FLUID MECHANICS & HYDRAULICS Stress on Thin-Walled Pressure Vessel

(Hoop Tension)
𝑃𝐷
Density 𝑆𝑇 = Tangential Stress
𝑚 𝑃 𝛾 2𝑡
𝜌= 𝑣 ,𝜌= , 𝜌= where: 𝑡 = 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝑅𝑇 𝑔
𝑝𝐷
𝑆𝐿 = 4𝑡 Longitudinal Stress
Specific Weight Where:
𝑤 𝑝 = 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 − 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝛾 = 𝑣 , 𝛾 = 𝜌(𝑔) 𝑝𝐷
𝑆= Wall Stress
4𝑡
𝑃𝐷
Specific Volume 𝑇 = 2 Tensile Force
𝑣 1 2𝑆𝑡 𝐴ℎ
𝑠𝑣 = 𝑚 , 𝑠𝑣 = 𝜌 𝑆 = 𝑝𝐷 , Spacing of Hoops
where: 𝑆𝑡 = 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑝
Specific Gravity 𝐴ℎ = 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑝
𝜌 𝛾𝐹𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑝 = 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒
𝐺 = 𝐹𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 , 𝐺 = 𝐷 = 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒
𝜌𝐻2 0 𝛾𝐻2 0

Buoyancy
Surface Tension (𝝈)
𝑤 = 𝐹𝐵 where: 𝑤 = 𝛾𝑜 𝑣𝑜 , 𝐹𝐵 = 𝛾𝐹 𝑣𝑑
Capillary Rise (h)
2𝜎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
ℎ= Stability of Floating Bodies
𝛾𝑟 𝐼
𝑀𝐺𝑅 = 𝑉𝑅 − 𝐺𝐵 Stability against rolling motion
𝐷
Weight 𝑤3𝐿
Where: 𝐼𝑅 = Rectangle
𝑤 = 𝑚(𝑔) 12
𝐼𝑃
𝑀𝐺𝑃 = − 𝐺𝐵
Pressure (Gauge Pressure) 𝑉𝐷
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝐿3 𝑤
𝑃= , 𝑃 = 𝛾ℎ Where: 𝐼𝑅 = Rectangle
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 12
𝐻𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝐻𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝐺𝐵 = −
Absolute pressure (𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑠 ) 2 2
(𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑠 ) = 𝑃𝑔 + 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚
Rectilinear Translation (Moving Vessel)
Force due to Surface Tension Uniform acceleration, uninclined platform
𝐹 𝑚𝑎 𝑎 𝑦
𝐹 = 𝜎𝜋𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 𝑤 = 𝑚𝑔 = 𝑔 or 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 𝐿
Uniform acceleration, inclined platform
Pressure Difference 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽
𝑃2 − 𝑃1 = 𝛾ℎ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 =
𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽 ± 𝑔

Hydrostatic Force on Submerged Plane Area Rotating Vessel

(Center Pressure Concept) 𝑤2𝑟2 1
𝐹 = 𝑃𝐴 , 𝐹 = 𝛾𝑑𝑐 𝐴 ℎ= , 𝑉𝑝 = 2 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
2𝑔
𝑑𝑝 = 𝑑𝑐 + 𝑒 Depth of point of application where: 𝑉𝑃 = 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑖𝑑
Ī𝑥 ℎ = ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑖𝑑
𝑒= Eccentricity Note: 𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 = 𝑉𝑆 𝑡𝑜 𝑉𝑅 , 𝑁𝑜𝑡 𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 = 𝑉𝑅 𝑡𝑜 𝑉𝑆
𝑑𝑐 𝐴

𝑏ℎ3
Where: Ī𝑥 = Rectangle MICHAEL SALINAS -BSCE 5th Year
12
𝑏ℎ3
Ī𝑥 = Triangle
36

Hydrostatic Force on Submerged Curve Area

𝐹𝐻 = 𝛾𝑑𝑐 𝐴 = 𝛾ĥ𝐴
𝐹𝑉 = 𝛾𝑣𝑑 = 𝛾𝑣𝑐 Volume displaced/Canned
𝐹
𝐹𝑅 = √𝐹𝐻 2 + 𝐹𝑉 2 , 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 𝑉⁄𝐹
𝐻