7.

0 DETERMINATION OF SOIL PARAMETER

7.1 Unit weight, 𝜸
Unit weight of soil value is depending by the type material and its compaction state. The
saturated unit weight is for dry soil varies and for saturated unit weight is used for soils below
the water table and within the capillary fringe above the water table. In this assignment,
assumption of the unit weight is based on the table below:

Figure 2: unit weight table

7.2 Correction Factor, 𝑪𝑵

Correction factor is determined based on Liao Withman’s relationship (1986):

Where,
𝜎𝑜 : Effective Overburden Pressure (kN/𝑚2 )
𝑃𝑎 : Atmosphere Pressure (100 kN/𝑚2 )
7.3 Corrected SPT-N Value, (𝑵𝟏 )𝟔𝟎
Corrected SPT-N value is determined based on Hatanaka and Uchida (1996):
(𝑁1 )60=𝐶𝑁 × 𝑁60
Where,
𝐶𝑁 : Correction Factor
𝑁60 : N value obtained from the field test.

7.4 Friction Angle, ∅

Friction angle is determined based on the:
Schmertmann (1975)

𝑁60
∅ (deg) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [ 𝜎 ]
12.2+20.3 𝑜
𝑃𝑎

Where,
𝑁60 : N value obtained from field test.
𝜎𝑜 : Effective Overburden Pressure (kN/𝑚2 )
𝑃𝑎 : Atmosphere Pressure (100 kN/𝑚2 )

Peck, Hanson and Thornburn (1974)

7.5 Undrained Shear Strength, 𝑪𝒖

Undrained Shear Strength is determined based on the Stroud (1974):

𝐶𝑢 = 𝐾𝑁60
Where,
K: Constant = 3.5-6.5 kN/𝑚2 (Take average: 4.4 kN/𝑚2 )
𝑁60 : N value obtained from field test.
7.6 Cohesion, C
Cohesion value is determined from corrected SPT-N value by interpolating the value in the
table below. For sand, the cohesion is zero (0) as it is assumed as cohesionless soil.

Figure 3: scale of strength

Cohesion estimation:
C = N1,60 X 6.25
8.0 FORMULA FOR DESIGN FOUNDATION
8.1 Deep foundation
8.1.1 Ultimate bearing capacity of a pile,
𝑄𝑢𝑙𝑡 = 𝑄𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 + 𝑄𝑡𝑖𝑝

Where,
𝑄𝑢𝑙𝑡 : Ultimate bearing capacity
𝑄𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 : Skin friction

𝑄𝑡𝑖𝑝 : End bearing capacity

8.1.2 Skin friction of pile,

For sand,

𝑄𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑃 × ∑ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛿 × 𝜎′𝑣 × 𝐾 × 𝐿𝑖

Where,
P : pile perimeter
𝛿 : soil-pile friction angle = 0.8𝜑
𝜎′𝑣 : vertical effective stress for each layer
K : effective earth pressure coefficient (assumption = 1.5)
Li : depth of each soil layer

For clay,

𝑄𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑃 × ∑ 𝛼 × 𝐶𝑢,𝑖 × 𝐿𝑖

Where,
P : pile perimeter
𝛼 : empirical adhesion coefficient
𝐶𝑢,𝑖 : undrained shear strength of each soil layer
Li : depth of each soil layer
8.1.3 End bearing for pile (Meyerhof Method)
For sand,
𝑄𝑡𝑖𝑝 = 𝐴𝑝 × 𝑞 ′ × 𝑁𝑞∗ ≤ 𝑄𝐿

Where,
𝐴𝑝 : Cross-section area of the end point of the pile.

q’ : Effective vertical stress at the level of the end of the pile

𝑁𝑞∗ : Load capacity factor (depends only on 𝜑 −value)

𝑄𝐿 : Limiting value for point resistance = 0.5 × 𝐴𝑝 × 𝑝𝑎 × 𝑁𝑞∗ × 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜑 𝑁𝑞

Figure 4: graph to obtain Nq value

For clay,
𝑄𝑡𝑖𝑝 = 9𝑐𝐴𝑝

Where,
c : cohesion for the soil supported the pile at its end
8.1.4 Pile group efficiency (Converse-Labarre Equation)

Where,
𝐸𝑔 : pile group efficiency

𝜃 : arctan d/s, degree

n : number of piles in a row
m : number of rows of piles
d : diameter of piles
s : spacing between piles (c/c)
8.2 Shallow foundation
8.2.1 Terzaghi’s Bearing Capacity theory
Ultimate bearing capacity,
1
𝑞𝑢 = 𝑐 ′ 𝑁𝑐 + 𝑞𝑁𝑞 + 𝛾𝐵𝑁𝛾
2
For SQUARE FOUNDATION,
𝑞𝑢 = 1.3c’𝑁𝑐 + 𝑞𝑁𝑞 + 0.4𝛾𝑁𝛾

For CIRCULAR FOUNDATION,

𝑞𝑢 = 1.3c’𝑁𝑐 + 𝑞𝑁𝑞 + 0.3𝛾𝑁𝛾

Where,
c’ = cohesion of soil
γ = unit weight of soil
q =𝛾𝐷𝑓

𝑁𝑐 , 𝑁𝑞 , 𝑁𝛾 = bearing capacity factors that are non-dimensional and are functions only of the
soil friction angle

Figure 5: graph to obtain 𝑁𝑐 , 𝑁𝑞 , 𝑁𝛾 value

8.2.2 Gross allowable bearing capacity,
𝑞𝑢
𝑞𝒂𝒍𝒍 =
𝐹𝒔
𝑞𝒂𝒍𝒍 = allowable load per unit area to which the soil under the foundation should be subjected
to avoid any chance of bearing capacity failure.

8.2.3 Net allowable bearing capacity,

𝑞𝑢(𝑛𝑒𝑡) = 𝑞𝑢 − 𝑞

𝑞𝑢(𝑛𝑒𝑡) =allowable load per unit area of the foundation in excess of the existing vertical
effective stress at the level of foundation.