Republic of the Philippines

BOHOL ISLAND STATE UNIVERSITY - Main Campus

College of Engineering and Architecture
6300 Tagbilaran City
Vision: A premier Science and Technology University for the formation of world class and virtual human resource for sustainable development in Bohol and the country
Mission: BISU is committed to provide quality higher education in the arts and sciences, as well as in the professional and technological fields; undertake research and
development and extension services for the sustainable development of Bohol and the country.

DAMS

What are dams?

Dams are structures that block the flow of a river, stream, or other waterway. Some dams divert the flow of river water
into a pipeline, canal or channel.

Purpose of Dam
1. Irrigation and drinking water
2. Power Supply
3. Navigation
4. Flood Control
5. Multi purposes

ANALYSIS OF GRAVITY DAM

Steps of Solution

I. Consider 1 unit (1 m) length of dam (perpendicular to the sketch)

II. Determine all the forces acting:

I. Consider 1 unit (1 m) length of dam (perpendicular to the sketch)

II. Determine all the forces acting:
A. Vertical Forces
1. Weight of the dam
𝑊1 = 𝛾𝑐 𝑉1 ; 𝑊2 = 𝛾𝑐 𝑉2 ; 𝑊3 = 𝛾𝑐 𝑉3 ;
2. Weight of the water in the upstream side (if any)
𝑊4 = 𝛾𝑙𝑖𝑞 𝑉4
3. Weight of permanent structures on the dam
4. Hydrostatic Uplift
𝑈1 = 𝛾𝑙𝑖𝑞 𝑉𝑢1
𝑈2 = 𝛾𝑙𝑖𝑞 𝑉𝑢2

B. Horizontal Force
1. Total Hydrostatic Force acting at the vertical projection of the submerged portion of the dam,
𝐹 = 𝛾𝑙𝑖𝑞 ℎ̅𝐴
2. Wind Pressure
3. Wave Action
4. Floating Bodies
5. Earthquake Load
 III. Solve for the Reaction
A. Vertical Reaction, 𝑅𝑦
𝑅𝑦 = ∑ 𝐹𝑉
𝑅𝑦 = 𝑊1 + 𝑊2 + 𝑊3 + 𝑊4 − 𝑈1 − 𝑈2

B. Horizontal Reaction, 𝑅𝑥
𝑅𝑥 = ∑ 𝐹𝐻
𝑅𝑥 = 𝑃

IV. Moment about the Toe

A. Righting Moment, RM (rotation towards the upstream side)
𝑅𝑀 = 𝑊1 𝑥1 + 𝑊2 𝑥2 + 𝑊3 𝑥3 + 𝑊4 𝑥4

B. Overturning Moment, OM (rotation towards the downstream side)

𝑂𝑀 = 𝑃𝑦 + 𝑈1 𝑧1 + 𝑈2 𝑧2

V. Location of 𝑅𝑦 (𝑥̅ )
𝑅𝑀 − 𝑂𝑀
𝑥̅ =
𝑅𝑦
Where:
𝛾 = 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 9.81 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚3 (𝑜𝑟 1000 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3
𝛾𝑐 = 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒
𝛾𝑐 = 2.4𝛾 (𝑢𝑠𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑠 23.5 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚3

FACTORS OF SAFETY

Factor of safety against sliding, 𝑭𝑺𝒔 :

𝜇𝑅𝑦
𝐹𝑆𝑠 = >1
𝑅𝑥

Factor of safety against overturning, 𝑭𝑺𝑶 :

𝑅𝑀
𝐹𝑆𝑂 = >1
𝑂𝑀

Where:
𝜇 = 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑎𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

FOUNDATION PRESSURE

For
𝑩
𝒆≤
𝟔
From combined axial and bending stress formula

𝑃 𝑀𝑐
𝑞=− ±
𝐴 𝐼
Where:
𝑃 = 𝑅𝑦
𝐴 = 𝐵(1) = 𝐵
𝑀 = 𝑅𝑦 𝑒
1(𝐵)3
𝐼=
12
𝐵
𝑐=
2
Therefore:
𝑅𝑦 (𝑅𝑦 𝑒)(𝐵 ⁄2)
𝑞=− ±
𝐵 𝐵3 ⁄12
𝑅𝑦 6𝑅𝑦 𝑒
𝑞=− ± 2
𝐵 𝐵

𝑅𝑦 6𝑒 𝑩
𝑞=− (1 ± ) , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝒆 ≤
𝐵 𝐵 𝟔

Note: Use (+) to get the stress at point where 𝑅𝑦 is nearest. In the diagram shown above, use (+) to get 𝑞𝑇 and (-) to get
𝑞𝐻 . A negative stress indicates compressive stress and a positive stress indicates tensile stress.

Since soil cannot carry any tensile stress, the above equation for q is invalid if the stress is positive. This will happen if
 𝑩
𝒆> . Should this happen, another equation will be used.
𝟔

When
𝑩
𝒆>
𝟔

𝑥̅ = 𝑎⁄3
𝑎 = 3𝑥̅

1
𝑅𝑦 = (𝑎)(𝑞𝑒 )(1)
2
1
𝑅𝑦 = (3𝑥̅ )(𝑞𝑒 )
2
Therefore:

2𝑅𝑦
𝑞𝑒 =
3𝑥̅

BOUYANCY

Archimedes’ Principle

A principle discovered by the Greek scientist Archimedes that states that “any body immersed in a fluid is acted upon by
an upward force (buoyant force) equal to the weight of the displaced fluid.”

𝐵𝐹 = 𝐹𝑣2 − 𝐹𝑣1
𝐵𝐹 = 𝛾(𝑉𝑜𝑙2 ) − 𝛾(𝑉𝑜𝑙1 )
𝐵𝐹 = 𝛾(𝑉𝑜𝑙2 − 𝑉𝑜𝑙1 )
Therefore:
𝐵𝐹 = 𝛾𝑉𝐷

Where:
𝛾 = 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑
𝑉𝐷 = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑. 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒

To solve problems in buoyancy, identify the forces acting and apply conditions of static equilibrium:

∑ 𝐹𝐻 = 0, ∑ 𝐹𝑉 = 0, ∑ 𝑀 = 0

For homogenous solid body of volume V “floating” in a homogenous fluid at rest:

𝑠𝑝. 𝑔𝑟. 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 𝛾𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦

𝑉𝐷 = (𝑉) = (𝑉)
𝑠𝑝. 𝑔𝑟. 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝛾𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑
If the body of height H has a constant horizontal cross-sectional area such as vertical cylinders, blocks, etc.:

𝑠𝑝. 𝑔𝑟. 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 𝛾𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦

𝐷= (𝐻) = (𝐻)
𝑠𝑝. 𝑔𝑟. 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝛾𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑
If the body is of uniform vertical cross-sectional area A, the area submerged 𝐴𝑆 is:

𝑠𝑝. 𝑔𝑟. 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 𝛾𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦

𝐴𝑆 = (𝐴) = (𝐴)
𝑠𝑝. 𝑔𝑟. 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝛾𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑

Statical Stability of Floating Bodies

A floating body is acted upon by two equal opposing forces. These are the body’s weight W (acting at the center of gravity)
and its buoyant force BF (acting at the center of buoyancy that is located at the center of gravity of the displaced liquid).

Elements of a Floating Body

𝑾 = Weight of the body

𝑩𝑭 = Buoyant force (always equal to W for a
floating body)
𝑮 = Center of gravity of the body
𝑩𝒐 = Center of buoyancy in the upright position
(centroid of the displaced liquid)
𝑩𝒐 ′ = Center of buoyancy in the tilted position
𝑽𝑫 = Volume displaced
𝑴 = Metacenter, the point of intersection
between the line of action of the buoyant
force and the axis of the body
𝒄 = Center of gravity of the wedges (immersion
and emersion)
𝒔 = Horizontal distance between the cg’s of the
wedges
𝒗 = Volume of the wedge of immersion
𝜽 = Angle of tilting
𝑴𝑩𝒐 = Distance from M to Bo
𝑮𝑩𝒐 = Distance from G to Bo
𝑴𝑮 = Metacentric height, distance from M to G

RIGHTING MOMENT AND OVERTURNING MOMENT

𝑹𝑴 𝒐𝒓 𝑶𝑴 = 𝑾(𝒙) = 𝑾(𝑴𝑮 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽)

METACENTRIC HEIGHT

𝑴𝒆𝒕𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄 𝑯𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕, 𝑴𝑮 = 𝑴𝑩𝒐 ± 𝑮𝑩𝒐

Use (-) if G is above 𝑩𝒐

Use (+) if G is below 𝑩𝒐

Note: M is always above 𝑩𝒐

VALUE OF 𝑴𝑩𝒐

Moment due to shifting of 𝐵𝐹 = 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑓𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒

𝐵𝐹(𝑧) = 𝐹(𝑠)
Where:

𝐵𝐹 = 𝛾𝑉𝐷
𝐹 = 𝛾𝑣
𝑧 = 𝑀𝐵𝑜 sin 𝜃

𝛾𝑉𝐷 𝑀𝐵𝑜 sin 𝜃 = 𝛾𝑣𝑠

Therefore:
𝑣𝑠
𝑀𝐵𝑜 =
𝑉𝐷 sin 𝜃

Initial Value of 𝑴𝑩𝒐

For small values of 𝜃, (𝜃 ≈ 0 𝑜𝑟 𝜃 = 0):

𝐼
𝑀𝐵𝑜 =
𝑉𝐷

Note: This formula can be applied to any section.

FOR RECTANGULAR SECTION

𝐵2 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃
𝑀𝐵𝑜 = (1 + )
12𝐷 2

STRESS ON THIN-WALLED PRESSURE VESSELS

Thin-Walled Cylindrical Tank

A tank carrying a fluid or gas under a pressure is subjected to tensile forces, which resists bursting, developed across
longitudinal and transverse sections.

To determine the longitudinal Stress

Applying equilibrium condition:
(∑ 𝐹𝐻 = 0)
𝐹 = 2𝑇
Where:
𝐹 = 𝑝𝐴 = 𝑝𝐷𝑠
𝑇 = 𝑆𝑇 (𝐴𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 )
𝑇 = 𝑆𝑇 (𝑠 × 𝑡)
𝑝𝐷𝑠 = 2 × [𝑆𝑇 (𝑠 × 𝑡)]

Therefore:
𝑝𝐷
𝑇𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠, 𝑆𝑇 =
2𝑡

To determine the longitudinal Stress,

Applying equilibrium condition:

(∑ 𝐹𝐻 = 0)
𝐹=𝑇
Where:
𝜋
𝐹 = 𝑝𝐴 = 𝑝( 𝐷2 )
4
𝑇 = 𝑆𝐿 (𝐴𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 )
𝑇 = 𝑆𝐿 (𝜋𝐷𝑡)
𝜋
𝑝 𝐷 2 = 𝑆𝐿 (𝜋𝐷𝑡)
4
Therefore:
𝑝𝐷
𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠, 𝑆𝐿 =
4𝑡

𝑝 = 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 − 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒

SPHERICAL SHELL
If a spherical tank of diameter D and thickness t contains gas under a pressure of p, the stress at the wall
can be expressed as:

𝑝𝐷
𝑊𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠, 𝑆 =
4𝑡

SPACING OF HOOPS OF A WOOD STAVE PIPE

2𝑆𝑡 𝐴ℎ
𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔, 𝑆 =
𝑝𝐷

Where:

𝑆𝑡 = Allowable tensile stress of the hoop

𝐴ℎ = Cross-sectional area of the hoop
𝑝 = Internal pressure in the pipe
𝐷 = Diameter of the pipe