −
𝐴 𝐼 𝐵𝑙 𝐵𝑙
2- When 𝑒 = 𝑀⁄𝑝 = 𝑙 ⁄6 𝑎𝑠 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤𝑚 𝑖𝑛 𝐹𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐶
𝑃 𝑀𝑌 𝑃 6𝑀 2𝑃
𝑞 =
. + = + =
𝐴 𝐼 𝐵𝑙 𝐵𝑙 𝐵𝑙
𝑃 6𝑀
𝑞 .=0 → =
𝐵𝑙 𝐵𝑙
3- When 𝑒 = 𝑀⁄𝑝 > 𝑙 ⁄6 𝑎𝑠 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤𝑚 𝑖𝑛 𝐹𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑑
𝑙 3𝑥 2𝑃 2𝑃
𝑥= −𝑒 𝑃=𝑞 . 𝐵 →𝑞 . = =
2 2 3𝑥𝐵 3𝐵 − 𝑒

Example: the rectangular footing has width of 2.5 m and it will be support (400*400
mm) column that is carry the following loads

𝑃 = 800𝑘𝑁 𝑃 = 530𝑘𝑁

𝑀 = 100𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 𝑀 = 80𝑘𝑁. 𝑚

- Service surcharge load 5kN/m2

- Allowable soil pressure 𝑞 . = 200 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚
- Soil density 𝛾 = 20 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐷 = 1.25 𝑚

Solution:

1- Estimate the length of the footing.

- Assume the footing thickness (1.5 – 2) times column size, use t=600 mm

𝑞 . = 200 − [5 + 1.25 × 20] = 170 𝑘𝑁 ⁄𝑚

- Assume the soil pressure distribution at the base of the footing is horizontal.

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 Shallow Foundation – Structural Design II

𝑃 6𝑀 800 + 530 6 × (100 + 80)

𝑞 . =
+ → 170 = +
𝐵𝑙 𝐵𝑙 2.5 × 𝑙 2.5 × 𝑙
425𝑙 − 1330𝑙 − 1080 = 0 → 𝑙 = 3.8 𝑚
2- Find the ultimate bearing pressure.

𝑃 = 1.2 × 800 + 1.6 × 530 = 1808𝑘𝑁

𝑀 = 1.2 × 100 + 1.6 × 80 = 248𝑘𝑁. 𝑚

𝑃 6𝑀 1808 6 × 248
𝑞 . = + = + = 231.5 𝑘𝑁 ⁄𝑚
𝐵𝑙 𝐵𝑙 2.5 × 3.8 2.5 × 3.8
𝑃 6𝑀 1808 6 × 248
𝑞 . = − = − = 149.1 𝑘𝑁 ⁄𝑚
𝐵𝑙 𝐵𝑙 2.5 × 3.8 2.5 × 3.8

3- Check the footing thickness for two way shear (punching shear)

𝑑 = 600 − 75 − 20 = 505𝑚𝑚

Use average soil pressure to find the shear force inside critical parameter.

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 Shallow Foundation – Structural Design II

149.1 + 231.5
𝑞 = = 190.3 𝑘𝑁 ⁄𝑚
2
𝑣 = 1808 − 190.3(0.4 + 0.505) = 1652.13𝑘𝑁

𝑏 = 4 × (0.4 + 0.505) = 3.62𝑚

400
𝛽= =1
400
𝛼 = 40 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛

The shear capacity of concrete is the smallest of:

 𝑣 = 0.33 𝜆 𝑓′𝑐 𝑏° 𝑑 = 0.33√21 × 3620 × 505 × 10−3 = 𝟐𝟕𝟔𝟒. 𝟓𝒌𝑵

2 2
 𝑣 = 0.17 1 + 𝜆 𝑓′𝑐 𝑏° 𝑑 = 0.17 1 + √21 × 3620 × 505 × 10−3 = 4272.5𝑘𝑁
𝛽 1

𝛼𝑠 𝑑 40×505
 𝑣 = 0.083 2 + 𝜆 𝑓′𝑐 𝑏° 𝑑 = 0.083 2 + √21 × 3620 × 505 × 10−3 =
𝑏° 3620

5270.6𝑘𝑁

𝑉 = 1652.13 𝑘𝑁 < ∅ 𝑣 = 0.75 × 2764.5 = 2073.4𝑘𝑁

The footing thickness satisfies two-way shear requirement.

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 Shallow Foundation – Structural Design II

4- Check the footing thickness for one way shear (beam shear)

It is conservative to assume that the maximum factored soil pressure of (231.5 kN/m2)
acts on the entire shaded region. Thus, the factored shear force to be resisted at the
critical section is:

𝑣 = 231.5 × 2.5 × 1.195 = 691.6𝑘𝑁

∅𝑣 = 0.75 × 0.17 × √21 × 2500 × 505 × 10 = 737.65 𝑘𝑁
∅𝑣 > 𝑣 𝑜𝑘
The footing thickness satisfies the one-way shear requirement.
5- Calculate the flexural reinforcement
a- Long direction

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 Shallow Foundation – Structural Design II

1.7 1 2
𝑀 = 185.96 × 2.5 × 1.7 × + × 2.5 × (231.5 − 185.96) × 1.7 × × 1.7
2 2 3
= 781.46𝑘𝑁. 𝑚

∅𝑀 ≥ 𝑀
𝑓𝑦
∅𝑀 = ∅𝜌𝑏𝑑 𝑓𝑦 1 − 0.59 × × 𝜌 → 𝜌 = 0.00355 → 𝐴 = 4482𝑚𝑚
𝑓′𝑐

𝐴 . = 0.0018 × 𝐵 × 𝑡 = 2700 𝑚𝑚

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 Shallow Foundation – Structural Design II

NZS 3101.2006_A3 In rectangular footings, reinforcement shall be distributed in accordance with (a)

and (b): (a) Reinforcement in the long direction shall be distributed uniformly across entire width of

footing.
4482
𝑛= = 14.27 , 𝑢𝑠𝑒 15∅20 𝑚𝑚,
314.16
2500 − 150
𝑠= = 156.6𝑚𝑚 𝑢𝑠𝑒 150𝑚𝑚
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The minimum spacing should be smallest of
- 450 mm
- 3t=1800mm
S= 150mm< Smin. ok
b- Short direction

(b) For reinforcement in the short direction, a portion of the total reinforcement, 𝛾 As, shall be
distributed uniformly over a band width equal to the length of short side of footing, centered on
centerline of column or pedestal.

Remainder of reinforcement required in the short direction,(1– 𝛾 )As, shall be distributed uniformly
outside the center band width of footing

𝛾= = . = 0.79
.

𝐴 = 0.79 × 4482 = 3540.78 𝑚𝑚

3540.78
𝑛= = 11.27 , 𝑢𝑠𝑒 12∅20 𝑚𝑚,
314.16
2500
𝑠= = 208𝑚𝑚 𝑢𝑠𝑒 200𝑚𝑚
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The remain steel reinforcement will divided into two parts as shown below

𝐴 = (0.21 × 4482) × 0.5 = 470.6 𝑚𝑚 → 𝑢𝑠𝑒 2∅20 𝑚𝑚 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒

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 Shallow Foundation – Structural Design II

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