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Deep Foundations
Shallow Foundations
A shallow foundation to perform satisfactorily must be:
-Safe against shear failure of soil
-Safe against excessive displacement
Soil type with corresponding failure
Dense Sand/Stiff Cohesive Soil General Shear Failure
Sand/ Clayey Soil w/ medium Compaction Local Shear Failure
Loose Soil Punching Shear Failure.
Terzhagi’s Ultimate Bearing Capacity
Foundations with foundation depth, Df, of four times the width are defined as shallow foundation.
Formulas:
• Wherein:
qu = ultimate bearing capacity
c’ = cohesion of soil
γ = unit weight of soil
q = γDf
Nc, Nq, Ny = non dimensional bearing capacity factors and are functions of the soil friction angle, Φ’
In calculating the gross allowable load bearing capacity of shallow foundations requires the
application of factor of safety (FS) to the gross ultimate bearing capacity.
𝑞𝑢
𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙 =
𝐹𝑆
𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 =
𝐹𝑆
Net Ultimate Bearing Capacity
The net ultimate bearing capacity is defined as the ultimate pressure per unit area of the
foundation that can be supported by the soil in excess of the pressure caused by the surrounding
soil at the foundation level. If the difference between the unit weight of concrete used in the
foundation and the unit weight of soil surrounding is assumed to be negligible, then
𝑞𝑛𝑒𝑡(𝑢) = 𝑞𝑢 − 𝑞
Where:
𝑞𝑛𝑒𝑡(𝑢) = 𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑞 = 𝛾𝐷𝑓
So
𝑞𝑢 − 𝑞
𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙(𝑛𝑒𝑡) =
𝐹𝑆
CASE I
• If the water table is located so that 0 ≤ 𝐷1 ≤ 𝐷𝑓 , the factor 𝑞 in the bearing capacity equations
take form
𝑞 = 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 = 𝐷1 𝛾 + 𝐷2 (𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 − 𝛾𝑤 )
Where
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙
𝛾𝑤 = 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
CASE II
CASE III
• When the water table is located so the 𝑑 ≥ 𝐵, the water will have no
effect in the ultimate bearing capacity
𝑵𝒄 = (𝑵𝒒 − 𝟏)𝒄𝒐𝒕∅′
𝑵𝜸 = 𝟐 (𝑵𝒒 + 𝟏)𝒕𝒂𝒏∅′
To calculate the soil compressibility factors, the following steps should be taken:
1. Calculate the rigidity index, 𝐼𝑟 , of the soil at a depth approximately B/2 below the bottom of the
foundation, or
𝑮𝒔
𝑰𝒓 = ′
𝒄 + 𝒒′ 𝒕𝒂𝒏∅′
𝑄 6𝑀
𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 = +
𝐵𝐿 𝐵2 𝐿
𝑄 6𝑀
𝑞𝑚𝑖𝑛 = -
𝐵𝐿 𝐵2 𝐿
Where
Q = Total Vertical Load
M = Moment On the Foundation
Eccentricity:
𝑀
e=𝑄
𝑄 6𝑒
𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (1+ )
𝐵𝐿 𝐵
𝑄 6𝑒
𝑞𝑚𝑖𝑛 = (1- )
𝐵𝐿 𝐵
where:
c’= cohesion
q = effective stress at the level of the bottom of the foundation
γ = unit weight of soil
B = Width of foundation (diameter for a circular foundation)
𝐹𝑐𝑠 𝐹𝑞𝑠 𝐹γ𝑠 = Shape factors
Where:
Ø′ ′
𝑁𝑞 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 (45+ 2 ) 𝑒 π𝑡𝑎𝑛Ø
Step 3.
-The total ultimate load that the foundation can sustain is:
Where
𝑁𝑐(𝑒) , 𝑁𝑞(𝑒) , 𝑁γ(𝑒) =bearing capacity factors under eccentric loading
1
𝑄𝑢 = BL[ c’ 𝑁𝑐(𝑒) 𝐹𝑐𝑠(𝑒) + q𝑁𝑞(𝑒) 𝐹𝑞𝑠(𝑒) + 2 γ𝐵𝑁γ(𝑒) 𝐹γ𝑠(𝑒) ]
Where:
𝐿
𝐹𝑐𝑠(𝑒) = 1.2-0.025(𝐵) (with a minimum of 1)
𝐹𝑞𝑠(𝑒) = 1
𝐵 3 𝑒 𝐵 2
+ [0.43 - ( )( )]( )
2𝑒
𝐹γ𝑠(𝑒) = 1.0 + ( 𝐵 − 0.68)
𝐿 2 𝐵 𝐿
qu (eccentric)
Rk = 1 -
qu (centric)
𝑅𝑘 = reduction factor
𝑞𝑢 (𝑒) = average ultimate bearing capacity of eccentrically loaded continuous foundations
𝑞𝑢 = ultimate bearing capacity of centrally loaded continuous foundations
The magnitude of 𝑅𝑘
𝑒 𝑘
𝑅𝑘 = a( )
𝐵
𝑞𝑢 (𝑒) = 𝑞𝑢 (1-𝑅𝑘 )
𝑒 𝑘
= 𝑞𝑢 (1-a( ) )
𝐵
Where
1
𝑞𝑢 = q𝑁𝑞 𝐹𝑞𝑑 + γ𝐵𝑁γ 𝐹γ𝑑
2
Based on several laboratory model tests, Patra et al. (2012a) have concluded that
2𝑒
𝑞𝑢 (𝑒) = 𝑞𝑢 (1- )
𝐵
The ultimate load per unit length of the foundation can be given as
𝑄𝑢 =B𝑞𝑢 (𝑒)
3.11 Bearing Capacity – Two-way Eccentricity
𝟏 𝟏
Case I - 𝒆𝑳 ⁄𝑳 ≥ 𝟔
and 𝒆𝑩⁄𝑩 ≥ 𝟔
𝟏
𝑨′ = 𝑩 𝑳
𝟐 𝟏 𝟏
Where:
𝟑𝒆𝑩
𝑩𝟏 = 𝑩(𝟏. 𝟓 − )
𝑩
𝟑𝒆𝑳
𝑳𝟏 = 𝑳(𝟏. 𝟓 − )
𝑳
′
If 𝑳 is the larger of the two dimensions, 𝑩𝟏 and 𝑳𝟏
𝑨′
𝑩′ =
𝑳′
𝟏
Case II - 𝒆𝑳 ⁄𝑳 < 𝟎. 𝟓 and 𝟎 < 𝒆𝑩 ⁄𝑩 < 𝟔
𝟏
𝑨′ =
(𝑳 +𝑳 )𝑩
𝟐 𝟏 𝟐
The magnitudes of 𝑳𝟏 and 𝑳𝟐 can be determined from
𝑨′
𝑩′ =
𝑳𝟏 𝒐𝒓 𝑳𝟐 (𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑟)
𝑨′
𝑩′ = 𝑳′
; The effective length, 𝑳′ = 𝑳
𝟏 𝟏
Case IV - 𝒆𝑳 ⁄𝑳 < 𝟔 and 𝒆𝑩⁄𝑩 < 𝟔
𝟏
𝑨′ = 𝑳𝟐 𝑩 + (𝑩 + 𝑩𝟐 )(𝑳 − 𝑳𝟐 )
𝟐
Where:
𝑳′ = 𝑳
and
𝑨′
𝑩′ =
𝑳