Electromagnetic Theory PDF

ELECTROMAGNETIC
THEORY
For
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY
SYLLABUS
Elements of vector calculus: divergence and curl; Gauss’ and Stokes’ theorems,
Maxwell’s equations: differential and integral forms. Wave equation, Poynting vector.
Plane waves: propagation through various media; reflection and refraction; phase and
group velocity; skin depth. Transmission lines: characteristic impedance; impedance
transformation; Smith chart; impedance matching; S parameters, pulse excitation.
Waveguides: modes in rectangular waveguides; boundary conditions; cut-off
frequencies; dispersion relations. Basics of propagation in dielectric waveguide and
optical fibers. Basics of Antennas: Dipole antennas; radiation pattern; antenna gain.
ANALYSIS OF GATE PAPERS

Exam Year 1 Mark Ques. 2 Mark Ques. Total
2003 2 7 16
2004 2 6 14
2005 2 6 14
2006 2 8 18
2007 2 7 16
2008 2 5 12
2009 2 3 8
2010 3 2 7
2011 4 3 10
2012 4 5 14
2013 1 2 5
2014 Set-1 2 3 8
2014 Set-2 2 4 10
2014 Set-3 2 3 8
2014 Set-4 4 3 10
2015 Set-1 2 4 10
2015 Set-2 2 3 8
2015 Set-3 2 4 10
2016 Set-1 2 4 10
2016 Set-2 3 4 11
2016 Set-3 2 4 10
2017 Set-1 1 3 7
2017 Set-2 2 3 8
2018 2 3 8
© Copyright Reserved by Gateflix.in No part of this material should be copied or reproduced without permission
CONTENTS
Topics Page No
1. VECTORS & COORDINATE SYSTEMS
1.1 Vectors 01
1.2 Coordinate Systems and Transformation 02
1.3 Differential Length, Area, & Volume 03
1.4 Del Operator 03
1.5 Classification of Vector Fields 05
2. ELECTROSTATICS
2.1 Coulomb's Law 06

2.2 Electric Field Intensity 06
2.3 Gauss’s Law – Maxwell’s Equation 08
2.4 Electric Potential 09
2.5 Electric Dipole 09
2.6 Energy Density in Electrostatic Fields 10
2.7 Continuity Equation 11
2.8 Boundary Conditions 11
2.9 Poisson’s And Laplace’s Equations 11
2.10 Capacitances 11
2.11 Method of Images 12
3. MAGNETOSTATICS
3.1 Introduction 14
3.2 Biot – Savart’s Law 15
3.3 Magnetic Filed Intensity 15
3.4 Ampere’s Circuit Law – Maxwell’s Equation 16
3.5 Magnetic Flux Density – Maxwell’s Equation 18
3.6 Force Due To Magnetic Filed 18
3.7 Magnetic Torque and Moment 19
3.8 Magnetic Boundary Conditions 19
3.9 Inductor and Inductances 19
3.10 Magnetic Energy 19
Gate Questions 21
4. MAXWELL’S EQUATIONS
4.1 Faraday’s Law 36

4.2 Displacement Current 36
4.3 Time – Varying Potentials 37
4.4 Time – Harmonic Field 37
5. UNIFORM PLANE WAVES
5.1 Uniform Plane Waves 39

5.2 The Poynting Vector 41
5.3 Reflection of Plane Wave 41
Gate Questions 44
6. TRANSMISSION LINES
6.1 Introduction 58
6.2 Transmission Line Equations 58
6.3 Input Impedance, SWR, and Power 60
6.4 Applications of Transmission Lines 61
Gate Questions 63
7. WAVEGUIDES
7.1 Parallel Plane Waveguides 76

7.2 Wave Behavior Between Guides 76
7.3 Cut-Off Frequency 77
7.4 Phase Velocity & Guide Wavelength 77
7.5 Wave Angle 78
7.6 Modes of Operation 78
7.7 Rectangular Waveguides 79
7.8 TE Waves in Rectangular Waveguides 80
7.9 Dominate Mode of TE Waves 80
7.10 TM Waves in Rectangular Waveguides 80
7.11 Dominate Mode of TE Waves 80
7.12 Numerical Aperture 80
7.13 Attenuation 81
7.14 Dispersion 82
Gate Questions 83
8. ANTENNAS
8.1 Radiated Power of a Hertzian Dipole 92

8.2 Radiation of Half-Wave Dipole 92
8.3 Basic Terms and Definitions In Antennas 93
8.4 Study of Various Antenna 94
Gate Questions 96
9. ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS 104
1 VECTORS & CO-ORDINATE SYSTEMS
1.1 VECTORS
• Scalar triple product: 𝑨𝑨 . (𝑩𝑩×𝑪𝑪)
A vector 𝐴𝐴 has both magnitude and • Vector triple product: 𝑨𝑨 × (𝑩𝑩 × 𝑪𝑪)
direction. The magnitude of 𝐴𝐴 is a scalar
written as A or |A|. A unit vector aA along 𝐴𝐴 1. Dot Product
is defined as a vector whose magnitude is The dot product of two vector 𝑨𝑨 and𝑩𝑩
unity and its direction is along A, that is, written as𝑨𝑨. 𝑩𝑩, is defined geometrically
A A x aˆ x + A y aˆ y + A z aˆ z as the product of the magnitudes of A
aA = aA = and B and the cosine of the angle
|A| A 2x + A 2y + A 2z between them.
B
𝑨𝑨 . 𝑩𝑩 = AB cos θAB
A
C A 𝑨𝑨 . 𝑩𝑩 = AxBx + AyBy + AzBz
C 2. Cross Product
B aˆ x aˆ y aˆ z
A ×=
B ABsin θAB aˆ n , A ×=
B Ax Ay Az
1.1.1 VECTOR ADDITION & SUBTRACTION Bx By Bz
Note that the cross product has the
Two vectors 𝐴𝐴 and 𝐵𝐵 can be added together following basic properties:
to give another vector𝐶𝐶; that is, i) It is not commutative:
𝐶𝐶=𝐴𝐴+𝐵𝐵 A × B ≠ B× A
Law Addition Multiplication It is anti-commutative:
Commutative 𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵 = 𝐵𝐵 + 𝐴𝐴 k𝐴𝐴 = 𝐴𝐴k A × B =−B × A
Associative 𝐴𝐴 + (𝐵𝐵 + 𝐶𝐶 ) k( A) = (k )A ii) It is not associative:
= (𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵) +𝐶𝐶 A × (B × C) ≠ (A × B) × C
Distributive k(𝐴𝐴+𝐵𝐵)=k𝐴𝐴+ iii) It is distributive:
k𝐵𝐵 A × (B + C) = A × B + A × C
The position vector rp (or radius vector) of 3. Scalar Triple Product
point P is as the directed from the origin O Given three vectors 𝑨𝑨, 𝑩𝑩, and 𝑪𝑪, we
to P; i.e., define the scalar triple product as
RP = 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 = X𝑎𝑎�x + Y𝑎𝑎�y + Z𝑎𝑎�z A.(B × C)= B.(C × A)= C.(A × B)
The distance vector is the displacement
from one point to another. Ax Ay Az
r PQ= r Q − r P A.(B × C) =Bx By Bz
= (x Q − x P )aˆ x + (y Q − y P )aˆ y + (z Q − z P )aˆ z Cx Cy Cz
4. Vector Triple Product.
1.1.2 VECTOR MULTIPLICATION A × (B=
× C) B(C . A) − C(A . B)
• Scalar (or dot) product: 𝑨𝑨 . 𝑩𝑩 1.1.3 COMPONENTS OF A VECTOR

• Vector (or cross) product: 𝑨𝑨× 𝑩𝑩
z
The vector component AB of A along B is
simply the scalar component
az
A.B
= =
A B A cos θ ρ p
B aφ
aρ
1.2 COORDINATE SYSTEMS AND
TRANSFORMATION
φ y
An orthogonal system is one in which the
x
coordinates are mutually perpendicular. The ranges of the variables are
0≤ρ<∞
1.2.1 CARTESIAN COORDINATES (X, Y, Z)
0 ≤ ϕ < 2π
A point P can be represented as (x, y, z) as −∞ < z < ∞
in Figure A vector 𝐴𝐴 in cylindrical coordinates can be
z written as
z
P(x, y, z) = P(ρ, φ, z)
az ay z
ax y
y
ρ
x φ x = ρ cos φ
x y = ρ sin φ
The ranges of the coordinate variable x, y, x
and z are (A ρ , A ϕ , A z ) or A ρ aˆ ρ + A ϕaˆ ϕ + A z aˆ z
−∞ < x < ∞ x=distance from yz plane y
=
ρ ϕ tan −1 =
x 2 + y 2 ,= ,z z
−∞ < y < ∞ y=distance from xz plane x or
−∞ < z < ∞ z=distance from xy plane x= ρ cos ϕ, y = ρ sin ϕ, z = z
A vector A in Cartesian (otherwise known  A ρ   cos ϕ sin ϕ 0   A x 
as rectangular) coordinates can be written    sin ϕ cos ϕ 0   A  or
 A ϕ  =−    y
as  A z   0 0 1   A z 
(Ax, Ay, Az) or 𝐴𝐴= Ax𝑎𝑎�x + Ay𝑎𝑎�y + Az𝑎𝑎�z
Where, ax, ay, and az are unit vectors along  A x  cos ϕ − sin ϕ 0   A ρ 
 A  = sin ϕ cos ϕ 0   A 
the x, y and z directions respectively,as  y    ϕ
shown in Figure.  A z   0 0 1   A z 
1.2.2 CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES

1.2.3 SPHERICAL COORDINATES (r, θ, ϕ)
(ρ, ϕ, z)
R=radius
Azimuthal angle, is measured from the
θ =elevation angle
positive x-axis in the xy-plane; and z is the ϕ =azimuthal angle
same as in the Cartesian system.
ρ =radius
ϕ =azimuthal angle
z =height
z
B. Cylindrical Coordinates
1) Different displacement is given by
ar dl = dρaˆ ρ + ρ dϕ aˆ ϕ + dz aˆ z
2) Different normal area is given by
P aφ
θ dS =ρ dϕ dz aˆ ρ or
aθ
r = dρ dz aˆ ϕ or
y
=ρ dϕ dρ aˆ z
φ
3) Differential volume is given by
dV = ρ dρ dϕ dz
x
Range: C. Spherical Coordinates
0 ≤ r < ∞, 0 ≤ θ ≤ π & 0 ≤ ϕ < 2 π 1) The different displacement is
(A r, A θ , A ϕ ) or A r aˆ r + A θ aˆ θ + A ϕaˆ ϕ =
dl dr aˆ r + r dθ aˆ θ + r sin θ dϕ aˆ ϕ
A = (A 2r + A θ2 + A ϕ2 )1/2 2) The differential normal area is

=
dS r 2 sin θ dθ dϕ aˆ r or
x 2 + y2 = r sin θ dr dϕ aˆ θ or
=r θ tan −1
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ,= ,
z
= r dr dθ aˆ ϕ
y
ϕ = tan −1 3) The differential volume is
x or
x= r sin θ cos ϕ, y= r sin θ sin ϕ, z= r cos θ = r 2 sin θ dr dθ dϕ
dV
1.2.4 CONSTANT-COORDINATE SURFACES The line integral ∫ A.dI is
L
the
X = Constant integral of the tangential component

Y = Constant of A along curve L.
Z = Constant Given a vector field A, continuous in
ρ = Constant a region containing the smooth
φ = Constant surface S, we define the surface
Z = Constant Integral or the flux of A through S as
r = Constant ψ =∫ A.dS
θ= Constant S
1.3 DIFFERENTIAL LENGTH, AREA, & 1.4 DEL OPERATOR

VOLUME
∂ ∂ ∂
=
∇ aˆ x + aˆ y + aˆ z
A. Cartesian Coordinates ∂x ∂y ∂z
1) Differential displacement is given by ∂ 1 ∂ ∂
��⃗ =
∇ aˆ ρ + aˆ ϕ + aˆ z
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = dx 𝑎𝑎�x + dy 𝑎𝑎�y + dz 𝑎𝑎�z ∂ρ ρ ∂ϕ ∂z
2) Different normal area is given by ∂ 1 ∂ 1 ∂
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = dy dz 𝑎𝑎�x or =
∇ aˆ r + aˆ θ + aˆ ϕ
∂r r ∂θ r sin θ ∂ϕ
= dx dz 𝑎𝑎�y or
= dz dy 𝑎𝑎�z
1.4.1 APPLICATION OF DEL OPERATOR
3) Different volume is given by
V = dx dy dz
• The gradient of a scalar V, written as ∇
V
• The divergence of a vector 𝐴𝐴, written as circulation of 𝑨𝑨 per unit area as the area
∇ .A tends to zero and whose direction is the
normal direction of the area when the area
• The curl of a vector A, written as ∇ × 𝐴𝐴
is oriented so as to make the circulation
• The Laplacian of a scalar V, written maximum. i. e.
∇ 2 V = ∇.∇V
 ∫ A.dI 

1.4.2 GRADIENT OF A SCALAR Curl A = ∇ × A =  lim L  an

∆s → 0 ∆S  max
 
∂V ∂V ∂V
∇=
V aˆ x + aˆ y + aˆ z aˆ x aˆ y aˆ z
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂V 1 ∂V ∂V ∂ ∂ ∂
∇=
V aˆ ρ + aˆ ϕ + aˆ z ∇=
×A =
; A A x aˆ x + A y aˆ y + A z aˆ z
∂ρ ρ ∂ϕ ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z
∂V 1 ∂V 1 ∂V Ax Ay Az
∇=
V aˆ r + aˆ θ + aˆ ϕ
∂r r ∂θ r sin θ ∂ϕ
1.4.3 DIVERGENCE OF A VECTOR

aˆ ρ ρ aˆ ϕ aˆ z
1 ∂ ∂ ∂
The divergence of 𝑨𝑨 at a given point P is the ∇=
×A ;=
A A ρ aˆ ρ + A ϕaˆ ϕ + A z aˆ z
outward flux per unit volume as the volume ρ ∂ρ ∂ϕ ∂z
shrinks about P. Aρ ρ A ϕ Az
∫ A.dS aˆ r r aˆ θ r sin θ aˆ ϕ
divA = ∇ .A = lim S 1 ∂ ∂ ∂
∇ ×=
A ;=
A A r aˆ r + A θ aˆ θ + A ϕaˆ ϕ
∆v → 0 ∆v r 2 sin θ ∂r ∂θ ∂ϕ
∂A x ∂A y ∂A z Ar rA θ r sin θ A ϕ
∇ .A= + +
∂x ∂y ∂z
1 ∂ 1 ∂A ϕ ∂A z
∇ .A= (ρA ρ ) + + 1.4.6 STOKES’S THEOREM
ρ ∂ρ ρ ∂ϕ ∂z
1 ∂ 1 ∂ Stokes’s theorem states that the
=
∇ .A 2 (r 2 A r ) + (A θ sin θ)
r ∂r r sin θ ∂θ circulation of a vector field A around a
1 ∂A ϕ (closed) path L is equal to the surface
+ integral of the curl of 𝐴𝐴 over the open
r sin θ ∂ϕ
surface S bounded by L provided that A and
1.4.4 GAUSS DIVERGENCE THEOREM ∇ × A are continuous on S.
∫ A.dI= ∫ (∇ × A).dS
The divergence theorem states that the L S
total outward flux of a vector field 𝐴𝐴

through the closed surface S is the same as 1.4.7 LAPLACIAN OF A SCALAR
the volume integral of the divergence of 𝐴𝐴.
The Laplacian of a scalar field V, written
∫ A.dS= ∫ ∇ .A dv as
S v
∇ 2 V = ∇.∇V , is the divergence of the
1.4.5 CURL OF A VECTOR gradient of V.
∂2V ∂2V ∂2V
∇ V=
2
+ +
The curl of 𝑨𝑨 is an axial (or rotational) ∂x 2 ∂y 2 ∂z 2
vector whose magnitude is the maximum
1 ∂  ∂V  1 ∂ 2 V ∂ 2 V
∇2V
= ρ + +
ρ ∂ρ  ∂ρ  ρ2 ∂ϕ2 ∂z 2
1 ∂  2 ∂V  1 ∂  ∂V 
=
∇2V r + 2  sin θ 
r ∂r  ∂r  r sin θ ∂θ 
2
∂θ 
1 ∂2V
+
r 2 sin 2 θ ∂ϕ2
1.5 CLASSIFICATION OF VECTOR FIELDS
a) ∇ .A= 0, ∇ × A= 0
b) ∇ .A ≠ 0, ∇ × A = 0
(a) (b)
c) ∇ .A= 0, ∇ × A ≠ 0
d) ∇ .A ≠ 0, ∇ × A ≠ 0
(c) (d)
2 ELECTROSTATICS
2.1 COULOMB'S LAW 1 N (

Qk r − r k )
E=
4πε 0
∑
k =1 r − rk
3
It states that the force F between two point

2.2.1 ELECTRIC FIELDS DUE TO
charges Q1 and Q2 is:
CONTINOUS CHARGE DISTRIBUTIONS
1. Along the line joining them
2. Directly proportional to the product Q1, 1) Line charge:
Q2 of the charges
3. Inversely proportional to the square of
the distance R between them.
F=
kQ1Q 2 dQ = ρL dl → Q = ∫ ρL dl
R2 L
−9 ρ dl
ε0 8.854 ×10−12 ≈
=
10
F/m or E = ∫ L 2 aˆ R
36π L
4πε0 R
1 Unit: ρL :c/m
=
k ≈ 9 ×109 m / F
4πε 0 2) Surface charge:
Q1Q 2
F12 = aˆ R
4πε 0 R 2 12
= –
12
R
2 1
dQ = ∫ SdS
ρSdS → Q =ρ
= 12
S
â R12
R ρs dS
E=∫ aˆ R
4πε0 R 2
21 =- 12 s
Unit: ρs =c/m2
2.2 ELECTRIC FIELD INTENSITY 3) Volume charge:
The electric field intensity ( or electric

filed strength) E is the force per unit
positive charge when placed in the electric
field.
F
E = lim or Simply
Q →0 Q dQ = ∫ vdv
ρv dv → Q =ρ
F ρv dV
E= E=∫ aˆ R
Q V
4πε0 R 2
Q Q(r − s ') Unit: volts/meter
=E = aˆ
4πε0 R 2 R
4πε0 r − r '
3
2.2.2 ELECTRIC FIELD DUE TO A LINE 2.2.3 ELECTRIC FIELD DUE TO A
CHARGE SURFACE CHARGE
z z
dEz dE
ρ α dE dEz
(0,0,z) T dEρ
α2 α1 P(0,0,z)
α ρv α dv at(r’, θ’,φ’)
(0,0,z’) B
R (x, y, z) R
r’
dl θ
A
y
y φ’
0
x
ρL ρa ρ + ( z − z ') a z x
E=
4πε0 ∫ 3/2
dz '
dQ = ρSdS
ρ2 + ( z − z ' ) 
2
 
2 1/2
Q= ∫ ρ dS S
R =ρ + ( z − z ') 
2
=ρ sec α S
 
dQ
z ' = OT − ρ tan α, dz ' = −ρ sec 2 αdα dE = aˆ R
4πε0 R 2
−ρL
α2
ρ sec 2 α cos αaˆ ρ + sin αaˆ z  dα R =ρ ( −aˆ ρ ) + haˆ z
E=
4πε0 ∫
α1
ρ sec α
2 2
1/2
α2
R = ρ2 + h 2 
ρL
4πε0ρ α∫1 
=− cos αaˆ ρ + sin α aˆ z dα R
â R = dQ = ρs dS = ρsρdϕdρ
R
Thus for a finite line charge,
z ρsρdϕ dρ  −ρaˆ ρ + haˆ z 
dE = 3/2
ρS 4πε0 ρ2 + h 2 
P(0,0,h)
2π ∞
ρS hρ dρ dϕ
h
R
y
=E ∫=
dE z ∫ ∫
4πε 0 ϕ= 0 ρ= 0 ρ2 + h 2  3/2
aˆ z
 
φ ρ
2 1
∞
ρs h
d ( ρ2 )aˆ z
−3/2 1
= 2π∫ ρ2 + h 2 
x 4πε 0 0 2
{ }
ρL
 − ( sin α 2 − sin α1 ) aˆ ρ + ( cos α 2 − cos α1 ) aˆ z  = ρs h − ρ2 + h 2  −1/2 aˆ
∞
=E
4πε0ρ 2ε 0   z
0
As a special case, for an finite line charge, ρ ρ

E = S aˆ z or E = S aˆ n
point B is at (0,0,∞) and A at (0,0,- ∞) so 2ε 0 2ε 0
that α1 = π/2, α2 = -π/2; the z-component For conducting charged plate
vanishes and eq. Becomes
ρS −ρ ρ
ρL =
E aˆ n + S ( −aˆ n= ) S aˆ n volts/meter
E= aˆ ρ volts/meter 2ε 0 2ε 0 ε0
2πε 0ρ
2.2.4 ELECTRIC FIELD DUE TO A VOLUME
CHARGE
dQ = ρv dv
infinite line charge, an infinite cylindrical
∫ ρvdv =
Q=
V
ρv ∫ dV
V surface charge, and a spherical distribution
of charge. A continues charge distribution.
4πa 3
= ρv
3 2.3.1 APPLICATIONS OF GAUSS’S LAW
ρ dv (Find out electric flux density)
dE = v 2 aˆ R
4πε 0 R
A. Point Charge
=
dv r 2 sin θdr dθ dϕ
Q ∫ D.dS
= = D r ∫ =
dS D r 4πr 2
ρv dv cos α
= =ˆz
E z E.a ∫ dE cos=
α
4πε 0 ∫ R 2 D=
Q
aˆ r
4πr 2
E=
Q
aˆ z B. Infinite Line Charge
4πε0 z 2 l Q= ∫ D.dS= Dρ ∫ dS= Dρ 2πρl
ρL=
Q ρL
E= aˆ r D= aˆ ρ
4πε0 r 2 2πρ
C. Infinite Sheet of Charge
2.2.5 ELECTRIC FLUX DENSITY  
ρS ∫ dS ==Q ∫ D.dS =
D z  ∫ dS + ∫ dS
= ε0 : units:c/m2  top 
S bottom
Ψ =∫ D.dS (Total Flux)
S
= Dz ( A + A )
ρS A
ρL ρS
D= aˆ ρ (Line charge) D= aˆ z
2πρ 2
ρ D ρS
D = S aˆ n (Sheet charge) =
E = aˆ z
2 ε0 2ε0
ρ dv
D = ∫ v 2 aˆ R (Volume charge)
4πR D. Uniformly Charged Sphere
2π π r
2.3 GAUSS’S LAW – MAXEWELL’S EQUATION Qenc =∫ ρv dv =ρv ∫ ∫ ∫r

2
sin θ dr dθ dϕ
V ϕ= 0 θ= 0 r= 0
Gauss’s law states that the total electric =

4
ρv πr 3
flux ψ through any closed surface is equal 3
2π π
to the total charge enclosed by that surface.
=
Ψ ∫ D.dS
= ∫ dS Dr
Dr = ∫ ∫r sin θ dθ dϕ
2
Ψ =Qenc
ϕ= 0 θ= 0
Ψ= ∫ dΨ= ∫ D.dS D r 4πr=
2 4πr 3
ρv
S
3
= Total charge enclosed Q= ∫ ρ dv
v
D=
r
ρv a r 0 < r ≤ a
Q= ∫ D.dS = ∫ ρ dv v 3
2π π a
S V
Qenc =∫ ρv dv =ρv ∫ ∫ ∫r
2
sin θ dr dθ dϕ
∫ D.dS= ∫ ∇.D dv ϕ= 0 θ= 0 r= 0
S V
ρv =∇.D ; ρv =volume charge density 4

= ρv πa 3
3
Gauss’s law provides an easy means of
finding or for symmetrical charge = ∫ D.dS
Ψ = D r 4πr 2
distributions such as a point charge, an
r 1 ρ v ( r ') dv '
 3 ρv â r 0<r≤a V (r) = ∫ ( volume charge )
4πε 0 V r − r '
D= 3
 a ρ â r≥a
 3r 2 v r 2.4.1 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN E AND V
AND MAXWELL’S EQUATION
2.4 ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
VBA = −VAB
Potential of a point in electrical field is a i.e. VBA + VAB = ∫ E.dI = 0
work done to carry a unit change from
infinite to that point. ∫ E.dI = 0
dW = −F.dI =
r
−QE.dI
∫ E.dI= ∫ ( ∇ × E ).dS= 0
W = −Q ∫ E.dI ∇× E =0
∞
r dV = −E.dI =
−E x dx − E y dy − E z dz
W
VAB = = − ∫ E.dI ∂V ∂V ∂V
Q ∞ dV = dx + dy +
Q ∂x ∂y ∂z
E= aˆ r ∂V ∂V ∂V
4πε0 r 2 Ex = − , Ey =
− , Ez =
−
rB ∂x ∂y ∂z
Q
VAB = − ∫ a r .dr aˆ r E = −∇V
rA
4πε 0 r 2
Q 1 1
=  − 
4πε0  rB rA  2.5 ELECTIC DIPOLE
VAB = VB − VA ; Vfinal − Vinitial
Q z
V=
4πε 0 r P
The potential at any point is the potential r1
difference between that point and a chosen r
point at which the potential is zero. ( r = ∞ ) r2
r
+Q
V = − ∫ E.dI y
∞
Q
V (r) = d cos θ
4πε0 r − r ' -Q
n
x
1 Qk
V (r) =
4πε0
∑ r − rk
( point charges ) An electrical dipole is formed when a small
k =1 distance separates two point charges of
1 ρL ( r ') dl ' equal magnitude but opposite sign.
V (r) = ∫ ( line charge )
4πε 0 L r − r ' Q 1 1  Q  r 2 −r1 
=
V  −=   
1 ρS ( r ') dS' 4πε 0  r1 r2  4πε0  r1r2 
V (r) = ( surface charge )
4πε 0 ∫S r − r ' V=
Q d cos θ
4πε0 r 2
( r1 > r and r2 >r ⇒ r1r2 ≈ r 2 )
=Q
dipole moment may be written as ( ∇.A ) V =∇.VA − A.∇V
p.aˆ r 1 1
V= WE = ∫ ( ∇.VD ) dv − ∫ ( D.∇V )dv
4πε0 r 2 2V 2V
 ∂V ˆ 1 ∂V ˆ  1 1
E = −∇V = −  ar + aθ =
WE ∫
 ( VD ) .dS − ∫ ( D.∇V )dv
 ∂r r ∂θ  2V 2V
Qd cos θ Qd sin θ 1 1
− ∫ ( D.∇V ) dv = ( D.E ) dv
2 V∫
= aˆ r + aˆ θ WE =
2πε 0 r 3
4πε 0 r 3 2V
1 1
∫ ∫
p
=E ( 2 cos θ aˆ r + sin θ aˆ θ ) W= E D.E dv = ε0 E 2 dv
4πε 0 r 3 2 2
The current density at a given point is the
An electric flux line is an imaginary path current through a unit normal area at that
or line drawn in such a way that its point.
direction at any point is the direction of the
=-e
electric field at that point.
mu
= −eE
2.6 ENERGY DENSITY IN ELECTROSTATIC τ
FIELDS eτ
u= − E
m
Work done to carry charges Q1, Q2 and Q3 in ρV =−ne
a free space Thus the conduction current density is
WE = W1+ W2 + W3 ne 2 τ
= ρvu = E = σE
= 0 + Q2 V21 + Q3 (V31 + V32) m
If the charges were positional in reverse
order, 2.6.1 CONDUCTORS
WE = W3 + W2 + W1
= 0 + Q2 V23 + Q1 (V12 + V13) A perfect conductor cannot contain an
electrostatic filed within it.
2WE = Q1(V12+V13)+Q2(V21+V23)+Q3 (V31+V32)
= 0, ρv = 0,
= Q1 V1 + Q2 V2 + Q3 V3
Vab = 0 inside a conductor
1
WE = (Q1 V1 + Q2 V2 + Q3V3) E=
V
2 l
1 n
WE = ∑ Q k Vk (in joules) I σV
J = =σE =
2 k =1 S l
1 V l ρl
= = = c
2∫
W= ρL Vdl (line charge) R
E
I σS S
1 V ∫ E.dI
2∫
W=
E ρS VdS (surface charge) = =
R
I ∫ σE.dS
1
2∫
W= ρV dV
E (volume charge)
∫ρ v ∫ E.ρv u dv Rate of change of
dvE.u =
1 energy
( ∇.D ) V.dv
2 V∫
=
WE P = ∫ E.Jdv
from Maxwell’s eq. Which is known as Joule’s law. The power

density Wp (in watts/m3) is given by the
∇.VA = A. ∇V + V ( ∇.A ) by vector integrand in eq. That is,
identities
Electrostatics
dP ∆h ∆h
WP = =
E.J =
σE (  J=σE) 0 = E1t ∆w − E1n − E 2n − E 2t ∆w
2
dv 2 2
∆h ∆h
+ E 2n + E In
2.7 CONTINUITY EQUATION 2 2
E1t = E2t
−dQin
=
Iout ∫=
J.dS
dt
D1t
= E=
ε1
1t E= 2t
D 2t
ε2
∫ J.dS= ∫ ∇.Jdv Dit D 2t
= .......(1)
S v
ε1 ε2
−dQin d ∂ρ
= − ∫ ρv dv =
− ∫ v dv ∆Q =ρS ∆S = D1n ∆S − D 2n ∆S D1n − D 2n = ρS
dt dt V ∂t
if ρs = 0 D1n = D 2n
V
……..(2)
∂ρ
∫V ∇.Jdv = − ∫ v dv
∂t
tan θ1 ε r1
=
tan θ2 ε r 2
V
∂ρ
∇.J =− V
∂t
2.9 POISSON’S & LAPLACE’S EQUATIONS
Current continuity Eq.
2.8 BOUNDRAY CONDITIONS
Poisson’s and Laplace’s equations are

easily derived from Gauss’s law (for a
linear material medium)
∇. D = ∇ . εE = ρv
where E = -∇ V
∇. ( ε∇ V) = ρv
ρ
∇2 V = - V (Poisson’s Equation in
ε
electrostatics)
for homogeneous and linear medium.
∇2 V = 0 Which is known as Laplace’s
equation.
2.10 CAPACITANCES
• Dielectric (εr1) and dielectric (εr2)
• Conductor and dielectric
A. Parallel- Plate Capacitor
• Conductor and free space
∫ E.dI = 0
∫ D.dS = Q enc (Gauss Law)
= Et + En
E
Electrostatics
C. Spherical Capacitor
dielectric ε
- -- --
dielectric ε plate area S
1 d - ++
+ a+ -
- ++ + -
E - -
- - b- -
2 0
Q Q = ε ∫ E.dS = εE r 4πr 2
σS = ; S=area of cross section
S Q
ρS E= aˆ r
=E (−aˆ x ) Electric filed between 4πεr 2
ε
 Q ˆ  ˆ
1 a
plates V= − ∫ E.dI = −∫  a r .dra r

Q 2 b 
4πεr 2 
= − â x V
εS Q 1 1 
=  a − b 
1 d
 Q  Qd 4 πε
= ∫2 E.dI =−∫0 − εS a x .dxa x =εS Q 4πε
C= =
Q εS V 1−1
= =
C a b
V d
=WE
1
=CV 2 =
1
QV
Q2 R= =
V ∫ E.dI
2 2 2C I ∫ σE.dS
1 Q 2
εQ Sd
2
WE =ε ∫ dv =2 2 Q ε ∫ E.dS
2V ε S 2 2
2ε S C= =
Q2  d  Q2 1
V ∫ E.dI
=  =  = QV ε
2  εS  2C 2 RC = =Relaxation Time
B. Coaxial Capacitor σ
2.11 METHOD OF IMAGES

dielectric ε - -- --
- ++
+ a+ -
- ++ + -
- -
- - b- -
L
Q = ε ∫ E.dS = εE ρ 2πρL
Q
E=
2περL
 Q 
1 a
V = - ∫ E.dI = − ∫  aˆ ρ .d ρ aˆ ρ
2 b 
2πρL 
Q b
= 1n
2πρL a
Q 2πεL
= =
C The image theory states that a given
V 1n b
charge configuration above an infinite
a
grounded perfect conducting plane may be
Electrostatics
replaced by the charge configuration itself,

its image, and equipotential surface in
place of the conducting plane.
A. A Point Charge Above Grounded

Conducting Plane
z
r1 P(x, y, z)
+Q
r2
V=0
-Q
=
E E+ + E−
Qr1 −Qr2
= +
4πε0 r1 4πε 0 r23
3
 
Q  xaˆ x + yaˆ y + ( z − h ) aˆ z xaˆ x + yaˆ y + ( z + h ) aˆ z 
E −
4πε0   x 2 + y 2 + z − h 2  3/2  x 2 + y 2 + z + h 2  3/2 
  ( )  ( )  
= V+ + V−
V
 
Q  1 1 
 − 
4πε0   x 2 + y 2 + z − h 2 1/2 1/2
  ( ) 
 x 2 + y 2 + ( z + h )2  
  
ρS =D n =ε0 E n z =0
−Qh
= 3/2
2π  x 2 + y 2 + h 2 
3 MAGNETOSTATICS
3.1 INTRODUCTION
Magnetostatics is the study of magnetic fields in systems where the currents are
steady (not changing with time). It is the magnetic analogue of electrostatics, where
the charges are stationary. The magnetization need not be static; the equations of
magnetostatics can be used to predict fast magnetic switching events that occur on
time scales of nanoseconds or less.
Term Electric Magnetic

QQ
F = 1 22 aˆ r (Coulomb’s µ I dI × aˆ R
Basic law dB = 0 (Biot-
4πε r 4πR 2
Law) Savart’s Law)
∫ D.dS = Qenc (Gauss ∫ H.dI = Ienc (Ampere’s
Law) Law)
Force law 𝐹𝐹 = Q𝐸𝐸 𝐹𝐹 = Q𝑢𝑢 × 𝐵𝐵
Source element dQ Q𝑢𝑢 = I 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Field intensity V I
E = (V / m) H = (A / m)
l l
Flux density Ψ Ψ
D=
S
C / m2 ( ) B=
S
(
Wb / m 2 )
Relationship between fields D = ε E B=µH
E = -∇ V H = -∇Vm (J = 0)
Potentials ρ dl µ I dI
V=∫ L A=∫
4πεr 4πR
Ψ =∫ D.dS Ψ =∫ B.dS
Ψ= Q= CV Ψ =LI
Flux
dV dI
I=C V=L
dt dt
Energy density 1 1
WE = D.E Wm = B.H
2 2
Poisson’s equation ρ ∇ A = −µJ
2
∇2V =− v
ε
Letting z = ρ cot α, dz = - ρ cosec2 α dα,
3.2 BIOT – SAVATRT’S LAW and eq. Becomes
z
B
dI
R 2
dI
P
I
dH (in ward)
z
A R
Biot – Savart’s law states that the

1
P
magnetic filed intensity dH produced at a O H (into the page)
point P, as shown in Figure by the α1
I ρ cos ec α dα
2 2
4π α∫2 ρ3 cos ec3 α

differential current element I dl H= − aˆ ϕ
I dlsin α
dHα I 2 α
R2 =− â ϕ ∫ sin α dα
kl dlsin α 4πρ α1
dH =
R2 I
I dlsin α =H ( cos α 2 − cos α1 ) aˆ ϕ
dH = 4πρ
4πR 2 General eq.
I dl × aˆ R I dI × R I
=dH = H= aˆ φ
4πR 2 4πR 3 2πρ
Current elements due to a infinite length conductor
I dI = K dS = J dv aˆ ϕ= aˆ l × aˆ ρ
I dl × aˆ R
H=∫ (line current)
L
4πR 2 2) Due to a ring current conductor
K dS × aˆ R I dI × R
H=∫ (surface current) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 =
4πR 2 4πR 3
ˆ ϕ , R ( 0, 0, h ) − ( x, y, 0 )
S
where dI =ρ dϕ a=
J dv × aˆ R
H=∫ (volume current) = −ρ aˆ ρ + haˆ z and
V
4πR 2
aˆ ϕ aˆ zaˆ ρ
3.3 MAGNETIC FILED INTENSITY dI ×=
R ρ dϕ 0 0
−ρ 0 h
1) Due to current carrying conductor
= ρh dϕ aˆ ρ + ρ2 dϕ aˆ z
z
I dl × R
dH =
4πR 3 P(0, 0, h) dHz
dHp
But 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = dz 𝑎𝑎�z and 𝑅𝑅 = ρaˆ ρ − zaˆ z ,so
dI × R =ρ dz aˆ ϕ R
Iρ dz
H=∫ 3/2
aˆ ϕ y
4π ρ2 + z 2 
I
x
=dH
I
3/2 ( ρ h dϕ aˆ ρ + ρ2 dϕ aˆ z ) H=
I nl
1/2
aˆ z
4π ρ2 + h 2  2 a 2 + l2 / 4 
= dH ρ aˆ ρ + dH z aˆ z If l >> a or Q2 = 00, Q1 = 800
NI
2π
I ρ2 dϕ aˆ z = n= I aˆ z aˆ z
=H ∫=
dH z aˆ z ∫ 4π ρ 3/2
l
0

2
+ h 2  3.4 AMPERE’S CIRCUIT LAW – MAXEWLL’S
I ρ2 2π aˆ z EQUATION
= 3/2
4π ρ2 + h 2  Ampere’s circuit law states that the line
Iρ aˆ z
2 integral of the tangential component of H
H= around a closed path is the same as the net
2[ρ2 + h 2 ]3/2
current Ienc enclosed by the path.
z
3) Along the axis of solenoid
x
dz
Amperian path
P
a
1
0 y
2
P
z dI
x I
∫ H.dI = I
l
NI
( cos θ2 − cos θ1 ) aˆ z
enc
=H
2l I = ∫ H.dI= ∫ ( ∇ × H ) . dS
enc
I dl a 2 I a 2 n dz L S
dH z = =
[
2 a +z2
]
2 3/ 2
[
2 a +z 2
]
2 3/ 2
Ienc = ∫ J.dS
where dL = ndz = (N/l) dz. tan θ = a /z; S
that is, ∇ × H =J =Volume current density (A/m2)
dz = − a cosec 2 qdq Maxwell’s third Eq.
3/2
 z 2 + a 2 
=− sin θ dθ 3.4.1 APPLICATIONS OF AMPERE’S LAW
a2
nI
dH z = − sin θ dθ To determine 𝐻𝐻 for some symmetrical
2 current distribution (as in Gauss’s Law)
θ
nI 2
H z = − ∫ sin θ dθ
2 θ1 A. Infinite Line Current
nI I ∫ H ϕaˆ ϕ . ρ dϕ aˆ=
= ϕ H ϕ ∫ ρ d=
ϕ H ϕ .2πρ
=H ( cos θ2 − cos θ1 ) aˆ z I
2 H= aˆ ϕ
as required. Substituting n = N / l gives 2πρ
At the center of the solenoid,
l/2 B. Infinite Sheet of Current
cos θ2 = 1/4
=− cos θ1
a + l2 / 4 
2
z I Iρ2
= πρ
= 2
Amperian path πa 2 a2
Iρ2
4 H ϕ ∫=
dl H ϕ 2=
πρ
a a2
1
y Iρ
3 Hφ =
K = Kyay
2πa 2
2 b
For region a ≤ ρ ≤ b, we use path L2 as
the Amperian path.
x
Uniform current density 𝐾𝐾 =ky 𝑎𝑎�y ∫ H. dI = I enc = I
L1
∫ H.dI
= I=enc K yb H φ 2πρ = I
 H aˆ z> 0 I
H= 0 x Hφ =
−H 0 aˆ x z< 0 2πρ
2 3 4 1  For region b ≤ ρ ≤ (b + t), we use path
∫ H.dI =  ∫ + ∫ + ∫ + ∫ H.dI L3, getting
1 2 3 4 
∫ H. dI = H φ .2π φ = I enc
= 0 ( −a ) + ( −H 0 )( −b ) + 0 ( a ) + H 0 (b)
 ρ2 − b 2 
= 2H 0 b = I 1 − 2
Ienc 
 t + 2bt 
1 ˆ
 2 K y a x , z>0 I  ρ2 − b 2 
= 1−
2πρ  t 2 + 2bt 
Hϕ
H=
 − 1 K aˆ , z<0
 2 y x ∫ H.dI = I − I = 0
L4
1
=
H K × aˆ n H
2
C. Infinity Long Coaxial Transmission I

Line 2 a
L4 Amperian path
-I L3 I
2 b
I
L2 0 a b b+t
L1
a
 Iρ
z - axis  â ϕ , 0≤ ρ ≤ a
b
2π a 2

 I
 â ϕ , a≤ρ≤b
t
H= 2πρ
 I  ρ2 − b 2 
For region 0 ≤ ρ ≤ a, we apply Ampere’s  1 − 2  aˆ ϕ , b ≤ ρ ≤ b + t
law to path L1, giving  2πρ  t − 2bt 

∫ H.dI
= I=enc ∫ J.dS  0, ρ≥ b+t
L1
I D. TOROID
J = 2 aˆ z , dS =ρ dϕ dρ aˆ z
πa It has N turns and carries current I.
I Determine H inside and outside the
Ienc ∫ J.dS
πa 2 ∫ ∫
= = ρ dϕ dρ toroid
2a ∇×H = J ∫ H. dI = ∫ J. dS
Ampere’s law
H L S
MAGNETIC SCLAR & VECTOR POTENTIALS

0
I
0
E =- ∇ V, Similarly magnetic scalar potential
I Vm related to H
H = −∇Vm if J = 0
J = ∇ × H = ∇ × (− ∇Vm ) = 0
∫ H.dI
= Ienc → H.2πρ
= NI ∇ 2 Vm = 0, if (J = 0)
=H
NI
, for (ρ0 − a) < ρ < (ρ0 + a) Magnetic vector potential A related as
2πρ 𝐵𝐵 = ∇ × 𝐴𝐴
NI NI dQ
= =
H apporax V=∫
2πρ0 l L
4πε 0 r
µ 0 I dI
3.5 MAGNETIC FLUX DENSITY – MAXWELL’S Similarly A = ∫ for line current
4πR
EQUATION L
𝐵𝐵 = µ0 µR 𝐻𝐻
Where µ0 is a constant known as the
permeability of free space. The constant is
in henrys/meter (H/m) and has the value µ 0 K dS
of A=∫
4πR
µ 0 = 4π × 10 −7 H / m
S
for surface current

Magnetic flux through a surface S µ Jdv
ψ =∫ B.dS A=∫ 0
V
4πR
S
An isolated magnetic charge does not for volume current

exist. From Stokes’s Theorem
∫ B. dS = 0 ψ= ∫ B.dS= ∫ ∇xA .dS= ( ) ∫ A.dI

S S L
∫ B. dS = ∫ ∇ . B dv = 0
S V
Ψ = ∫ A. dI flux through a given area
L
∇. B = 0 fourth Maxwell’s eq.
MAXWELL’S EQUATIONS FOR STATIC EM 3.6 FORCE DUE TO MAGNETIC FILED
FILEDS
Differential Integral Form Remarks A. Force on a Charged Particle
(or point)
Form
∇ .D = ρ v Gauss’s law
( (
F= Q E + u × B )) Lorentz force for
∫ D. dS = ∫ ρ dvv magnetic fields and electric fields
S v
B. Force on a Current Element
∇. B = 0 Nonexistence
∫ B. dS = 0
S
of magnetic
= F ∫ I dI × B
monopole L
∇× E = 0 Conservations C. Force between Two Current Elements

∫ E. dI = 0 of
µ II (
dI1 × dI 2 × aˆ R 21 )
Electrostatic F1 = 0 1 2 ∫ ∫
L
filed 4π L1 L2 R 21
3.7 MAGNETIC TORQUE AND MOMENT B1t B 2 t
if k = 0 H 1t = H 2 t or =
µ1 µ2
B1 cos θ1 = B1n = B 2 n = B 2 cos θ 2
B1 B
sin θ1 = H 1t = H 2 t = 2 sin θ 2
µ1 µ2
The torque T (or mechanical moment of tan θ1 µ1
= Law of refraction for magnetic
force) on the loop is the vector product of tan θ 2 µ 2
the force F and the moment arm r. flux lines at a boundary with no surface
T=r×F current
T = | F0 | ω sin α
3.9 INDUCTOR AND INDUCTANCES
T = BI l w sin α
m = I S an. λ = NΨ flux linkage λ
The magnetic dipole moment is the λ ∝ I or λ = LI
product of current and area of the loop; its λ NΨ
direction is normal to the loop. L= = inductance of circuit.
I I
T=m×B
1
Wm = LI 2
A MAGNETIC DIPOLE 2
µ I dI 2W
L = 2m
A = 0 ∫ I
4π r
µ m×a Ψ12 = ∫ B 2 . dS
A= 0 2 r
4πr
S1
µ0 m flux linkage from S, due to I2

=B ( 2 cos θaˆ r + sin θaˆ θ ) λ 12 N 1 Ψ12
4πr3ˆ M 12 = =
I2 I2
3.8 MAGNETIC BOUNDRAY CONDITIONS mutual inductance
λ N Ψ
M 21 = 21 = 2 21
∫ B. dS = 0 I1 I1
∫ H.dI = I M12 = M21
B1n ∆S − B 2 n ∆S = 0 for cylindrical close λ NΨ
L1 = 11 = 1 1
surface on boundary I1 I1
B1n = B 2 n or µ1 H 1n = µ 2 H 2 n λ N Ψ
L 2 = 22 = 2 2
first Boundary conditions I2 I2
∆h ∆h
K. ∆w= H1t .∆w + H1n . + H 2n . − H 2t . Total magnetic energy in magnetic filed
2 2 Wm = W1 + W2 + W3
∆h ∆h
∆w − H 2n . − H1n . 1 1
2 2 = L1I12 + L 2 I 22 ± M12 I1I 2
2 2
H1t − H 2t = K
Relationship bet parameters
Second Boundary conditions ε
B1t B 2 t RC = and Lext C = µε
− =K σ
µ1 µ 2
(H1 − H 2 ) × a n12 =K 3.10 MAGNETIC ENERGY
Sibilantly to the energy in an electrostatic
filed.
1 1
W=E
2 ∫ = ∫ ε E 2 dv
D. E dv
2
1 2
Wm = LI
2
Consider a differential volume in a
magnetic field as shown in Figure. Let the
volume be covered with conducting sheets
at the top and bottom surface with current
∆I.
∆Ψ µH ∆x ∆z
∆L = =
∆I ∆I
where ∆I = H ∆y. Substituting eq. into eq.
we have
1 1
∆Wm = ∆L ∆I 2 = µH 2 ∆x ∆y ∆z
2 2
1
∆Wm = µH 2 ∆v
2
The magnetostatic energy density wm ( in J
/m3) is defined as
∆Wm 1
w m = lim = µH 2
∆v →0 ∆v 2
1 1 B2
w m = µH = B . H =
2
2 2 2µ
Thus the energy in a magnetostatic field in
a linear medium is
Wm = ∫ w m dv
1 1
Wm =
2 ∫ B. H dv = ∫ µ H 2 dv
2
GATE QUESTIONS
Q.1 The electric field on the surface of a 

    ∂ D  
perfect conductor is 2 V/m. The a) ∫ ∫ H.dS
= ∫  J + ∂t .dl
conductor is immersed in water S C  

with = ∈ 80 ∈0 . The surface charge     ∂ D  
b) ∫= H.dl  ∫∫S  J + ∂t .dS
density on the conductor is
C  
a) 0 C / m 2 
    ∂ D  
b) 2 C / m 2 c) ∫∫S =
H.dS ∫C  J + ∂t .dl
c) 1.8 ×10 −11 C / m 2  

d) 1.41×10−9 C / m 2     ∂ D  
=(∈ 109 ) / (36π)F / m) d) ∫ = H.dl ∫ ∫  J +  .dS
 ∂t 
S
[GATE – 2002]
C
[GATE – 2007]
Q.2 if the electric field intensity is given
Q.6 For static electric and magnetic
by E = (xux + yuy + zuz ) volt/m the
fields in an inhomogeneous source-
potential difference between X (2, 0, free medium, which of the following
0) and Y (1, 2, 3) is represents the correct form of two
a) + 1 volt b) – 1 volt of Maxwell’s equations?
c) + 5 volt d) + 6 volt a) ∇.E = 0
[GATE – 2003] b) ∇.E = 0 ∇= ×B 0 ∇=.B 0
c) ∇ × E = 0
Q.3 The unit ∇ × H is d) ∇ × =
E 0 ∇×= B 0 ∇.B = 0
a) Ampere b) Ampere/meter
[GATE – 2008]
c) Ampere/meter d) Ampere-meter
2
[GATE – 2003]
Q.7
A magnetic field in air is measured
  x 
Q.4 A parallel plate air – filled capacitor =
to be B B0  yˆ −
y
xˆ 
−4
has plate area of 10 m and plate
2
 x2 + y2 x2 + y2 
separation of 10−3 m .It is connected what current distribution leads to
this field?
to a 0.5 V, 3.6 GHz source. The
[Hint : the algebra is trivial in
magnitude of the displacement
cylindrical coordinates.]
current is  B Ẑ  1 
=(ε 0 1/ 36π×10−9 F / m) a) j = − 0  2 ,r ≠ 0
µ0  x + y2 
a) 10 mA b) 100 mA
c) 10 A d) 1.59 mA  B Ẑ  2 
b) j = − 0  2 ,r ≠ 0
[GATE – 2004] µ0  x + y2 

c)=j 0, r ≠ 0
Q.5 If C is a closed curve enclosing a
surface S, then the magnetic field  B Ẑ  1 
r r=d) j 0
 2 2 
,r ≠ 0
intensity H , the current density J µ 0  x +y 
r
and the electric flux density D are [GATE – 2009]
related by

Q.8 If a vector field V is related to Q.11 The electric and magnetic fields for
 a TEM wave of frequency 14 GHz in
another vector field A through
  a homogeneous medium of relative
V = ∇xA which of the following is
permittivity εr and relative
true? Note: C and SC refer to any
permeability µr =1 are given by
closed contour and any surface 
E = Epe (
j ωt − 280 πy )
whose boundary is C. uˆ z V / m
    
H = 3e (
j ωt − 280 πy )
a)∮V.dl =∬A.dS uˆ x A / m
C SC
Assuming the speed of light in free
   
b)∮A.dl =∬V.dS space to be 3 × 10 8 m/s, intrinsic
C SC impedance of free space to be 120π ,
   the relative permittivity εr of the
c)∮∇ × V.dl= ∬∇ × A.dS
C SC medium and the electric field
    amplitude 𝐸𝐸𝑃𝑃 are
d) ∮∇ × A.dl
= ∬V × dS a) ε=r 3, Eρ= 120π
C SC
[GATE – 2009] b) ε=
r 3, E=
ρ 360π
c) ε=
r 9, E=
ρ 360π
Q.9 Two infinitely long wires carrying
current are as shown in the figure d) ε=
r 9, Eρ= 120π
below. One wire is in the y-z plane [GATE – 2011]
and parallel to the y-axis. The other
wire is in the x-y plane and parallel Statement for linked answer questions
to the x-axis. Which components of 12 and 13
the resulting magnetic field are non- An infinitely long uniform solid wire
zero at the origin? of radius a carries a uniform dc
current of density j .
Q.12 The magnetic field at a distance r

from the centre of the wire is
proportional to
a) r for r < a and 1/r2 for r > a
b) 0 for r < a and 1/r for r > a
a) x, y, z components c) r for r < a and 1/r for r > a
b) x, y components d) 0 for r < a and 1/r2 for r > a
c) y, z components [GATE – 2012]
d) x, z components
[GATE – 2009] Q.13 A hole of radius b(b<a) is now
drilled along the length of the wire
Q.10 Consider a closed surface S at a distance d from the centre of the

surrounding a volume V. If r is the wire as shown below.
position vector of a points inside S, a) uniform and depends only on
with n̂ the unit normal on S, the b) uniform and depends only on b
 c) uniform and depends on both b
value of the integral ∫∫ .nˆ dS S
 5r and d
d) non uniform
a) 3 V b) 5 V
c) 10 V d) 15 V
[GATE – 2011]
 +
a) (x z)2 amperes per meter
b) 
x2 amperes per meter
c) −
z2 amperes per meter

d) z2 amperes per meter
[GATE – 2012] [GATE – 2014-3]
Q.17 The electric field (assumed to be

Q.14 The direction of vector A is radially one-dimensional) between two
outward from the origin, with points A and B is shown. Let Ψ A and
A =kr n where r 2 = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 and k
Ψ B be the electrostatic potentials at
is a constant. The value of n for
A and B, respectively. The value of
which ∇.A = 0 is
Ψ B . ‒ Ψ A in Volts is ----------
a) – 2 b) 2
c) 1 d) 0
[GATE – 2012]
Q.15 The force on a point charge +q kept

at a distance d from the surface of
an infinite grounded metal plate in a
medium of permittivity ∈ is
a) 0 [GATE – 2014-4]
q2
b) way from the plate  − (6xy 2 − 3xz 2 )
16πd 2 Q.18 If E = −(2y3 − 3yz 2 )x
q2   is the electric field in a
y + (6xyz)z
c) towards the plate
16πd 2 source free region, a valid
q2 expression for the electrostatic
d) towards the plate potential is
4πd 2
[GATE – 2014-1] a) xy3 − yz 2 b) 2xy3 − xyz 2
c) y3 − xyz 2 d) 2xy3 − 3xyz 2
Q.16 A region shown below contains a [GATE – 2014-4]
perfect conducting half-space and

air. The surface current K s on the Q.19 Consider a straight, infinitely long,
surface of the perfect conductor is current carrying conductor lying on
 the z-axis. Which one of the
Ks = x2 amperes per meter. The
r following plots (in linear scale)
tangential H field in the air just qualitatively represents the
above the perfect conductor is dependence of H φ on r, where H φ is
the magnitude of the azimuthal
component of magnetic field outside
the conductor and r is the radial
distance from the conductor?
a) b)
c) d) [GATE – 2016-1]
Q.24 The current density in a medium is

given by
 400sinθ
J= aˆ r Am −2
[GATE – 2015-1] 2π(r + 4)
2
 The total current and the average

Q.20 A vector P is given by current density flowing through the
 3    portion of a spherical surface r = 0.8
P=x ya x − x y a y − x 2 yza z .
2 2
Which
π π
one of the following statements is m, ≤ θ ≤ , 0 ≤ ∅ ≤ 2π are given,
TRUE? 12 4
 respectively, by
a) P is solenoidal, but not a) 15.09 A, 12.86 Am-2
irrotational b) 18.73 A, 13.65 Am-2

b) P is irrotational, but not c) 12.86 A, 9.23 Am-2
solenoidal, d) 10.28 A, 7.56 Am-2

c) P is neither solenoidal nor [GATE – 2016-1]
irrotational

d) P is both solenoidal and Q.25 A uniform and constant magnetic
irrotational field B = ẑ B exists in the direction
[GATE – 2015-1] in vacuum. A particle of mass m with
a small charge q is introduced into
Q.21 In a source free region in vacuum, if this region with an initial velocity
the electrostatic potential φ = 2x 2 =v xˆ v x + zˆ v z . . Given that B, m, q, v x
+ y 2 + cz 2 , the value of constant c and v z are all non-zero, which one
must be of the following describes the
[GATE – 2015-2] eventual trajectory of the particle?
a) Helical motion in the ẑ direction.
Q.22 A vector field D =ρ
2 2 a ρ + za z exists b) Circular motion in the xy plane.
c) Linear motion in the ẑ direction.
inside a cylindrical region enclosed d) Linear motion in the x̂ direction
by the surfaces= ρ 1,= z 0 and z = 5. [GATE – 2016-2]
Let S be the surface bounding this
cylindrical region. The surface Q.26 The parallel-plate capacitor shown
  in the figure has movable plate. The
∫∫
integral of this field on S  
 s
D.ds 

capacitor is charged so that the
energy stored in it is E when the
is _______. plate separation is d. The capacitor
[GATE – 2015-3] is then isolated electrically and the
plates are moved such that the plate
Q.23 Concentric spherical shells of radii 2 separation becomes 2d.
m, 4 m, and 8 m carry uniform
surface charge densities of 20
nC/m2, -4nC/m2 and ρs,
respectively. The value of ρ s
(nC/m2) required to ensure that the
 
electric flux density D = 0 at radius
10 m is ___________
At this new plate separation, what is
the energy stored in the capacitor,
neglecting fringing effects?
a) 2E b) 2 E
c) E d) E/2
[GATE – 2016-2]
d)
Q.27 Faraday's law of electromagnetic
induction is mathematically
described by which one of the
following equations?
 
a) ∇.B = 0 b) ∇.D = ρv
 
 ∂B   ∂D
c) ∇ × E = = σE +
d) ∇ × H
∂t ∂t [GATE – 2016-3]
[GATE – 2016-3]
Q.29 Two conducting spheres S1 and S2
Q.28 Consider the charge profile shown of radii a and b (b>a) respectively,
in the figure. The resultant potential are placed far apart and connected
distribution is best described by
by a long, thin conducting wire, as
shown in the figure.
For some charge placed on this

a) structure, the potential and surface
electric field on S1 are Va and Ea,
and that on S2 are Vb and Eb,
respectively, which of the following
is CORRECT?
b) a)V a = V b and E a < E b
b) V a > V b and E a > E b
c) V a = V b and E a > E b
d) V a > V b and E a = E b
[Gate-2017, Set-2]
c)
Q.30 An electron (q 1 ) is moving in free
space with velocity 105 m/s towards
a stationary electron (q 2 ) far away.
The closest distance that this
moving electron gets to the
stationary electron before the
repulsive force diverts its path is
___________ ×10-8m.
[Given, mass of electron m =
9.11×1031 kg, charge of electron e = -
1.6 x 10-19C, and permittivity
=
ε0 (1/ 36π ) X10−9 F / m ]
[Gate-2017, Set-2]
Q.31 If the vector function


F= aˆ x ( 3y − k1z ) + aˆ y ( k 2 x − 2z ) − aˆ z ( k 3 y + z )
is irrotational, then the values of the
constants k1, k2 and k3 respectively,
are
a)0.3, -2.5,0.5  →  →  →
(A) V.X= 0, V × Y ≠ 0, V × Z= 0
b) 0.0, 3.0, 2.0
 →  →  →
(B) V.X ≠ 0, V × Y= 0, V × Z ≠ 0
c) 0.3, 0.33, 0.5
 →  →  →
d) 4.0, 3.0, 2.0 (C) V.X ≠ 0, V × Y ≠ 0, V × Z ≠ 0
[Gate-2017, Set-2]  →  →  →
(D) V.X= 0, V × Y= 0, V × Z= 0
Q.32 The figures show diagrammatic
representations of vector fields [Gate-2017(EE), Set-2]
→ → →
X, Y and Z respectively of Which Q.33 Consider an electron, a neutron and
one of the following choices is true? a proton initially at rest and placed
along a straight line such that the
neutron is exactly at the center of
the line joining the electron and
proton. At t = 0, the particles are
released but are constrained to
move along the same straight ling.
Which of these will collide first?
a) The particles will never collide

b) All will collide together
c) Proton and neutron
d) Electron and neutron
[Gate-2017(EE), Set-1]
Q.34 Consider a solid sphere of radius 5 direction, the magnetic field lines
cm made of a perfect electric inside the cylinder will
conductor. If one million electrons
are added to this sphere, these a) Bend closer to the cylinder axis
electrons will be distributed. b) Bend farther away from the axis
c) remain uniform as before
a) Uniformly over the entire volume d) Cease to exist inside the cylinder
of the sphere [Gate-2017(EE), Set-1]
b) Uniformly over the outer surface
of the sphere Q.37 The magnitude of magnetic flux
c) Concentrated around the center density (B) in micro Teslas ( μT ). At
of the sphere the center of a loop of were
d) Along a straight line passing wound as a regular hexagon of side
through the center of the sphere. length 1 m carrying a Current
[Gate-2017(EE), Set-2] (I = 1 A) and placed in vacumm as
shown in the figure _____ (Give the
Q.35 A thin soap bubble of radius R = 1 answer up to two decimal places.)
cm, and thickness a = 3.3 μm (a <<
R). is at a potential of 1 V with
respect to a reference point at
infinity. The bubble bursts and
becomes a single spherical drop of
soap (assuming all the soap is
contained in the drop) of radius r. Q.38 A positive charge of 1nC is placed at
The volume of the soap in the thin (0, 0, 0.2) where all dimensions are
bubble is 4π R 2 a and that of the in meters. Consider the x-y plane to
be a conducting ground plane. Take
4
drop is − πr 3 . The potential hi ε 0 = 8.85  10−12 F/m. The Z
3
volts, of the resulting single component of the E field at (0, 0,
0.1) is closest to
spherical drop with respect to the
same reference point at infinity is
a) 899.18 V/m
______. (Given the answer up to two b) – 899.18 V/m
decimal places) c) 999.09 V/m
d) – 999.09 V/m
[Gate-2018(EE)]
Q.39 The capacitance of an air-filled

parallel-plate capacitor is 60 pF.
When a dielectric slab whose
thickness is half the distance
between the plates, is placed on one
Q.36 A solid iron cylinder is paced in a of the plates covering it entirely, the
region containing a uniform capacitance becomes 86 pF.
magnetic field such that the cylinder
Neglecting the fringing effects, the
ax’s is parallel to the magnetic field
relative permittivity of the dielectric is
________ (up to 2 decimal places).
[Gate-2018(EE)]
ANSWER KEY:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
(d) (c) (c) (a) (d) (d) (c) (b) (d) (d) (d) (c) (c) (a)
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
(c) (d) * (d) (c) (a) * * * (a) (a) (a) (c) (d)
29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39
5.058x
(c) (b) (c) (b) (b) 10.03 (a) 0.69 (d) 2.53
10-8
EXPLANATIONS
Q.1 (d) Convert to cylindrical coordinates
D =ρs =εE =80.ε.2 and put
x = r cos ϕ
= 80x2x8.854x10−12 c/m 2

a x = cos φ
a r − sin φ
aφ
=1.41x10-9 c/m 2
y = r sin φ
Q.2 (c) =aˆ y sin φ aˆr + cos φ aˆr
V = − ∫ Edl Putting the values
2 r 0 r 0 r  B = B0 aˆφ
−  ∫ xdxu x + ∫ ydyu y + ∫ zdzu z 
=
B0
1 2 3  H= aˆ φ = constant
X2 2 0 0
 µ0
y2 z2
=
− + +  J=
∇xH = ∇x [constant]=0
 2 1
2 2
2 3

=
1
− [22 − 12 + 02 − 22 + 02 − 32 ] Q.8 (b)
2 This represents stoke’s theorem
1
= − × −10 = 5V ∫ A.dt = (
∫ ∫ ∇xA .dS =
∫ ∫ V.dS )
2 C S S
Q.3 (c) Q.9 (d)


 ∂ D 
∇xH = +J Q.10 (d)
∂t  
J is current density = A/m2 ∫∫ ˆ =

S
5r.nds ∫∫∫ ∇
V
.5rdv (using
divergence theorem)
Q. 4 (a) 
Displacement current 5∫∫∫ ∇.rdv = 5x3 = 15volt
I d = AJ d V
∂D ∂E Q.11 (d)
= A = A∈
∂t ∂t Given

E = Epe (
j ωt − 280 πy )
I d= A ∈ωE uˆ z V / m

H = 3e (
j ωt − 280 πy )
V uˆ x A / m
= Aω ∈
d From given expression we conclude
After putting values we get that
Id= 10 mA 2π
= β 280= π
λ
Q.5 (d) 1
λ= meter
140
Q.6 (d)
v= fλ
Q.7 (c) 1

=14 ×109 × m / sec
 x y  140
B B0  aˆ y − aˆ x 
 x2 + y2 x2 + y2  v = 1×108 m / sec
 k ∂
∇.A =2 ( r n + 2 )
c
but, v=
∈r µr r ∂r
 ∂ n+2
3 × 108 So ∇.A will be zero if (r ) will
1× 108 = ∂r
1×∈r
∂ n+2
∴ ∈r =8 be zero, and (r ) will be zero if
∂r
μ μ 0 ×1
EP
= η= = r n+2will be constant and this is
 0 × 9
possible if n + 2 =0 ⇒ n =−2
HP
1 μ0
=
3 0 Q.15 (C)
Eρ 1
⇒ = × 120π
3 3
120π
∴ Eρ =
Q.12 (c)
We know that magnetic flux density
at a distance r from the wire is
µ0l
B= 1 Q1Q 2
2π r F=
J .π r 2 4 π R 2
For r < a → I=
B ∝ r for r < a (inside the wire) 1 92 92
F=
4π ( 2d )2 16πd 2
for r > a , I= J × π a 2
µ Jπ a2 Since the charges are opposite
so, B = 0 polarity the force between them is
2π r
attractive.
1
B ∝= for r > a. (outside the wire)
r Q.16 (D)
Given medium (1) is perfect
Q.13 (c) conductor
It is uniform and depends on both b Medium (2) is air
and d. ∴H1 = 0
From boundary conditions
Q.14 (a) (H1 -H2)×an =Ks
A = kr n H1 = 0
K = 2aˆ x
A = kr n aˆ r (since it is radially an = ay s
outward) —H2 x ay = 2 â x
∇.A in spherical coordinate is —(Hxax +Hyay + Hzaz )×ay = 2ax
 1 ∂ 2 —Hxaz + Hzax = 2ax
=
∇.A
r 2 ∂r
( r Ar ) + ∴ Hz = 2
H=2a z
1 ∂ 1 ∂
( Aθ sin θ ) + Aθ
r sin θ ∂r r sin θ ∂r
 1 ∂ 2 n Q.17 (-15)
=∇.A
r 2 ∂r
( r kr ) + 0 + 0
A
(0kV/cm, 20kV/cm) E = −∇φ = −4xaˆ x − 2yaˆ y − 2czaˆ z
B ∇E = 0
(5 ×10−4 kV / cm, 40kV / cm) -4-2-2c=0
40 − 20 C=-3
E − 20 = −4
(x − 0) ⇒ E =4 ×104 x + 20
5 ×10
B 5×10−4/cm Q.22 (78.53)
− ∫E.dI =
VAB = − ∫ ( 4 ×10 x + 20 ) dx
4
D = 2ρ 2 aˆ ρ + zaˆ z
A 0
5×10−4
=

−  4 ×10 4 x
2

+ 20x  =
∫∫ D.ds= ∫ ( ∇.D ) dv
 s
V
 2 0 1 ∂ 1 ∂D∅ ∂D z
−(2 ×104 × 25 ×10−8 + 20 × 5 ×10−4 ) ∇.D
= (ρDρ ) + +
ρ ∂ρ ρ ∂∅ ∂z
= −(50 ×10−4 + 100 ×10−4 ) = 1 ∂
−4
= (ρ2ρ 2 ) + 0 + 1
−150 ×10 kV VAB VAB = -15V ρ ∂ρ
1
= 2(3)ρ2 + 1
Q.18 (d) ρ
Given = 6 1
ρ+
E= −(2y3 − 3yz 2 )aˆ x − 1 2π 5
(6xy − 3xz )aˆ y + 6xyzaˆ z

2 2
∫ ( ∇.D=
V
) dv ∫ ∫ ∫ ( 6ρ + 1) ρdρd∅dz
ρ = 0 ∅= 0z = 0
By verification option (D) satisfy 1
E= -∇V  6ρ3 ρ 2 
=  +  (2π)(5)
 3 2 0
Q.19 (c)
 1
I =  2 + 10π∫ ( ∇.D ) dv =78.53
HΦ =  2 V
2πr
r is the distance from current
element. Q.23 (-0.25)
I Consider a Gaussian surface a
HΦ∞ sphere of radius 10m
r  
To ensure D = 0 at radius 10m, the
Q.20 (a) total charge enclosed by Gaussian
= P x 3 yaˆ x − x 2 y 2 aˆ y − x 2 yzaˆ z surface is zero
Qenc = 0
∇P = 3x 2 y − 2x 2 y − x 2 y = 0 ⇒ 20 × 22 − 4 × 42 + Ps × 82
It is silenoidal
=⇒
0 Ps =
−0.25nc / m 2
aˆ x aˆ y aˆ z
∂ ∂ ∂ Q.24 (a)
∇×P =
∂x ∂y ∂z Q.25 (a)
x y −x 2 y2
3
− x 2 yz Force due to B on q is
= aˆ x (− x 2 y) − aˆ y (−2xyz) + aˆ z (−2xy 2 − x 3 ) ≠ 0 F = q(V B)
× = q[Vx VB ](− y)
ˆ
So, P is solenoidal but not ⟹Helical motion in z-direction.
irrotational.
Q.26 (a)
Q.21 (-3) If capacitor is electrically isolated
2 x 2 + y 2 + cz 2 then charge is same
C1 C2 Q a Ca a
We know= C1d1 C= 2d 2 & = =
V1 V2 Qb Cb b
If ‘d’ is doubled then C will be C/2 1 a
and V will be 2V E a 4πε0 a2 b
1 1 C = = >1
Given E= CV 2 ⇒ E new = . Eb 1 b a
2 2 2 4πε 0 b2
1
×(2V) 2 = 2 × CV 2 = 2E Ea > Eb
2
Q.30 5.058 (4.55-5.55)
Q.27 (c)
Work done due to field and external
Q.28 (d)
agent must be zero
q q
Electrical ε 0 =- N d X no = − N d X po
ε ε 1
qV = MV 2
 x2 
Potential ψ= ( x ) ε0  x − 
2
 2w 0  1.6x10−19 1
mx (105 )
2
−1.6x10−19 x =
4πε0 γ 2
γ =5.058x10−8 m
Q.31 (b)

curl F = 0
i j k
∂ ∂ ∂
=0
∂x ∂x ∂x
Q.29 (c) 3y − k1z k 2 x-2z -k 3 y-z
Two spheres are joined with a
conducting wire, the voltage on i ( -k 3 + 2 ) − j ( 0 + k1 ) + k ( k 2 − 3) =
0
two spheres is same.
=
k1 0,=
k 2 3,=
k3 2
Va = Vb The capacitance of sphere ∝
radius Q.32 (c)
→
Ca a X is radial and irrational and hence
=
Cb b
 →
V.X ≠ 0 While y is rotational and its curl is
We know Q = CV
non
 →
zero V × Y ≠ 0
The field z is also rotational and hence

 
V × Z≠ 0
Q.33 (b) Q
I=
4π ∈0 × 1 ×10−2
Given that electron, neutron and
proton are in a straight line Q = 4π ∈0 × 1 ×10−2 C
Potential at soap drop,
Q
V=
4π ∈0 r
The electron will move towards
4π ∈0 × 10−2
proton and proton will more =
towards electron and force 4π ∈0 × 0.996610−3
q1 q2 = 10.03V
will be same F = . But
4π ∈0 R 2 Ans : 10.00 to 10.50
acceleration of electron will be more
than proton as 4n C Q.36 (a)
mass of electron < mass of proton.
Since neutron are neutral they will Iron being a ferromagnetic material,
not move. Thus electron will hit magnetic lines of force bend closer
neutron first. to cylindrical axis.
Q.34 (b) Q.37 0.69 μT
Static charge resides only on the i=1A

surface of a conductor. Therefore
the electrons will be uniformly over
the entire surface of the sphere.
Q.35 10.00-10.50
Charge must be same

Here B at point P is
( 4π R ) a =  43 πr 3  pv
2
B=
0 I
( sin θ1 + sin θ2 )
4πd
r = 3 3R 2 a
= 0.996 × 10−3
The potential of thin bubble is 1 V.
For each segment of hexagon (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) Electric field point P due to point
0 I charge -1nC.
⇒ B=
4πd
( sin θ1 + sin θ2 )
 → → → 
1  10−9 ( 0 − 0 ) a x + ( 0 − 0 ) a y + ( 0.1 − 0.2 ) a z 
3
Here, d = l Where l 1
2 →
E2 =
1  
θ1 =θ2 =30o
( 0.3)
and
4πε 0 3
6   I
⇒
4π 3
B= ( sin 30o + sin 30o ) = 99.86 V/m
2
4π10−7  6  1 Total electric field at point P due to
= both charges.
3
4π  → → →
2 = E1 + E2
E
12 −7 1.20
= =  10  10−6 T →
3 3 E=
898.755 − 99.86 =
− 998.61 V/m
B = 0.69 μT
Q.39 2.53
Q.38 (d)
Given : Charge = 1nC at (0,0,0.2) . Given : Capacitance of an air-filled

Since the charge is placed above parallel plate capacitor,
conducting grounded plane there
will be an image charge below the ε0 A
grounded conducting plane as per =
C0 = 60 pF ...(i)
d
method of image concept
Overall capacitance,
Ceq = 86 pF
Electric field at any point is given by,

→
1→ QR
=E = From fig. 2, after filling with
4πε 0 →3
dielectric it has become series
R
combination of two capacitances
→
R = displacement vector between overall capacitance for series
charge to point of interest. combination is given by,
Electric field at point P due to point
charge +1nC , C1 C2
= Ceq = 86 pF ...(ii)
−9 
→ → →  C1 + C2
1  10 ( 0 − 0 ) a x + ( 0 − 0 ) a y + ( 0.1 − 0.2 ) a z 
→ 1   ε0 A ε 0ε r A
E1 = = C1 = and C2
4πε 0 ( 0.1)
3
d /2 d /2
→ From equation (ii),
E1 = 898.755V/m
ε0 A εε A
d /2
× 0 r
d /2 ε 0 A (ε r )
=Ceq =
ε 0 A ε 0 ε r A d / 2 (1 + ε r )
+
d /2 d /2
86 = 120
(ε )
r
(1 + ε ) r
86 (1 + ε r ) =
120 ε r
86 = 34 ε r
ε r = 2.529
Hence, the relative permittivity of

the dielectric is 2.53.
4 MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS
4.1 FARADAY’S LAW Vemf = ∫ E m .dI = ∫ (u × B). dI e.m.f. Of

L L
Faraday discovered that the induced emf, moving object of L length
Vemf (in volts), in any closed circuit is equal Moving Loop in Time –Varying Field
to the time rate of change of the magnetic ∂B
flux linkage by the circuit. ∇×E = −
∂t
+ ∇× u×B ( )
I
P
battry 4.2 DISPLACEMENT CURRENT
Ee
∇xH = J
R
( )
Ef Ee
∇. ∇xH =0 =∇.J
∂ρv
Ee where ∇.J =− current continuity
∂t
N equation
dλ dΨ ∂ρ
Vemf = − −N ∇.J =− v ≠ 0
dt dt ∂t
E = Ef + Ee it means ∇ × H = J is not right equation.
P
∇ × H = J + Jd
∫ E.dI
= ∫ E .dI=
+ 0 ∫ E .dI (through
( )
f f
L L N ∇. ∇xH = 0 = ∇.J + ∇.J d
battery)
∂ρv ∂ ∂D
P
∫ E f .dI =
Vemf = − ∫ E e .dI =
IR
P
∇.J d = −∇.J =
∂t
=
∂t
(
∇.D = ∇.
∂t
)
N N
∂D
Jd =
Displacement current density
dt
4.1.1 TRANSFORMER & MOTIONAL EMFS
∂D ∂E
∇× H= J + = J+ε
dΨ ∂t ∂t
Vemf = − Modified Maxwell’s equation
dt
d Based on the displacement current density,
Vemf = ∫ E.dI = − ∫ B.dS we define the displacement current as
dt S
L ∂D
∂B = Id ∫= J d .dS ∫ .dS
Vemf = ∫ E.dI = − ∫ .dS ∂t
L S
∂t MAXWELL’S EQUATIONS IN FINAL
∂B FORMS
∫s ∇ (
xE .dS )
=− ∫S ∂t .dS Differentia
l Forms
Integral Forms Remarks
∇.D =ρv Gauss’s law

∂B
∇×E = −
∂t
Faraday’s Law ∫ D.dS= ∫ ρvdV
S V
Modified Maxwell’s equation Nonexistene
∇.B =
0 ∫ B.dS = 0 of isolated
S
magnetic
charge*  ∂V  ∂2A
∂B ∂ Faraday’s ∇ 2 A − ∇ ( ∇.A ) = −µJ + µε ∇   + µε
∇× E = −
∂t ∫ E.dI = −
∂t ∫S
B.dS day  ∂t  ∂t 2
L by compare
∂V
∂D  ∂D  Ampere’s ∇.A = −µε ………(2)
∇× H = J +
∂t ∫ H.dI
= ∫S  J + ∂t  .dS circuit law ∂t
L Lorentz condition for potentials by (1) and
(2)
4.3 TIME – VARYING POTENTIALS
∂2V ρ
∇ 2 V − µε 2 = − V
ρv dv ∂t ε
V =∫ Those are wave equations
v
4πεR
∂2V
µ J dv ∇ 2 A − µε 2 = −µJ
A=∫ ∂t
4πR
t’ = t - R
V
V =∫
[ρv ] dv µ
4πεR 1
v
u=
Retarded Electric potential µε
µ [ J ] dv
A=∫ ; Magnetic vector potential
V
4πR 4.4 TIME – HARMONIC FIELD
Retarded Magnetic potential
A time – harmonic field is one carries
B = ∇xA
periodically or sinusoidally with time.
∂
∇xE = −
∂t
(
∇xA ) z = x + jy = r∠ϕ
z = rej∅ = r (cos + j sin ∅)
 ∂A 
∇x  E + = 0 r = |z| = �x2 + y2
 ∂t  y
∅ =tan −1
∂A x
E+ = −∇V
∂t z* = x – jy = r ∠-∅ = re−j∅
∂A ∅ = ωt + θ
E = −∇V − Time varying rej∅ = rejθ ejωt
∂t
Modified electric filed equation Re ( rej∅ ) = r cos(ωt + θ)
Electromagnetic wave equation Im ( rej∅ ) = r sin(ωt + θ)
ρ ∂ The complex term I0ejθ, which result from
∇.E = v = −∇ 2 V − ( ∇.A ) dropping the time factor ejωt in I(t), is called
ε ∂t
the phasor current, denoted by Is, that is,
∂ ρ
∇ 2 V + ( ∇.A ) = − v …….(1) Is = I0ejθ = I0 ∠θ
∂t ε Where the subscript s denotes the pharos
∂D form of I(f). Thus I(t) = I0 cos (ωt + θ), the
∇×B=J+
∂t instantaneous form, can be expressed as
Maxwell’s equation I(t) = Re (Isejωt)
∂ ∂A  In general, a phasor could be scalar or
∇ ×∇× A = µJ + εµ  −∇V − 
∂t  ∂t  vector. If a vector A(x, y, z, t) is a time –
harmonic field, the phasor from of A is As(d,
 ∂V  ∂2A
= µJ − µε ∇   − µε y, z); the two quantities are related as
 ∂t  ∂t 2 A = Re ( Asejωt)
∇x∇xA = ∇(∇.A) − ∇ 2 A For example, if A = Ao cos ( ωt – βx) ay, we
by vector identity can write A as
A = Re ( Ao e-jβx ay ejωt)
∂A ∂
= Re (Asejωt) = Re (jωAsejωt)
∂t ∂t
∂A ∂
→ jωAs replaces with jω
∂t ∂t
A
∫A∂t → jωs
Point From Integral Form

∇.𝐷𝐷s = ρvs ∮D .dS = ∫ρ dv
s vs
∇. 𝐵𝐵s = 0 ∮B .dS = 0
s
∇. 𝐸𝐸 s = -jω𝐵𝐵s ∮E .dI = − jω∫ B .dS

s s
∇. 𝐻𝐻 s = 𝐽𝐽s + .dI ∫ ( j + jωD ) .dS

∮H = s s s
jω𝐷𝐷s
5 UNIFORM PLANE WAVES
5.1 UNIFORM PLANE WAVES ∇.HS =

0
In general, waves are means of ∇ × ES = − jωµ HS

transporting energy or information. ∇ × HS = ( σ + jωε ) ES
1. Free space ( σ = 0, ε = ε 0 , µ = µ 0 ) ∇ × ∇ × ES = − jωµ ∇ × HS
2. Lossless dielectrcs ∇ × ∇ × A =∇ ( ∇.A ) − ∇ 2 A
( σ = 0, ε = εr ε0 , µ = µ r µ0 , or σ << ωε )
3. Lossy dielectrics ( )
∇ ∇.E s − ∇ 2 E s = − jωµ ( σ + jωµ ) E s
( σ ≠ 0, ε =εr ε0 , µ =µ r µ0 ) ∇ 2 ES − γ 2 ES =0
4. Good conductor where
( σ ≈ ∞, ε = ε0 , µ =µ r µ0 , or σ >> ωε ) γ 2 = jωµ ( σ + jωε )
and ϒ is called the propagation constant (in
5.1.1 WAVES IN GENERALMEDIUM per meter) of the medium. By a similar
procedure, it can be shown that for the H
A wave is a function of both space and field,
time. ∇ 2 HS − γ 2 HS =0
∂2E 2 ∂ E
2
γ = α + jβ
− u =
0
∂t 2 ∂z 2
µε  σ 
2
Harmonic time dependence eiωt eq. 
 1 +   − 1
α=ω
d2E 2 
  ωε  

+ β2 ES = 0
dz 2
µε  σ 
2
E Ae j( t z ) + Be j( t z )
ω −β ω +β
= β=ω  1 +   + 1
=E A sin ( ωt −βz ) 2 
  ωε  

Imaginary part of eq. should be zero for The wave propagation along + az Electric
real solution filed
u = fλ ω = 2πf E s = E xs ( z ) aˆ x
ω 1 2π
β= T= = Electric wave eq. ( ∇ 2 − γ 2 ) E xs ( z ) = 0
u f ω
2π xs ( z )
Solution of eq. E= E 0 e −γz + E '0 e γz
β= ωt − βz = const
λ Wave propagation along az axis (E0 = 0)
dz ω wave does not trading along - az.
= =u
dt β Real part
E ( z, t ) E 0 e −αz cos ( ωt − βz ) aˆ x
=
5.1.2 WAVE PROPAGATION IN LOSSY
DIELECTRICS H0 =
E0
η
A linear, isotopic, homogenous, lossy
where η → interstice impedance of medium
dielectric medium that is change free (ρv =
0) jωµ jθ
η= = η ∠θn = η e η
∇.ES = 0 σ + jωε
µ/ε σ 1 2π
η = , tan 2θn u= = c, λ =
  σ 2 
1/4
ωε µ0ε0 β
 
1 +  
  ωε   µ0
η= = 120π ≈ 377Ω
ε0
0
 E 
H = Re  j0θ , e −αz e j( ωt −βz ) aˆ y  = E E 0 cos ( ωt −βz ) a x
 ηe n 
E0
E 0 −αz = H H 0 cos ( ωt − β= z) ay cos ( ωt − βz ) a y
= H e cos ( ωt − βz − θn ) aˆ y η0
η Direction of wave propagation az
1Np = 20 log 10 e = 8.686 dB Em wave that has no electric or magnetic
Loss tangent (determine how lossy a filed components along the direction of
medium) propagation, such a wave is called a
Js σE s σ transverse electromagnetic (TEM) wave.
= = = tan θ
J ds jωεE s ωε Each of E and H is called uniform plane
wave
σ
tan θ =
ωε 5.1.5 PLANE WAVES IN GOOD CONDUCTORS
 jσ 
∇ × HS = ( σ + jωε ) ES = jωε 1 −  ES
 ωε  σ ≈ ∞, ε = ε 0 , µ = µ 0 µ r
= jωεc ES ωµσ
α= β= = πfµσ
 σ 2
ε c =ε 1 − j 
 ωε  ω 2ω 2π
complex permittivity of medium u= = , λ =
β µσ β
∈" σ
tanθ = = ωµ
∈ ' ω∈ η= ∠45 0
σ
5.1.3 PLANE WAVES IN LOSSLESS = E E 0 e −αz cos ( ωt − βz ) aˆ x
DIELECTRICS
e cos ( ωt − βz − 45 ) aˆ y
E 0 −αz
= H
ωµ
In a lossless dielectric, σ << ωε. It is a
σ
special case of that in Section expect that
Skin depth which an EM wave can
σ ≈ 0, ε = ε 0 ε r , µ = µ 0µ r
penetrate the medium
Substituting these into eqs. Gives E 0 e −αδ = E 0 e −1
ω 1 2π
α = 0, β = ω µε u = = ,λ = 1
β µε β δ=
α
µ 0 1
η= ∠0 δ=
∈ πf µσ
Also and thus E and H are in time phase for a good conductor
with each other. 1 1+ j
= η = 2 e jπ /4
σδ σδ
5.1.4 PLANE WAVES IN FREE SPACE
 z
= E E 0 e − z/ δ cos  ωt −  aˆ x
σ = 0, ε = ε0 , µ = µ 0  δ
ω The phenomenon whereby filed intensity in
α = 0, β = ω µ 0 ε0 = a conductor rapidly decrease is known as
c
skin effect. The skin depth is useful depth ∂ 1
∫ ∇.( E × H ) dv =− ∂ t ∫  2 εE
1 
in calculating the ac resistance due to skin
2
+ µH 2  dv − ∫ σ E 2 dv
2 
effect. The dc resistance
V V V
l
R dc = ∂ 1
∫ ( E × H ) .dS =− ∂ t ∫  2 εE
1 
σs 2
+ µH 2  dv − ∫ σE 2 dv
2 
Skin depth at high freq. S V V
δ<<a ↓ ↓ ↓
The surface a skin resistance Rs (Ω /m2) Total power Rate of decreasein Ohmic power
(the real part of the η a good conductor)
leaving the = energy stored in electric dissipated
1 πf µ
R= = volume and magnetic fields
σδ σ
S
Equation is referred to as Poynting’s
l R Sl theorem. The various terms in the equation
=R ac =
σ δw w are identified using energy – conservation
l arguments for EM fields. The quantity E × H
R ac σ2πaδ a is known as the Poynting vector − is watts
= =
R dc l 2δ per square meter (W/m2); that is, − = E × H
σπa 2
Poynting’s theorem states that the net
power flowing out of a given volume v is
a
equal to the time rate of decrease in the
energy stored within volume minus the
conduction losses.
aˆ k= aˆ E × aˆ H − points along ak
E ( z, t ) E 0 e −αz cos ( ωt −βz ) aˆ x
=
δ < < a at high frequencies
e cos ( ωt −βz − θη ) aˆ y
E 0 −αz
H ( z, t )
=
5.2 THE POYNTING VECTOR η
T
Pave (z) = ∫ P(z, t )dt
1
Energy transported from one point to T0
another point by means of EM waves. The
rate of such energy can be obtained.
∂H
1
Pave ( z ) = Re E s xH s
2
*
( )
∇× E = − µ E 02 −2 αz
∂t Pave ( z )
= e cos θηaˆ z
∂E 2 η
∇xH = σE + ε
∂t Pave = ∫ Pave .dS
∂E
( )
S
2
E. ∇× H = σE + E. ε
∂t 5.3 REFLECTION OF PLANE WAVE
∇. ( A × B=) B. ( ∇× A ) − A. ( ∇× B ) vector 5.3.1 AT NORMAL INCIDENCE
identity
∂E
( ) (
H. ∇xE + ∇. HxE = σE 2 + E.σ ) ∂t
 ∂H  µ ∂
( )
H. ∇xE = H  −µ

= −
∂t  2 ∂t
H.H ( )
µ ∂H 2 1 ∂E 2
−
2 ∂t
( )
− ∇. ExH = σE 2 + ε
2 ∂t
Transmission coefficient
1. 1 + Γ = τ
2. Both Γ and τ are dimensionless and
may be complex.
3. 0 ≤ | Γ | ≤ 1
Case A
If Ez = 0 The totally reflected wave
combines with the incident wave to form a
standing wave.
E
Incident wave Γ = ro = −1, σ1 = 0, α 1 = 0, γ 1 = j β1
E io
(Ei, Hi) is traveling along + az in medium 1.
If we suppress the time factor ejwt and E=1 2E io sin β1z sin ωt aˆ x
assume that H=
2E io
cos β1z cos ωtaˆ y
E is ( z ) = E io e −γ1z aˆ x η1
1
E io − γ z
H is ( z ) H=
= io e
− γ1z
aˆ y e aˆ y Case B
η1
If η1, Γ < 0. For this case, the locations of
Reflected wave |E1| maximum are given by eq. whereas
E rs (z ) = E ro e γ1z a x those of |E1| minimum are given by eq. All
theses are illustrated in Figure.
H ro e γ1z ( −aˆ y ) =
E
H rs ( z ) = − ro e − γ1z aˆ y 1. |H1| minimum occurs whenever there is
η1
|E1| maximum which versa.
Transmitted wave
2. The transmitted wave ( not shown in
E ts ( z ) = E to e −γ1z aˆ x Figure) in medium 2 is a purely
traveling wave and consequently there
H to e γ1z ( −aˆ y ) =
E
H ts ( z ) = − to e − γ1z aˆ y
η1 are no maxima or minima in this region.
The interface at z = 0, 2 tan the boundary The ratio of |E1|max (or |E1| min (or
conditions |H1|max to |H1| min ) is called the standing
E11 = Eat , H11 = H2t wave ratio s; that is,
E1 = E i + E r , H1 =+ Hi H r E1 max H1 max 1 + Γ
= s = =
=
E 2 E= E1 min H1 min 1 − Γ
t , H2 Ht
E i ( 0 ) + E r ( 0=
) E t ( 0 ) → Eio + E= s −1
ro E to Γ=
1 E s +1
Hi ( 0 ) + H r ( 0 ) = H t ( 0 ) → ( Eio − E ro ) = to Since Γ ≤1, it follows that 1 ≤ s ≤ ∞. The
η1 η2
η2 − η1 standing – wave ratio is dimensionless
E ro = E io and it is customarily expressed in
η2 + η1
decibels (dB) as
2η2 S in dB = 20 log10 s
E to = E io
η2 + η1
E η − η1 5.3.2 AT OBLIQUE INCIDENCE
Γ = ro = 2
E io η 2 + η1
Reflection coefficient
E 2η 2
τ = to =
E io η 2 + η1
B. Perpendicular Polarization
1 a ×E
H= k×E = k t
ωµ η
sin θt k i u 2 µ1ε1 E ro η 2 cos θ i − η1 cos θ t
= = = Γ⊥ = =
sin θi k t u1 µ2ε2 E io η 2 cos θ i + η1 cos θ t
E ro = Γ⊥ E io
n1 sin=
θi n 2 sin θt
E to 2η 2 cos θ i
where n1= c µ1ε1= c / u1 and τ⊥ = =
E io η 2 cos θ i + η1 cos θ t
n 2 = c µ 2 ε 2 = c / u 2 are the refractive E to = τ⊥ E io
indices of the media.
1 + Γ ⊥ = τ⊥
A. Parallel Polarization
1− µ ε / µ ε
sin 2 θB⊥ = 1 2 2 21
1 − ( µ1 / µ 2 )
µ2
sin θB|| =
µ1 + µ 2
µ2
tan θ B⊥ =
µ1
E ro η 2 cos θ t − η1 cos θ i
Γ|| = =
E io η 2 cos θ t + η1 cos θ i
E 2η 2 cos θ i
τ || = to =
E io η 2 cos θ t + η1 cos θ i
E to = τ || = E io
cos θt = 1 − sin 2 θt
= 1 − ( u 2 − u1 ) sin 2 θt
2
 cos θ t 
1 + Γ|| = τ ||  
 cos θ i 
1 − µ 2 ε1 / µ1ε 2
sin 2 θ B|| =
1 − (ε1 / ε 2 )
2
1 ε2
sin 2=
θB|| → sin=
θB||
1 + ε1ε 2 ε1 + ε 2
ε2 n2
tan θ B|| = =
ε1 n1
GATE QUESTIONS
Q.1 Two coaxial cables 1 and 2 are filled Q.5 Distilled water at 250C is
with different dielectric constants characterized by σ= 1.7 ×10 −4
ε r1 and ε r 2 respectively. The ratio of mho/m and = ∈ 78 ∈0 at a frequency

the wavelengths in the two cables, of 3 GHz. Its loss tangent tan δ is
( λ1 / λ 2 ) s a) 1.3×10-5 b) 1.3 × 10−3
a) ε r1 / ε r 2 b) ε r 2 / ε r1 c) 1.7 × 10−4 / 78 d) 1.7 × 10−4 / (78 ∈0 )
(∈= 10−9 / (36π)F / m)
c) ε r1 / ε r 2 d) ε r 2 / ε r1
[GATE – 2002]
[GATE – 2000]
Q.6 A plane wave is characterized by
Q.2 A uniform plane wave in air 
impinges at 450 angle on a lossless =E ( 0.5xˆ + ye
ˆ jπ /2 ) e jωt − jkz This wave is
dielectric material with dielectric a) linearly polarized
constantϵr . The transmitted wave b) circularly polarized
propagates in a 30 direction with c) elliptically polarized
respect to the normal. The value of d) unpolarized
∈r [GATE – 2002]
is
a) 1.5 b) 1.5 Q.7 If the electric field intensity
c) 2 d) 2 associated with uniform plane
[GATE – 2000] electromagnetic wave travelling in a
perfect dielectric medium is given
Q.3 A material has conductivity of by = E(z, t) 10 cos(2π×107 t − 0.1π / z)
10−2 mho/m and a relative volt/m, the velocity of the travelling
permittivity of 4. The frequency at wave is
which the conduction current in the a) 3.00 ×108 m / sec b) 2.00 ×108 m / sec
medium is equal to the c) 6.28 ×107 m / sec d) 2.00 ×107 m / sec
displacement current is [GATE – 2003]
a) 45 MHz b) 90 MHz
c) 450 MHz d) 9000 MHz Q.8 A uniform plane wave travelling in
[GATE – 2001] air is incident on the plane
boundary between air and another
Q.4 If a plane electromagnetic wave dielectric medium with ε r =4. The
satisfies the equation
reflection coefficient for the normal
∂ Ex
2
∂ Ex
2
incidence, is
= c2 , the wave
∂z 2
∂t 2 a) zero b) 0.5∠1800
propagates in the c) 0.333∠0
0
d) 0.333∠1800
a) x-direction
[GATE – 2003]
b) z-direction
c) y- direction
Q.9 Medium 1 has the electrical
d) xy plane at an angle of 45
permittivity ε1= 1.5ε0 farad/m and
between the x and z directions
[GATE – 2001] occupies the region to the left of
x = 0 plane. Medium 2 has the
electrical permittivity ε 2 = 2.5ε 0 medium having ε r =4.0, the fraction
farad/m and occupies the region to of power transmitted into the
the right of x = 0 plane. If E1 in medium is given by
medium 1 is E1 = (2u x − 3u y + 1u z ) a) 8/9 b) 1/2
c) 1/3 d) 5/6
volt/m, then E 2 in medium 2 is [GATE – 2006]
a) (2.0u x − 7.5u y + 2.5u z )volt / m
b) (2.0u x − 7.5u y + 2.5u z )volt / m Q.14 A medium is divided into regions I
and II abour X = 0 plane, as shown
c) (1.2u x − 3.0u y + 1.0u z ) volt/m in the figure below, an
d) (1.2u x − 2.0u y + 0.6u z ) volt/m electromagnetic wave with electric
[GATE – 2003] field E = 4aˆ x + 3aˆ y + 5aˆ z is incident
normally on the interface from
Q.10 The depth of penetration of region-I. The electric field E 2 in
electromagnetic wave in a medium region – II at the interface is
having conductivity σ at a
frequency of 1 MHz will be
penetration at a frequency of 4 MHz
will be
a) 6.25 cm b) 12.50 cm
c) 50.00 cm d) 100.00cm
[GATE – 2003]

Q.11 If =
E ( aˆ x + jaˆ y ) e jkz − jωt and
  k  jkz − jωt , the time a) E 2 = E1
=H   ( aˆ x + jaˆ y ) e
 ωµ  b) 4aˆ x + 0.75aˆ y − 1.25aˆ z
averaged pointing vector is
 k  c) 3aˆ x + 3aˆ y + 5aˆ z
a) null vector b)   â z
 ωµ  d) −3aˆ x + 3aˆ y + 5aˆ z
 2k  [GATE – 2006]
 k 
c)   â z d)   â z
 ωµ   2ωµ  Q.15 A medium of relative permittivity
[GATE – 2004 ] εr 2 =2 forms an interface with
Q.12 The magnetic field intensity vector free-space. A point source of
of plane wave is given by. electromagnetic energy is located in
the medium at a depth of 1 meter
H (=
x, t ) 10sin ( 50000t + 0.004x + 30 ) aˆ y
from the interface. Due to the total
where aˆ y denotes the unit vector in internal reflection, the transmitted
y direction. The wave is propagating beam has a circular cross-section
with a phase velocity. over the interface. The area of the
a) 5 ×104 m / s b) 3 ×108 m / s beam cross – section at the interface
is given by
c) 1.25 ×107 m / s d) 3 ×106 m / s
[GATE – 2005] a) 2πm
2
b) π2m2
c) π / 2m 2 d) πm
2
Q.13 When a plane wave travelling in
[GATE – 2006]
free-space is incident normally on a
Q.16 The electric field of an [GATE – 2007]
electromagnetic wave propagating

in the positive z-direction is given Q.19 The H field (in A/m) of a plane
by. wave propagating in free space is
 π given by
= E aˆ x sin ( ωt − βz ) + aˆ y sin  ωt − βz + 
 2  5 3 5  π
The wave is = H xˆ cos ( ωt − βz ) + yˆ sin  ωt − βz + 
η0 η0  2
a) linearly polarized in the z-
direction The time average power flow
b) elliptically polarized density in watts is
c) left-hand circularly polarized η 100
a) 0 b)
d) right-hand circularly polarized 100 η0
[GATE – 2006] c) 50η0 2 d) 50
η0
Q.17 A plane wave of wavelength λ is [GATE – 2007]
travelling in a direction making an
angle 300 with positive x-axis and Q.20 A uniform plane wave in the free

900 with positive y-axis The E field space is normally incident on an
of the plane wave can be infinitely thick dielectric slab
represented as (E0 is constant) (dielectric constant εr = 9 ).The
 
j ω t −
3π π 
x − z  magnitude of the reflection
λ λ 
a) E = yE
ˆ 0e  coefficient is.

a) 0 b) 0.3
π 3π 
 j ω t − x −
λ
z
λ 
c) 0.5 d) 0.8
b) E = yE

ˆ 0e [GATE – 2008]
 3π π 
 j ω t +
λ
x + z 
λ  Q.21 A plane wave having the electric
c) E = yE
ˆ 0e  field component

 
j ω t −
3π π 
x + z 
= ( )
E i 24 cos 3x108 t + βy aˆ x V / m and
λ λ 
d) E = yE
ˆ 0e  travelling in free space is incident
normally on a lossless medium with
[GATE – 2007]
µ = µ 0 and ε = 9ε0 which occupies
Q.18 A Right Circularly Polarized (RCP) the region y ≥ 0. The reflected
plane wave is incident at an angle of magnetic field component is given
60 to the normal, on an air- by.
dielectric interface. If the reflected
cos ( 3 x108 t + y ) aˆ x A/m
1
a)
wave is linearly polarized, the 10π
relative dielectric constant ε r 2 is b) 1 cos ( 3 x108 t + y ) aˆ x A/m
20π
cos ( 3 x108 t + y ) aˆ x A/m
1
c) −
20π
d) − 1 cos ( 3 x108 t + y ) aˆ x A/m
10π
[GATE – 2010]
a) 2 b) 3 Q.22 The electric field component of a

c) 2 d) 3 time harmonic plane EM wave
travelling in a nonmagnetic lossless
dielectric medium has an amplitude
of 1 V/m. If the relative permittivity
of the medium is 4, the magnitude of
the time average power density 
vector (in W/m2) is a) H 2 = 1.5uˆ x + 30uˆ y − 10uˆ z A/m
1 
a) 1 b) b) H 2 =3uˆ x + 30uˆ y − 10uˆ z A/m
60π
30π

c)
1
d) 1 c)=
H 2 1.5uˆ x + 40uˆ y A/m
120π 240π 
[GATE – 2010] d) H 2 =3uˆ x + 30uˆ y + 10uˆ z A/m
[GATE – 2011]
Q.23 Consider the following statement
regarding the complex Poynting Q.25 A plane wave propagating in air
 
vector P for the power radiated by
a point source in an infinite
(
with E = 8aˆ x − 6aˆ y + 5aˆ z e
ωt + 3x + 4y
)
is
homogenous and lossless medium. incident on a perfectly conducting
  
Re P denotes the real part of P , S slab positioned at x ≤ 0. the E field
denotes a spherical surface whose of the reflected waves is
centre is at the point source, and ⏞ n (
a) −8aˆ x − 6aˆ y − 5aˆ z e ) ωt + 3x + 4y
V/m
denotes the unit surface normal on
b) ( −8aˆ − 5aˆ ) e
ωt + 3x + 4y
S. Which of the following statement x + 6aˆ y z V/m
c) ( −8aˆ − 5aˆ ) e
is TRUE? ωt −3x − 4y
 x − 6aˆ y z V/m
a) Re P remains constant at any
radial distance from the source [GATE – 2012]

b) Re P increases with increasing
Q.26 The electric field of a uniform plane
radial distance from the source
 electromagnetic wave in free space,
c) 
S
()
∫∫ Re P nˆ dS remains constant at along the positive x direction, is

any radial constant at any radial given =by E 10(aˆ y + jaˆ z )e − j25x . The
distance from the source frequency and polarization of the

d)  ()
∫∫ Re P nˆ dS decreases with wave. Respectively, are
S a) 1.2 GHz and left circular
increasing radial distance from b) 4 Hz and left circular
the source c) 1.2 GHz and right circular
[GATE – 2011] d) 4 GHz and right circular
 [GATE – 2012]
Q.24 A current sheet J = 10uˆ y A/m lies
Q.27 A coaxial-cable with an inner
on the dielectric interface x = 0 diameter of 1 mm and outer
between two dielectric media with diameter of 2.4 mm is filled with a
ε r1 1,μ
= = r1 1 in Region-1 (x < 0) and dielectric of relative permittivity
ε r 2 2,μ
= = 2 in Region-1 at x=0 is 10.89. Given

r2
−9
=
H1 3uˆ x + 30uˆ y A/m, the magnetic 10
−7 F
10 H 36π
field in Region – 2 at x = 0+ is μ0 = 4π × , ε0 = , the
m m
characteristic impedance of the
cable as
a) 330Ω b) 100Ω [GATE – 2013]
c) 143.3Ω d) 43.4Ω
[GATE – 2012] Q.30 If the electric field of a plane wave is

E ( Z, t ) = x̂ 3cos(ωt − kz + 3o°) − s
Statement for Linked Answer Questions
(−kz + 45°) ( mV / m ) , the
28 and 29
A monochromatic plane wave of polarization state of the plane wave
wavelength λ = 600µ m is propagating in the is
 a) left elliptical b) left circular
direction as shown in the figure below. E i , c) right elliptical d) right circular
 
E r and E t denote incident, reflected, and [GATE – 2014-2]
transmitted electric field vectors associated
with the wave Q.31 Assume that a plane wave in air
with an electric field

= 
E 10 cos(ωt − 3x − 3 z )a y V / m is
incident on a non-magnetic dielectric
slab of relative permittivity 3 which
covers the region. Z > 0 The angle
of transmission in the dielectric slab
is _________.degrees.
 [GATE – 2014-3]
Q.28 The expression for E r is
−j
π×104 ( x − z ) Q.32 The electric field component of a
E
a) 0.23 0 ( aˆ x + aˆ z ) e 3 2
V/m plane wave travelling in a lossless
2 dielectric medium is given by
π×10 z

4
E j
b) − 0 (aˆ x + aˆ z )e 3 V / m  z 
= E(z, t) aˆ y 2 cos cos 108 t − V / m
2  2
π×104 ( x − z )
E −j . The wavelength (in m) for the wave
c) 0.44 0 ( aˆ x + aˆ z ) e 3
V/m is __________.
2
π×104 ( x − z )
[GATE – 2015-1]
E −j
d) 0 ( aˆ x + aˆ z ) e 3
V/m
2 Q.33 Consider a uniform plane wave with
[GATE – 2013] amplitude (E 0 ) of 10V / m and
1.1GHz frequency travelling in air,
Q.29 The angle of incidence θi and the and incident normally on a dielectric
expression for E�i are medium with complex relative
E −j
π×104 ( x + z ) permittivity (εr ) and permeability
a) 60 and 0 ( aˆ x − aˆ z ) e 3 2
V/m
2 ( μr ) as shown in the figure.
π×10 z 4
E −j
b) 45°and 0 ( aˆ x + aˆ z ) e 3 V / m
2
π×104 (x + z)
E −j
c) 45°and 0 ( aˆ x − aˆ z ) e 3 2
V/m
2
π×10 4
z
E0 −j

d) 60 and ( aˆ x − aˆ z ) e 3 V/m
2
The magnitude of the transmitted This wave is incident upon a
electric field component (in V/m) receiving antenna placed at the
after it has travelled a distance of origin and whose radiated electric
10 cm inside the dielectric region field towards the incident wave is
is _______________. given by the following equation:
[GATE – 2015-1] 
Ea = (
a x +2a I
r
)
y E 1 e jkr
Q.34 The electric field intensity of a plane The polarization of the incident
wave traveling in free space is give wave, the polarization of the
by the following expression antenna and losses due to the
E ( x, t ) = a y 24πcos(ωt − k 0 x) ( V / m ) polarization mismatch are,
In this field, consider a square area respectively,
10cm x 10 cm on a plane x + y = 1. a) Linear, Circular (clockwise),-5dB
The total time-averaged power (in b) Circular (clockwise), Linear,-5dB
mW) passing through the square c) Circular (clockwise), Linear,-3dB
area is______ d) Circular (anti clockwise),
[GATE – 2015-1] Linear,-3dB
[GATE – 2016-1]
electromagnetic wave is Q.38 Let the electric field vector of a
  plane electromagnetic wave
=
E (a x + j4a y )exp[ j(2π× 107 t − 0.2z)]
propagating in a homogenous
The polarization of the wave is medium be expressed as
a) Right handed circular − j(ωt −βz)
E = xE x e
ˆ , where the
b) Right handed elliptical
c) Left handed circular propagation constant β is a function
d) Left handed elliptical of the angular frequency𝜔𝜔. Assume
[GATE – 2015-2] that β (ω) and E x are known and
are real. From the information
Q.36 The electric field of a plane wave available, which one of the following
propagating in a lossless non- CANNOT be determined?
magnetic medium is given by the a) The type of polarization of the
following expression wave.

=E(z, t) aˆ x 5cos(2π×109 t + βz) b) The group velocity of the wave.
π c) The phase velocity of the wave.
+â y 3cos(2π×109 t + βz − ) d) The power flux through the z = 0
2 plane.
The type of the polarization is
[GATE – 2016-2]
a) Right Hand Circular.
b) Left Hand Elliptical
Q.39 A positive charge q is placed at x= 0
c) Right Hand Elliptical
between two infinite metal plates
d) Linear
placed at x=-d and at x=+d
[GATE – 2015-2]
respectively. The metal plates lie in
the yz plane.
wave travelling along the negative z
direction is given by the following
i
equation: E=w ( aˆ x + jaˆ y ) E0e jkz
Q.42 A uniform plane wave traveling in
free space and having the electric
field

=
E ( ) ( )
2aˆ x − aˆ z cos 6 3x108 t − 2π x + 2z  V / mE
 
is incident on a dielectric medium
The charge is at rest at t= 0, when a (relative permittivity > 1, relative
voltage +V is applied to the plate at permeability = 1) as shown in the
‒d and voltage ‒V is applied to the figure and there is no reflected wave
plate at x= +d. Assume that the
quantity of the charge q is small
enough that it does not perturb the
field set up by the metal plates. The
time that the charge q takes to reach
the right plate is proportional to
a) d/V b) d /V
c) d/ V d) d / V
[GATE – 2016-2]
Q.40 If a right-handed circularly

polarized wave is incident normally
on a plane perfect conductor, then
the reflected wave wiII be
a) right-handed circularly polarized
b) left-handed circularly polarized
c) elliptically polarized with tilt
angle of 45°
d) horizontally polarized
[GATE – 2016-3]
Q.41 The expression for an electric field

in free space is
E = E 0 = ( xˆ + yˆ + j2zˆ ) e
− j( ωt − kx + ky )
where x, y, z represent the spatial

coordinates, t represents time, and
ω,k are constants. This electric field,
a) does not represent a plane wave

b) represents a circular polarized
plane wave propagating normal to
the z-axis
c) represents an elliptically
polarized plane wave propagating
along x-y plane.
d) represents a linearly polarized
plane wave
[GATE – 2017-1]
ANSWER KEY:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
(b) (c) (a) (b) (a) (c) (b) (d) (c) (b) (a) (c) (a) (c)
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
(d) (c) (a) (d) (d) (c) (a) (c) (c) (a) (c) (a) * (a)
29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42
(c) (a) 30 8.8 0.1 53.3 (d) (b) (c) (d) (c) (b) (c) 2
EXPLANATIONS
Q.1 (b) 1.7 ×10−4
=
1 2π × 3 ×109 × 78 ∈0
v1 =
µ1 ∈1 = 0.13 ×10−4
1 = 1.3 × 10−5
v2 =
µ2 ∈2
Q.6 (c)

v1 ∈ 2
E x = 0.5e (
j ω t − kz )
xˆ
= 
v2 ∈1 E y = 1e
j(ω t − kz )
yˆ
v = ηλ  π
Ex − 1
n = frequency of operation  = 0.5e 2= ∠90
Ey 2
v∝λ 
Ex
λ1 ∈2 Since  ≠ 1 ,so elliptically
∴ =1 Ey
λ2 ∈
polarised.
Q.2 (c)
Q.7 (b)
sin θt 1
= r ω
= 2π ×10 7
sin θi ∈
β = 0.1π
sin 300 1 Comparing with Acos (ωt − β z )
0
=
sin 45 ∈r ω 2π ×10 7
1/ 2 1 =
v =
⇒ = β 0.1π
1/ 2 ∈r
= 2 × 108 m / s
⇒ εr =
2
Q.8 (d)
Q.3 (a) η −η
Γ= 2 1
σ=
E jω ∈ E η z + η1
σ 2π f ∈0∈r
= μ0 μ
− 0
σ 0r 0
⇒ f = =
2π ×∈0∈r μ0 μ
+ 0
9 ×109 × 2 ×10−2 0r 0
= 1
4 −1
F =45 ×106 =45MHz r
= = r = 4
1
+1
Q.4 (b) r
−1/ 2 −1
Q.5 (a) = = ⇒ 0.333∠180 0
3/ 2 3
σ
tan δ =
ω∈ Q.9 (c)
E1 = 2u x − 3u y + 1u z
E1t =
−3u y + u z =E2t ( x = 0 plane) η −η
Γ= 2 1
E1n = 2u x η2 + η1
D1n = D2 n =∈ E µ0 µ0
−
∈0∈r ∈0
⇒ ∈1 E1n =
∈2 E2 n =
µ0 µ0
=1.5 ∈0 .2u x =2.5 ∈0 .E2 n +
∈0∈r ∈0
3
=
E2 n = u x 1.2u x 1
−1
2.5 −1
Γ 2=
=
=
E 2 E2t + E2 n 1
+1 3
2
E2 =−3u y + u z + 1.2u x 1 8
T = 1 − Γ2 = 1 − =
9 9
Q.10 (b) ∴ Pt =
T .Pi
1
δ∝ Pt 8
=
f Pi 9
δ2 f1
= Q.14 (c)
δ1 f2
E1t = 3aˆ y + 5aˆ z = E 2t
1MHz
=δ2 × 25cm Dn1 = Dn 2
4MHz
δ 2 = 12.5cm kl dlsin α
dH =
R2
Q.11 (a) 3x4aˆ x
1   =
E 2n = 3aˆ x
Pavg = Re  ExH  4
2  
=
E E2t + E2 n
1 
( )
Re aˆ x + jaˆ y  e jkz − ejωt
2  
2
= 3aˆ y + 5aˆ z + 3aˆ x
x
k
ωµ
( aˆ x + jaˆ y ) e − jkz − jω t
Q.15 (d)
k
=
Pavg = [ 0] 0 =
sin θ
1
=
1
2ωμ ∈r 2
 1 1 π
 − j 1 = 1 + j = 1 − 1 = 0 θ 45
= =
2 0
  4
Q.12 (c)
ω = 50, 000
β = - 0.004
ω
vρ =
β
5 × 104 BD = AB = 1m
=
−4 × 10−3 Area =πr2 = π × BD 2 =
π m2
=
−1.25 ×10 7 m / s
Q.16 (c)
Q.13 (a)
P1= (1 − Γ 2 ) Pi Q.17 (a)
Q.18 (d)
εr2 µ0 µ0
tan θ B = −
ε r1 H r η1 − η 2 ∈1 ∈2
= =
εr2 H i η1 + η2 µ0 µ0
tan 600 = +
1 ∈1 ∈2
3 = εr2 ∈2 − ∈1 9− 1
= =
εr2 = 3 ∈2 + ∈1 9+ 1
3 −1 2 1
Q.19 (d) = = =
3 +1 4 2
For free space,
Therefore, reflected magnetic field
E2 component,
=P = , E η0 H
2η0 
cos ( 3x108 t − βy ) aˆ x
1
η0 H 2 η0 H 2 =Hr
=P = 5π
2η0 2 Which indicates that the reflected
1 10 wave is travelling in –y direction.
=H (5 3) 2 +=
(5) 2
η0 η0
η 100 Q.22 (c)
= 0× 2
P Magnitude of the time-average
2 η0
power density vector,
50
P= Watts E2
η0 Pav =
2η
Q.20 (c) η
Where,= µ/ ∈
Dielectric constant of free space, µ0 η0 120π
η
= = =
∈r1 =1 dielectric constant of 4 ∈0 2 2
dielectric slab, ∈r 2 = 9 Magnitude of 12 1
=Pav = W / m2
reflection coefficient,  120π  120π
2 
ε r1 − ε r 2 1− 3 2  2 
ρ= = = = 0.5
ε r1 + ε r 2 1 + 3 4
Q.23 (c)
Q.21 (a) Q.24 (a)
 
(
E1 24 cos 3 ×108 t − βy a z
= ) For magnetic
relations are
field boundary
The wave is travelling in + y
direction
Bη1 = Bη 2
 
and H t1 − H t 2 =
−J s xa n
 1 
(
H i = aˆ y xE1
η
) ⇒ Bx1 = Bx 2
∴ (x is normal component)
µ1 H x1 = µ2 H x 2
=
24 cos
120π
( 3x108 t − βy ) aˆ x ⇒ 1 × 3 = 2 × H x2
H x2 = 1.5
⇒ H t1 − H t 2 =
−10uˆ y xuˆ x
cos ( 3x108 t − βy ) aˆ x
1
=
5π = +10uˆ z
H=
t2 H t1 − 10uˆ z
=
H t 2 30uˆ z − 100uˆ z plane of incidence in the case of
parallel poarization.
Q.25 (c) ξ r1 sin θi = ξ r2 sin θ t

(
E = 8aˆ x + 6aˆ y + 5aˆ z e ( )
j ωt + 3x − 4 y )
1sin θi = 4.5 sin(19.20 )

v/m
Since perfect conductor will reflect θi 2.12 × 0.3289
sin=
wave totally. Let reflected wave is sin θi = 0.697
ur
E R . Tangential component of θi = 0.697
incident wave is
 θi = sin −1 ( 0.697 )
=
E t 6aˆ y + 5aˆ z
θi = 44.2
Since at the boundary net tangential
field will be zero. θi = 450
For this tangential component of Incidence electric field
  
reflected wave ( E tr ) and tangential E i E io ( cos θi aˆ x − sin θi aˆ z ) e jβ
=
component of incident wave must ( x sin θi + z cos θi )

cancel out each other, for this

Ei = E 0 ( cos 45  )
E tr =
−6aˆ y − 5aˆ z − jπ ×104 1
( )
1 $ $ ( x+ z )
Reflected wave will have normal =Ei Eo ax − az e 3 2
component such that it will cancel 2

jπ ×104 ( x + z )
out the normal component of
incident wave so it will be −8aˆ x
=Ei
E0 $ $ −
2
(
ax − az e ) 3 2
V / m.
Also the direction of propagation
will be in –x direction. So Q.30 (a)

(
E =−8aˆ x − 6aˆ y − 5aˆ z e ()
j ωt − 3x − 4 y )
v/m. =E ( z1t ) 3cos ( cot-kz + 30° )
a x -4 -sin(ωt − kz + 45°)a y
Q.26 (a)
Out of phase by 900 and equal E x =3cos ( ωt − kz + 30°)
amplitude the wave is left circularly E y = − 4cos( ωt − kz + 45°)
polarized check the trace of E with At =z 0 E= 3cos( ωt + 30°) .
x
the time
E y = − 4sin( ωt + 45°)
a y = sin ωt
|E x | ≠ |E y | → so
az = cos ωt
Elliptical polarization
Q=30° —135°=-105°
Q.27 (*)
∴left hand elliptical (LEP)
Characteristic impedance of the co-
axial cable is given by
Q.31 (30)
138 D
Z0 = log =
Given E 10 cos (ωt − 3x − 3z )a y
∈r d
E=E
138  2.4  − Jβ ( x cosθ x + y cosθ y + z cosθz )
= log  =  15.89Ω
0e
10.89  1  So, βx = β cos θx = 3

Q.28 (a) β y =β cos θ y =0
β z =β cosθz = 3
Q.29 (c)
Electric field boundary condition β 2x + β 2y + β 2z =
β2
Electric lies in the x – z plane the 9+3=β 2 ⇒ β =13
β cos θz= 3 ⇒ cos θz 1 E02
Pavg = ax
3 2 η
= ⇒ θz = 61.28 = θi
13 1 (24π) 2
= ax
sin θi E2 2 120π
= = 7.53ax
sinθi E1
sin 61.28 3 0.8769 Power (P) = ∫Pavg .ds
⇒ =⇒ sin θ t
= s
sin θ t 1 3 x+ y= 1
θ t 30.4 ⇒ θ t ; 30o
= ax + ay
→ unit vector normal
2
Q.32 (8.885) To the surface
z
=
E(z, t) 2cos(108 t − )a y a
2 P = ∫ 7.53a x . x dydz
2
2π s
P = 53.3mW
λ
= = 2π 2 7.53
β = ×10 ×10 ×10 −2
λ = 8.885m 2
P = 53.3 ×10−3 W
Q.33 (0.1)
( 2) Q.35 (d)
(1) E (a x + 4 ja y )e j(2 π×?10
=
7
t − 0.2z)
Dieletric(σ = 0)
air
μ r = 1 − j2 ω = 2π×107
η1 = 120πΩ E z = cos ωt
r = 1 − j2
E1 = 10V / m β = 0.2
η2 = 120πΩ
π
η1 = η2 E y = 4 cos(ω + ) = − sin ωt
2
So, E 2 = E1 = 10V / m So, it left hand elliptical polarization
E 3 → Electric field in the dieletric
after travelling10cm Q.36 (b)
E 3 E 2 e − γz →
=
=
E x 5cos(ωt + βz)
 π
r =α + jβ = jωμ ( σ + jω ∈) E y = 3 cos  ωt + βz − 
 2
α + jβ =
ω μ 00 μ rr π
φ=−
α + jβ jω μ 00 (1 − j2)
= 2
But the wave is propagating along
= jω μ 00 + 2ω μ 00 negative z-direction
2 × 2π ×1.1×109 So, Left hand elliptical (LED).
=α 2ω
= μ 00 = 46.07
3 ×108
z = 10 cm Q.37 (c)
−2
E 3 10e −10×10 =
= ×46.07
=
10e −4.6
0.1 Q.38 (d)
Option (a): The polarization is linear
Q.34 (53.3)
E ( x, t ) =
a y 24πcos(ωt − k 0 x ) ( V / m ) C
Option (b): Vg =
Vp
ω Since, there is no reflection,
Option (c): Vp =
β
Angle of incidence in Brewster angle
Option (D): It is not possible to find
the intrinsic impedance of the is
medium. So it is not possible to find
power flux. ε2
θi =θB =tan −1 =tan −1 ε 2
ε1
Q.39 (c)
tan θi = 2
Q.40 (b) ε2 = 2
If incident wave is right handed ε 2 =2
polarized then the reflected wave is
left handed polarized.
Q.41 (c)
Given the direction of propagation is
aˆ x − aˆ y
The orientation of E field is

aˆ x + aˆ y + j2aˆ z
The dot product between above two

is 1 – 1 + 0 = 1
It is a plane wave
We observed that
P=
aˆ x − aˆ y , aˆ x + aˆ y and j2aˆ z are
normal to each other
So electric field can be resolved into

two normal component along
aˆ x + aˆ y and j2aˆ z
The magnitude are 2 and 2 and

π
θ=
2
So elliptical polarization
Q.42 2

=E ( ) ( (
2aˆ 11 − aˆ z cos σ 3πx108 t − 2π x + 2z V / m))
The wave is parallel to the x, z plane
6 TRANSMISSION LINE
6.1 INTRODUCTION
series R and L
Transmission lines are commonly used in

power distribution (at low frequencies) shunt G and C
and in communications (at high
frequencies). There are various kinds of
transmission lines such as the twisted–pair
and coaxial cables.
4) The value of L shown in Table is the
1) The line parameters R, L, G and not external inductance per unit length;
discrete or lumped but distributed as that is, L = Lext. The effects of
shown in figure. By this we mean that internal inductance Lin ( = R/ω) are
the parameters are uniformly negliable as high frequencies at
distributed along the entire length of which most communication systems
the line. operate.
5) For each line,
Parameters Coaxial Line Two – Planer
G σ
Wire Line LC = µε and =
Line C ε
R ( Ω /m) 1 1 1  1 2
−
2πδσc  a b  πaδσ c wδσ c 6.2 TRANSMISSION LINE EQUATIONS
( δ << a,c − b ) δ << a (δ << t )
L (H/m) µ b µ d µd V = − ∫ E. dI, I = ∫ H. dI
In cosh −1
2π a π 2a w By KVL to the circuit
∂I (z, t )
G(S/m) 2πa πσ σw V(z, t ) = R∆z I(z, t ) + L ∆ z + V(z + ∆z, t )
b d ∂t
V(z + ∆z, t ) − V(z , t ) ∂I(z, t )
−1 d
In cosh
a 2a
= RI(z, t ) + L
C (F/m) 2πε πε εw ∆z ∂t
∂V(z, t ) ∂I(z, t )
= RI(z, t ) + L
b d
−1 d
In cosh
(w >> d ) −
a
2a
∂z ∂t
By KCL to the node of circuit
2) For each line, the conductor are I ( z, =
t ) I ( z + ∆z, t ) + ∆I
characterized by σ c , µ c , ε c = ε 0 , and the ∂V ( z + ∆z, t )
homogeneous dielectric separating the = I ( z + ∆z, t ) + G ∆z V ( z + ∆z, t ) + C ∆z
∂t
conductor is characterized by σ, µ, ε .
3) G ≠ 1/R; R is the resistance per unit I ( z + ∆z, t ) − I ( z, t )
length of the conductor comprising the
line and G is the conductance per unit ∆z
length of the conductor comprising the= GV ( z + ∆z, t ) + C ∂V ( z + ∆z, t )
line and G is the conductance per unit ∂t
length due to the dielectric medium ∂I ( z, t ) ∂V ( z, t )
separating the conductors. − = GV ( z, t ) + C
∂z ∂t
R + jω L
Z= = R 0 + jX 0
G + jωC
0
I(z, t) R z L z I(z + z, t)
To generator + +
To load
A. Lossless Line (R = 0 = G)
V(z, t)
V(z + z, t)
C z
A transmission line is said to be
G z
lossless if the conductors of the line are
- - perfect ( σc ≈ ∞) and the dielectric
medium separating them is lossless ( σ
z
z z+ z ≈ 0).
V ( z, t ) = Re  Vs ( z ) e jωt  R=0=G
α =0,
I ( z, t ) = Re  Is ( z ) e jωt 
γ = j β = jω LC
dV
− s = ( R + jωL ) I s ω 1
dz u= = = fλ
β LC
dI
− s = ( G + j ω C ) Vs L
dz X=
0 0, Z=
0 R=
0
2
d Vs C
= ( R + j ω L )( G + j ω C ) Vs B. Distortionless Line (R /L = G/C)
dz 2
A distortionless line is one which the
d 2 Vs attenuation constant α is frequency
− γ 2 Vs = 0
dz 2 independent while the phase constant β
γ = α + j β = (R + j ωL )(G + jωC ) is linearly dependent on frequency.
d 2 Is R G
− γ 2 Is = 0 =
dz 2 L C
2π  j ω L  j ω C 
λ= =γ RG 1 + 1 + 
β  R  G 
ω  jωC 
u= = fλ = RG 1 +  =α + j β
β  G 
2π 2πf ω α = RG β =ω LC
=
β = =
λ λf µ R (1 + j ω L / R ) R L
2π ω =
Z0 = = =
, R 0 + jX 0
=
β = G (1 + j ω C / G ) G C
λ µ
R L
Vs ( z ) V0+ e −γz + V0− e γz
= =
R0 =
G C
=
X0 0
→+z −z← u=
ω
=
1
= fλ
+ −γz − γz β
=
Is (z) I e 0 +I e 0
LC
A losses line is also a distortionless line,
→+z − z← but a distortionless line is not
The characteristic impedance Z0 of the necessarily lossless. Lines are desirable
line is the ratio of positively travelling in power transmission, telephone lines
voltage wave to current wave at any point are required to be distortionless.
on the line. Case Propagation Constant Characteristic
V+ V − R + jω L γ γ = α + jβ Impedance
Z 0 = +0 = − −0 = = Z0=R0 +jX0
I0 I0 γ G + jωC General (R + j ω L)(G + j ω C) R + jω L
G + jωC
Lossless 0 + j ω LC L  Z + Z0 tanh γl 
+ j0 Zin = Z0  L (lossy)
C 
Distortionless  Z0 + ZL tanh γl 
RG + j ω LC L
+ j0  Z + Z0 tanh βl 
C
Zin = Z0  L  (lossless)
6.3 INPUT IMPEDANCE, SWR, & POWER  Z0 + jZL tan βl 
z The voltage reflection coefficient at any
l’ = l -z
ZgIo point on the line is the ratio of the
IL magnitude of the reflected voltage wave to
+ + that of the incident wave.
Vg V0 V − e γl
Zin Zin
VL Γ L = +0 − γl
V0 e
Z − Z0
ΓL = L
z=l Z L + Z0
z=0
(a)
Zg
The current reflection coefficient at any
point on the line is negative of the voltage
reflection coefficient at that point.
+
Vg Voltage standing wave Ratio s (VSWR)
V0 Zin
Vmax I max 1 + Γ L
=
S = =
Vmin I min 1 − Γ L
(b)
1< S ≤ ∞
+ − γz −1 ≤ T ≤ +1
Vs (z) = V e + V0− e γz
o
max for min (zin) input impedance
V0+ − γz V0− γz Vmax
I s (z) =
e − e Zin= = sZ0
Z0 Z0 max
I min
V0 = V (z = 0), I0 = I( z = 0) Vmin Z0
1 Zin= =
( V0 + Z0 I0 )
min
V0+
= I max s
2 Power Transmission at the l distance
[ ]
1
V0−
= ( V0 − Z0 I0 ) 1
Pave = Re Vs (l ) I *s (l )
2 2
Zin Vg 2
=V0 =
Zin + Zg
Vg , I0
Zin + Zg Pave =
V0+
2Z 0
(1− Γ )
2
V= V (=
z l ) , I= ( z l)
I=
L L Pt = Pi - Pr
1 Special care of Transmission Line
V0+
= ( VL + Z0 IL ) eγl
2
1 A. Shorted Line (ZL = 0)
V0−
= ( V0 − Z0 I0 ) e−γl = Zsc Zin= jZ0 tan βl
2 ZL = 0
Vs (z) Z0 ( V0 + V0 )
+ −
Γ L =− 1,s =∞
=
Zin =
Is (z) V0+ − V0−
e γl + e −γl e γl − e −γl
= cosh γl , = sin γl
2 2
sinh γl e γl − e − γl
=
tan γl =
cosh γl e γl + e − γl
with the slotted line to determine the
Zsc
value of the unknown load impedance.
Inductive 6.4 APPLICATIONS OF TRANSMISSION

LINES
A. Quarter – Wave Transformer

0
3 2
2 2
(Matching)
λ 2π  π  π
Capacitive
l = or = βl = 
4 λ 4 2
Z
(a)
When Z0 ≠ ZL the load is mismatched
and a reflected wave exist on the line.
Zoc
However, for minimum power transfer,
it is desired that the load be matched to
the transmission line (Z0 = ZL) so there
Inductive is no reflection the mateling is achieved
by using shorted sections of
transmission lines.
 ZL + jZ0 tan π / 2  Z02
0 l
3 2
2 2 = Zin Z= 0  
 Z0 + jZL tan π / 2  ZL
Zin Z0
=
Capacitive
Z0 Z L
Z '0 = Z 0 Z L
(b)
B. Open – Circuited Line (ZL = ∞) If for example, a 120 - Ω load is to be

Z0 matched to a 75 -Ω line, the quarter –
Zoc = lim Zin = =
− jZ0 cot β l wave transformer must have a
ZL →∞ jtan βl
characteristic impedance of (75)(120 )
ΓL =1, s = ∞
Z sc Z oc = Z 02 ≈ 95 Ω.
Thus, the main disadvantage of the
quarter
C. Matched Line (ZL = Z0) – wave transformer is that it is a narrow
Zin = Z0 – band or frequency
Γ L= 0,s= 1 – sensitive device
The incident power is fully absorbed by
the load. Thus maximum power transfer B. Single – Stub Tuner (Matching)
is possible when a transmission line is A
matched to the load.

The Smith chart is a graphical mean of Yo= 1 ,s = 1 ZL
Zo
obtaining line characteristics such as Γ,
s, and Zin, It is constructed within a
circle of unit radius and based on the
8
,s=
formula for ΓL given above. For each r

o
Y
shorted stub d
and x, it has two explicit circle (the
constant s – circle). It is conveniently
used in determining the location of a
The major drawback of using a quarter
stub tuner and its length. It is also used
– wave transformer as a line – matching
device is eliminated by using a single – ys= jb
stub tuner. The tuner consists of an B’

open or shorted section of transmission g=b locus of y = 1 + jb
® =1 circle)
line of length d connected in parallel
with the main line at some distance l A
from the load as in Figure. Notice that dB
A
yL=
8
the stub has the same characteristic
impedance as the main line. It is B B
difficult to use a series stub although it yL
is theoretically feasible. An open – g = -b
circuited stub radiates some energy are
preferred. A’ ys = -jb
dA
As we intend that Zin = Z0, that is, Zin = 1
or yin = 1 at point A on the line, we first
draw the locus y = 1 + jb ( r = 1 circle)
on the Smith chart as shown in Figure
11.20. If a shunt stub of admittance ys =
- jb is introduced at A, then
yin =1 + jb + ys =1 + jb − jb =1 + j0
We determine the length d of the stub
by finding the distance from Psc (at
which z’L = 0 + j0) to the required stub
admittance ys. For the stub at A, we
obtain d = dA as the distance from P to
A’, where A’ corresponds to ys = -jb
located on the periphery of the chart as
in Figure 11.20. Similarly, we obtain d =
dB as the distance from Psc to B’ (ys = jb).
Thus we obtain d = dA and d = dB,
corresponding to A and B, respectively,
as shown in Figure 11.20. Note that dA +
dB = λ/2 always. Since we have two
possible shunted stubs, we normally
choose to match the shorter stub or one
at a position closer to the load. Instead
of having a single stub shunted across
the line, we may have two stubs. This is
called double – stub matching and
allows for the adjustment of the load
impedance.
GATE QUESTIONS
Q.1 The magnitude of the open-circuit Q.6 A short-circuited stub is shunt is

and short – circuit input impedances shunt connected to a transmission
of a transmission line are 100Ω and line as shown in the figure. If
25Ω respectively. The characteristic Z=
0 50 Ω, the admittance Y seen at
impedance of the line is. the junction of the stud and the
a) 25Ω b) 50Ω transmission line is
c) 75Ω d) 100Ω
[GATE – 2000]
Q.2 A uniform plane electromagnetic

wave incident normally on a plane
surface of a dielectric material is
reflected with a VSWR of 3. What is
the percentage of incident power a) (0.01 – j0.02) mho
that is reflected? b) (0.02-j0.01) mho
a) 10% b) 25% c) (0.04-j0.02) mho
c) 50% d) 75% d) (0.02 + j0) mho
[GATE – 2001] [GATE – 2003]
Q.3 A transmission line is distortion less Q.7 A lossless transmission line is
if terminated in a load which reflects a
a) RL = 1 b) RL = GC part of the incident power. The
GC
measured VSWR is 2. The
c) LG = RC d) RG = LC
percentage of the power that is
[GATE – 2001]
reflected back is
a) 57.73 b) 33.33
Q.4 In an impedance Smith chart, a
c) 0.11 d) 11.11
clockwise movement along a
[GATE – 2004]
constant resistance circle gives rise
to
Q.8 A plane electromagnetic wave
a) a decrease in the value of
propagating in free space is incident
reactance
normally on a large slab of loss-less,
b) an increase in the value of
non-magnetic, dielectric material
reactance
c) no change in the reactance value with ε > ε0 . Maxima and minima are
d) no change in the impedance observed when the electric field is
value measured in front of the slab. The
[GATE – 2002] maximum electric field is found to
be 5 times the minimum field. The
Q.5 The VSWR can have any value intrinsic impedance of the medium
between should be
a) 0 and 1 b) – 1 and + 1 a) 120πΩ b) 60πΩ
c) 0 and ∞ d) 1 and ∞ c) 600πΩ d) 24πΩ
[GATE – 2002] [GATE – 2004]
Q.9 Consider an impedance Z=R+jX a) Unit circles
marked with port P in an impedance b) Constant resistance circles
Smith chart as shown in the figure. c) constant reactance circles
The movement from point P along a d) constant reflection coefficient
constant resistance circle in the circles
clockwise direction by an angle 450 [GATE – 2005]
is equivalent to
Common data for questions 12 and 13
Voltage standing wave pattern in a lossless
transmission line with characteristic
impedance 50Ω and a resistive load is
shown in the figure.
a) Adding an inductance in series

with Z
b) Adding a capacitance in series
with Z
c) Adding an inductance in shunt
across Z
d) Adding a capacitance in shunt Q.12 The value of the load resistance is
across Z a) 50Ω b) 200Ω
[GATE – 2004] c) 12.5Ω d) 0Ω
Q.10 Consider a 300Ω , quarter-wave long [GATE – 2005]
(at 1 GHz) transmission line as show Q.13 The reflection coefficient is given by
in the figure. It is connected to a a) -0.6 b) -1
10V. 50 Ω source at one end and is c) 0.6 d) 0
left open circuited at the other end. [GATE – 2005]
The magnitude of the voltage at the
open circuit end of the line is Q.14 Characteristic impedance of
transmission line is 50Ω . Input
impedance of the open circuited line
is ZOC =100 + j150Ω. When the
transmission line is short-circuited,
then value of the input impedance
a) 10 V b) 5 V will be
c) 60 V d) 60/7 V a) 50Ω b) 100 + j150Ω
[GATE – 2004]
c) 7.69 + j11.54Ω d) 7.69 − j11.54Ω
Q.11 Many circles are drawn in a smith [GATE – 2005]
chart used for transmission line
calculation. The circles shown in the Common data for questions 15 & 16:
figure represent A 30-volts battery with zero source
resistance is connected to a coaxial line of
characteristic impedance of 50 ohms at t=0
second and terminated in an unknown
resistive load, the line length is such that it
takes 400µs for an electromagnetic wave
to travel from source end to load end and  1 1 
 − 0 1 
vice – versa. At t = 400µs , the voltage at the a) 2 2  b)  
 
 1 1 0 
− 
load end is found to be 40 volts. 1
 2 2 
Q.15 The load resistance is  1 2   1 3
− − 
a) 25 ohms b) 50 ohms c)  3 3  d)  4 4

c) 75 ohms d) 100 Ohms  2 − 1 − 3 1 
 3 3   4 4 
[GATE – 2006]
[GATE – 2007 ]
Q.16 The steady – state current through
the load resistance is Q.19 In the design of a single mode step
a) 25 Amps b) 0.3 Amps index optical fiber closer upper cut –
c) 0.6 Amps d) 0.4 Amps off, the single – mode operation is
[GATE – 2006] not preserved if
a) radius as well as operating
Q.17 The parallel branches of a 2-wire wavelength are halved
transmission line are terminated in b) radius as well as operating
100Ω and 200Ω resistors as shown wavelength are doubled
in the figure. The characteristic c) radius is halved and operating
impedance of the line is Z= 50Ω wavelength is doubled
d) radius is doubled and operating
0
and each section has length of λ / 4 . wavelength is halved
The voltage reflection coefficient Γ [GATE –2008]
at the input is
7 −5 Q.20 One end of a loss-less transmission
a) − j b)
5 7 line having the characteristic
5 5 impedance of 75Ω and length of 1
c) j d)
7 7 cm is short-circuited. At 3 GHz, the
input impedance at the other end of
the transmission line is
a) 0 b) Resistive
c) Capacitive d) Inductive
[GATE –2008]
Q.21 A transmission line terminates in

[GATE – 2007] two branches, each of length λ / 4,
as shown. The branches are
Q.18 A load of 50Ω is connected in shunt terminated by 50Ω loads. The
in a 2-wire transmission line of lines are lossless and have the
Z=
0 50Ω as shown in the figure. The characteristic impedance shown.
2-port scattering parameter matrix Determine the impedance Zi as seen
(S-Matrix) of the shunt element is by the source.
a) 200Ω b) 100Ω is found to be π / 4 radians. The
c) 50Ω d) 25Ω phase velocity of the wave along the
[GATE – 2009] line is
a) 0.8 × 10 m / s
8
b) 1.2 ×108 m / s
Q.22 In the circuit shown, all the c) 1.6 ×108 m / s d) 3 ×108 m / s
transmission line sections are [GATE – 2011]
lossless. The voltage standing wave
ratio (VSWR) on the 60Ω line is Q.26 A transmission line with a
characteristic impedance of 100Ω is
used to match a 50Ω section to a
200Ω section. If the matching is to
be done both at 429 MHz and 1GHz,
the length of the transmission line
can be approximately
a) 1.00 b) 1.64 a) 82.5 cm b) 1.05 m
c) 2.50 d) 3.00 c) 1.58 m d) 1.75 m
[GATE–2010] [GATE – 2012]
Q.23 A transmission line has a Q.27 The return loss of a device is found
characteristic impedance of 50Ω to be 20dB. The voltage standing
and a resistance of 0.1Ω / m. If the wave ratio (VSWR) and magnitude
line is distortion less, the of reflection coefficient are
attenuation constant (in Np/m) is respectively
a) 500 b) 5 a) 1.22 and 0.1 b) 0.81 and 0.1
c) 0.014 d) 0.002 c) -1.22 and 0.1 d) 2.44 and 0.2
[GATE – 2010] [GATE – 2013]
Q.24 A transmission line of characteristic

impedance 50Ω is terminated in a Q,28 For a parallel plate transmission
load impedance as ZL . The VSWR of line, let v be the speed of
the line is measured as 5 and the propagation and Z be the
first of the voltage maxima in the characteristic impedance.
line is observed at a distance of Neglecting fringe effects, a reduction
λ / 4 from the load. The value of ZL of the spacing between the plates
by a factor of two results in
is
a) 10Ω (A) halving of v and no change in Z
b) 250Ω (B) no change in v and halving of Z
c) (19.23 + j46.15)Ω
(C) no change in both v and Z
d) (19.23 − j46.15)Ω D) halving of both v and Z
[GATE – 2011]
[GATE – 2014-1]
Q.25 A transmission line of characteristic
impendence 50Ω is terminated by λ
a 50Ω load. When excited by a Q.29 The input impedance of a section
8
sinusoidal voltage source at 10GHz, of a lossless transmission line of
the phase difference between two characteristic impedance 50 Ω is
points spaced 2mm apart on the line
found to be real when the other end b) The signal gets distorted if ZT #
is terminated by a load ZL(R + jX) Ω Z0, irrespective of the value of ZR
if X is 30 Ω, the value of R (in Ω) c) Signal distortion implies
is_______. impedance mismatch at both
[GATE – 2014-1] ends: ZT # Z0and ZR# Z0
d) Impedance mismatches do NOT
result in signal distortion but
Q.30 To maximize power transfer, a reduce power transfer efficiency
lossless transmission line is to be [GATE–2014-3]
matched to a resistive load
impedance via a 𝜆𝜆/4 transformer as Q.33 A coaxial cable is made of two brass
shown. conductors. The spacing between
the conductors is filled with Teflon
(𝜀𝜀𝑟𝑟 = 2. 1, tan𝛿𝛿 = 0). Which one of the
following circuits can represent the
lumped element model of a small
piece of this cable having length ∆z ?
The characteristic impedance (in Ω) a)
of the λ/a transformer is ______.
[GATE – 2014-2]
Q.31 In the transmission line shown, the

impedance Zin (in ohms) between
node A and the ground is __________.
b)
[GATE–2014-2]
Q.32 In the following figure, the c)

transmitter Tx sends a wideband
modulated RF signal via a coaxial
cable to the receiver Rx. The output
impedance ZT of Tx, the
characteristic impedance Zo of
the cable and the input impedance
d)
ZR of Rx are all real.
Which one of the following

statements is TRUE about the [GATE–2015-3]
distortion of the received signal due
to impedance mismatch? Q.34 Consider the 3 m long lossless air
a) The signal gets distorted if ZR # filled transmission line shown in the
Z0, irrespective of the value of ZT figure. It has a characteristics
impedance of 120𝜋𝜋 Ω, is terminated b) L = 250 μH/m, C= 0.1 μH/m, R=
by a short circuit , and is excited 100 Ω/m, G= 0.04 S/m
with a frequency of 37.5 MHz. What c) L = 200 μH/m, C= 0.2 μH/m, R=
is the nature of the input impedance 100 Ω/m, G= 0.02 S/m
(𝑍𝑍𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 )? d) L = 250 μH/m, C= 0.2 μH/m, R=
50 Ω/m, G= 0.04 S/m
[GATE – 2016-1]
Q.38 A lossless micro strip transmission

a) Open b) Short line consists of a trace of width w. It
c) Inductive d) Capacitive is drawn over a practically infinite
[GATE–2015-3] ground plane and is separated by a
dielectric slab of thickness t and
Q.35 A coaxial capacitor of inner radius 1 relative permittivity 𝜀𝜀𝑟𝑟 >1. The
mm and outer radius 5 mm has a inductance per unit length and the
capacitance per unit length of 172 characteristic impedance of this line
pF/m. If the ratio of outer radius to are L and Zo, respectively.
inner is doubled, the capacitance per
unit length (in pF/m) is __________ .
[GATE–2015-3]
Q.36 A 200 m long transmission line Which one of the following

having parameters shown in the inequalities is always satisfied?
figure is terminated into a load RL. Lt Lt
a) Zo > b) Zo <
The line is connected to a 400 V ε 0ε τ w ε 0ε τ w
source having source resistance Rs
through a switch which is closed at t Lw Lw
c) Zo > d) Zo <
= 0. The transient response of the ε 0ε τ t ε 0ε τ t
circuit at the input of the line (z = 0) [GATE – 2016-2]
is also drawn in the figure. The value
of RL (in Ω) is ____________ Q.39 A microwave circuit consisting of
lossless transmission lines T1 and T2
is shown in the figure. The plot
shows the magnitude of the input
reflection coefficient Γ as a function
of frequency f. The phase velocity of
the signal in the transmission lines
is 2× 108 m/s.
[GATE–2015-3]
Q.37 The propagation constant of a lossy

transmission line is (2 + j5) m-1 and
its characteristic impedance is (50+
j0) ω at ω = 106 rad s-1. The values of
the line constants L, C, R, G are,
respectively,
a) L = 200 μH/m, C= 0.1 μH/m, R=
50 Ω/m, G= 0.02 S/m The length L ( in meters) of T2 is ___
[GATE – 2016-2]
Q.40 The voltage of an electromagnetic
wave propagating in a coaxial cable
with uniform characteristic
impedance V ( l ) = e −γl + jωt volts,
Where l is the distance along the
length of the cable in meters.
=γ ( 0.1 + j40 ) m −1 is the complex
propagation constant, and
ω = 2πx10 rad / s is
9
the angular
frequency. The absolute value of the
attenuation in the cable in dB/meter
is __________.
[GATE – 2017-1]
Q.41 A two – wire transmission line

terminates in a television set. The
VSWR measured on the line is 5.8.
The percentage of power that is
reflected from the television set is
______________
[GATE – 2017-1]
Q.42 A lossy transmission line has

resistance per unit length R =
0.05Ω/m The line is distortionless
and characteristic impedance of 50Ω
The attenuation constant (in Np/m,
correct to three decimal places) of
the line is_____. / m.
[GATE – 2017-1]
2π
β=
ANSWER KEY: λ
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
(b) (b) (c) (b) (d) (a) (d) (d) (a) (c) (b) (c) (a) (d)
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
(d) (b) (d) (b) (d) (d) (d) (b) (d) (a) (c) (b) (a) (b)
29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42
40 70.7 33.3 (c) (b) (d) 120.2 30 (b) (b) 0.1 0.868 49.82 0.001
EXPLANATIONS
2π λ
Q.1 (b) For Yd .β d = = π×
Z 0 = Z OC .Z SC λ
2
Z [ Z + jZ o tan β d ]
= 100 × 25 Zd = o L
Z o + jZ L tan β d
Z 0 = 10 × 5 = 50Ω
50[100 + j50 tan π]
Zd =
Q.2 (b) (50 + j100 tan π)
1+ Γ
S= = 100
1− Γ
1 1
⇒
1+ Γ
3= Y=d = = 0.01
1− Γ Z d 100
Γ =0.5 For Ys’ β d =
2π λ π
× = ,Z → 0
Pr λ 8 4 L
=Γ =0.25
2
Pi  π
Z o  Z L + jZ 0 tan 
∴ 25% of incident power is reflected
= ZS =  4
jZ 0
 π 
Q.3 (c)  Z 0 + jZ L tan 4 
1 1
Q.4 (b) Y s = = = −0.02 j
Z s jZ 0
Q.5 (d) ∴ Y=
Yd + Ys
= 0.01 – 0.02j
Q.6 (a)
Q.7 (d)
1+ Γ
ρ=
1− Γ
1+ Γ
⇒ 2=
1− Γ
1
⇒ Γ=
3
Pr ef 1
∴ =Γ 2 =
Pinc 3
⇒ 11.11% of Pi is reflected ZL − Z0 12.5 − 50
=G =
ZL + Z0 12.5 + 50
Q.8 (d) Γ = −0.6
Emax Q.14 (d)
SWR =
Emin Z02 = ZOC .ZSC
5Emin 50 × 50
⇒ S= =5 ZSC =
Emin 100 + j150
1− Γ
50
2 2 =
5= Γ = ∴ Γ=− 2 + 3j
1− Γ 3 3
50(2 − 3j)
As η2 < η1 =
13
2 η − 120π = 7.69 − 11.54 j
⇒− = 2 ZSC
3 η + 120π
⇒ η2 = 24π Q.15 (d)
Q.9 (a)
Movement on const. r-circle by an
∠450 in C.W. direction. R is same
and reactance increases i.e. addition
of induction in series with Z. Vr 10 1
Γ
= = =
Vi 30 3
Q.10 (c) Z − Z0
Γ= L
VL Z o Z L + Z0
=
Vin Z in 1 Z − 50
⇒ =L
10 × 300 3 ZL + 50
⇒ VL = = 60V
50 ⇒ ZL =
100Ω
Q.11 (b) Q.16 (b)

30
Q.12 (c) =
IL = 0.3A
100
Vmax
S=
Vmin Q.17 (d)
4
= = 4
1
1+ Γ
S=
1− Γ
Zmax = Z0 .S
Zmin = Z0 / S Z02 λ
=
Zin = ;ifl
ZL 4
As minima is at load,
50 502
∴ ZL = Zmin = = 12.5Ω =
R1 due to 100Ω = 25
4 100
502 25
Q.13 (a) = =
R 2 due to 200Ω
200 2
25 25 =
ZL Z=
1 || Z 2 100Ω
⇒ R1 R 2 = 25 =
2 3
( 50=
)
2
Z02
(=
50 )
2 =
Zi = 25Ω
=
ZS 300Ω ZL 100
25 / 3
Z − Z0
⇒ Γ =S
ZS + Z0
300 − 50 5
= =
300 + 50 7
a) x, y, z components
Q.18 (b) b) x, y components
The line is terminated with 50Ω at c) y, z components
the center and so matched on both d) x, z components
the sides.
Q.22 (b)
Q.19 (d)
Q.20 (d)
f = 3GHz
C 2π
=λ = ,β
f λ
2πfl  Z + jZ0 tan βl 
βl = Zin = Z0  L 
c  Z0 + jZL tan βl 
2π × 3 ×109 Input impedance
= × 0.01
3 ×108   2π  λ  
π  0 + j30 tan  λ  8  
= = 36° Z1 = 30     
5  30 + 0 
Input impedance  
 Z + jZ0 tan βl 
Zin = Z0  L  ⇒ Z1 = j30
 Z0 + jZL tan βl    2π  λ  
Given that =
ZL 0,=
Z0 75Ω  30 + j30 2 tan  λ  8  
Z2 = 30 2     
Z .jZ tan βl
Zin = 0 0  30 2 + j30 tan  2π  λ  
    
Z0  λ  8  
= jZ0 tan βl  30 
=j × 75 × tan 36°  + j30 2 
= 30 2  tan π / 2 
= j54.49Ω  30 2 
Hence , input impedance is  tan π / 2 + j30 
inductive. = 60Ω
(=
30 2 )
2
Q.21 (d)
Or=
, Z2 60Ω
(100=
)
2
Z02 30
=
Z1 = 200Ω Load impedance,
ZL1 50
ZL = Z1 + Z2 = j30 + 60
(100=
)
2
Z02 Magnitude of reflection coefficient,
Z=
2 = 200Ω
Z2 50
Z L − Z0 60 + j30 − 60 2 ZL − Z0 ZL − 50
=ρ = Now=
− =
Z L + Z0 60 + j30 + 60 3 ZL + Z0 Z0 + 50
j30 j1 ⇒ ZL =
10Ω
= =
120 + j30 4 + j
Q.25 (c)
1 1 2π
= = Phase difference = (path
16 + 1 17 λ
VSWR on 60Ω line, difference)
1+
1 π 2π
1+ ρ ⇒= (2 ×10−3 )
VSWR == = 17 = 1.6 4 λ
1− ρ 1− 1 ∴ λ = 8 × 2 ×10−3
17 = 16 ×10−3 m
f= 10GHz= 10 ×109 Hz
Q.23 (d)
Hence the phase velocity of wave
For distortion less transmission line,
along the line is
L R
LG = RC ⇒ = v = fλ = 10 ×109 ×16 ×10−3
C G
Characteristic impedance, ∴ v = 1.6 ×108 m / s
L R
=
Z0 = Q.26 (b)
C G
Attenuation constant, Q.27 (a)
R 1+ | Γ |
= α = RG R. VSWR =
Z0 1− | Γ |
R 0.1 Only options (a) satisfy this
= = 1 + .01 1.1
Z0 50 = = 1.22
= 0.002Np / m 1 − 0.1 0.9
Q.28 (b)
Q.24 (a)
1+ | Γ |
276 d
Zo = log  
VSWR= 5= r r
1− | Γ |
2 2 d → distance between the two
∴ Γ =⇒ Γ = ± plates
3 3
so, 𝑍𝑍𝑜𝑜 — changes, if the spacing
If maximum is at 𝜆𝜆/4 from load then
between the plates changes.
minimum will be at load itself
1
Reflection coefficient Γ = Γ e jθ V= → independent of spacing
LC
x 1
=
Where , θ 720°  vm −  between the plates
 λ 4
x vm = distance of minima from load Q.29 (40)
Here x vm = 0 Given, ℓ = λ
s
So, θ = −180° Zo =50 Ω
Therefore , Γ = Γ e − j180°  Z + JZo 
2
Zin=(
l λ= Zo  L
8 ) 
 Zo + KZL 
⇒Γ=−
3
 Z + J50  zin = JZ0 tanβl
Zin = 50  L 
 50 + JZL  2π 2π 3π
βl =
= .l (3)
=
 Z + J50 50 − JZL  λ 8 4
= 50  L ×  3 ×10 8
 50 + JZL 50 − JZL  =λ = 8
37.5 ×106
 50ZL + 50ZL + j(502 − Z2L )  Short circuited line
Zin = 50  
 502 + Z2L  π
0 < βl → inductor
Given, 𝑍𝑍𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 → Real 2
So, Img (Zin ) = 0 π
< βl < π → Capacitor
502— 𝑍𝑍𝐿𝐿2 =0 2
ZL2 = 502
R2 = 502 − X 2 = 502 − 302 Q.35 (120.22)
R=40Ω 2πl
C=
b
Q.30 (70.7) In  
a
Here impedance is matched by using C 2π
QWT λ
4 ( ) = = C1
l b
In  
′
∴ Z0 = �ZL Zin a
= √100 × 50 =50√2 b
In( 2
C1 a2 )
=𝑍𝑍0′ =70.7Ω =
C2 In(b1
a1 )
Q.31 (33.33)
λ 10
Here l = 172pF In( 1)
2 =
C2 In(5)
Zin = (
l λ = Z=
2 L )
50Ω
C2 =
In(5)
172pF
∴ Zin =(100 || 50 ) In(10)
100 C2 = 120.22pF
= = 33.33Ω
3
Q.36 (30)
Q.32 (c)
Signal distortion implies impedance
mismatch at both ends. i.e.,
ZT # Z0
ZR # Z0
Q.33 (b)
σ
Loss tangent tan𝛿𝛿 = 0 =
ω
𝜎𝜎 = 0 Given V(t= 2 µs,Z=0)=62.5
G → Conductivity of the dielectric 62.5 =V ( t =0, z =0 ) + V ( t =1, z =0 ) + V ( t =2, z =0 )
material
= 100 +
62.5
So, 𝜎𝜎 = 0 = G
Q.37 (b)
Q.34 (d)
We know
δ= ( R + jωL )( G + jωL ) ….. (1) RC = LG
R L
R + jωL =
=z0 ………….(2) G C
G + jωL
R
From (1) and (2) = 50x50 ⇒= R G
G
R + jωL = z 0 × δ = 50 × (2 + j5)
L
⟹R =100Ω/m & L = 250μH/m = z=0 50
From (1) and (2) C
δ 2 + j5 ⇒ =
L
502
G + j ωc = =
z0 50 C
0.04s
=
⇒G = & c 0.1μF / m Alternation constant= RG
m
Q.38 (b) 0.05x0.05 0.05

= = = 0.001
50x50 50
Q.39 (0.1)
Q.40 0.8686 (0.85-0.88)

γ ( 0.1 + j40 ) m −1
Given=
Here α= 0.1ωp / m
We know that 1ωp / m =

8.686dB / m
0.1ωp / m =
0.8686dB / m
Q.41 49.82 %(48.0-51.0)
Percentage of power reflected is

Γ x100
2
VSWR − 1
Γ =
VSWR + 1
5.8 − 1 4.8
= = = 0.7058
5.8 + 1 6.8
% Power reflected
Γ x100 =
2
49.82%
Q.42 0.001
Given R = 0.05Ω/m
Condition for distortion less

transmission line
7 WAVEGUIDES
EM waves cannot travel like a single ray or

a uniform beam as discussed in the
previous sections. EM wave tends to open
out by forming spherical wavefronts and
hence reducing the power density of the
wave as its travel forward.
The wave is assumed to expand in x-
direction only and not in y-direction and
wave is expected to propagate in the z-
direction. The boundary conditions for ‘a’,
the conductor can be defined as Etan = 0, i.e.
no E-field can exist parallel to the
conductor of surface.
A waveguide can be used to confine the
wave within the stipulated limits and can
therefore give directionality for a wave. 7.2 WAVE BEHAVIOUR BETWEEN
This helps the EM wave to have same GUIDES:
power density without having to get
 mπ 
2
weakened. = γ
When  − ω µ0ε0
2

 a 
The most popular waveguides are:
There are only two possibilities for γ
Parallel Plane waveguides – for 1-
dimensional restriction of the wave.
 mπ 
2
i.e. γ =real when   > ω µ0ε0

2
Rectangular waveguides – for 2-  a 
dimensional restriction of the wave.
= α + j0
= only attenuation of E field but no wave or

7.1 PARALLEL PLANE WAVEGUIDES:
phase changes exist.
Consider a wave having E(x, z, t)/H(x, z, t)
between two infinite conducting sheets at
x = 0 and x = a  mπ 
2
γ =imaginary when ω µ 0 ε 0 > 

2

 a 
= 0 + jβ
= An un-attenuated wave exists.

7.3 CUT-OFF FREQUENCY ω
VP =
 mπ 
2
For wave propagation to exist between the ω µ0ε0 − 
2

guides, the frequency ' ω ' should be  a 
sufficiently large enough, else there cannot
1
be wave propagation possible. Every guide =
 mπ 
2
has a cut-off frequency below which waves
µ0ε0 −  
cannot propagate in the guide.  ωa 
 mπ 
2
ω µ0ε0 > 
2

 a 
mπ
ω>
a µ0ε0
ωc= cut − off frequency

The VP expression can be rewritten as,
mπc
ωc =
a λc
λgf =
2
mc f 
fc = 1−  c 
2a f 
1
= =
c free space velocity The wavelength of the wave in the guide is
µ0ε0
therefore larger than that in free-space
2a due to the increased phase change, such
λc = m = integer 0, 1, 2, 3 that exactly at the guide walls E field has
m
zero value.
…
c
VP =
2
 mπ 
7.4 PHASE VELOCITY & GUIDE 1−  
 aω µ ε
WAVELENGTH:  0 0 
The velocity of the wave when c
represented as phase velocity VP =
ω 
2
1−  c 
ω ω
Vp =
β
c
=
 mπ 
2 2
f 
β= ω µ0ε0 − 
2
 1−  c 
 a  f 
As seen in the above equation, Vp > Vc Every wave above f c travels along the
implies that the phase changes of the wave guide axis in a pre-determined angle that
are faster than in free space. The wave has depends on how larger is f over f c . At exact
a dynamic change in rate of phase change f c there is no propagation along the axis
with distance ( β ) that is essential to but oscillates.
satisfy the boundary conditions at the
conducting walls.
7.4.1 GROUP VELOCITY

The velocity of a wave can be expressed as When
ω fc =
mc
f ''' > f '' > f ' > f c
Vp =
β 2a
When the phase changes with time and The angle made with the guide walls is
space are linear to each other i.e. β ∝ ω . called as wave angle, such that
Otherwise, in all other circumstances term fc
sin θ =
group velocity is used to represent the f
propagation rate.
c
⇒ Vp =
dω cos θ
Vg =
dβ
λ
λg =
In guided waves as λ g is increased due to cos θ
changes in phase with space being Note that f = f c , θ =90 and as the
changed, vg represents the energy
frequency increase angle made with the
propagation rate such that
walls decreases.
Vp Vg = c 2
Hence 7.6 MODES OF OPERATION

=
Vg c cos θ mc
fc = when m = 1
2a
Hence, no propagation exists exactly at
cut-off frequencies. c
fc =
2a
is the least cut-off frequency of the guide
7.5 WAVE ANGLE
and all the frequencies above f c and below
2f c propagate in the guide as shown
below.
Both x and y dimensions are restricted by

mπ nπ
the sheets and hence γ x = and γ y =
a b
Propagation constant
Similarly all frequencies from 2f c to 3f c
 mπ   nπ 
2 2
propagation as shown. They have their =γ   +   − ω µ0ε0
2
own wave angles depending on their  a   b 

frequency.
Cut-off frequency of the guide is
  mπ  2  nπ  2 
=ωc    +  c
  a   b  
 
  mπ 2  nπ 2 
   +  c
  a   b  
fc =
2π
Phase velocity of the guide is
7.7 RECTANGULAR WAVEGUIDES
c
Vp =
A parallel plane waveguide confines waves f 
2
in one dimension only. A more practical 1−  c 

f 
waveguide needs to confine the wave in
both the dimensions and allow Wave angle
propagation in one dimensions.
fc
A rectangular waveguide has two sets of sin θ =
f
finite conducting sheets as shown below.
TE/ TM/ TEM waves in guided conditions
E x ( x, y, z ) , E y ( x, y, z ) , E z ( x, y, z )
H x ( x, y, z ) , H y ( x, y, z ) , H z ( x, y, z )
7.8 TE WAVES IN RECTANGULAR
WAVEGUIDES
7.10 TM WAVES IN RECTANGULAR
 nπ   mπ   nπ  − γz WAVEGUIDE
E x = E x 0   cos  x  sin  ye
b   a   b   mπ   mπ   nπ  − γz
Ex = Ex0   cos  x  sin  ye
 mπ   mπ   nπ  − γz  a   a   b 
E y = E y0   sin  x  cos  ye
 a   a   b   nπ   mπ   nπ  − γz
E y = E y0   sin  x  cos  ye
 mπ   mπ   nπ  − γz b  a   b 
Hx = Hx0   sin  x  cos  ye
 a   a   b 
 mπ   nπ  − γz
E z = E z0 sin  x  sin  ye
 nπ   mπ   nπ  − γz  a   b 
H y = H y0   cos  x  sin  ye
b   a   b 
 nπ   mπ   nπ  − γz
H x = H x 0   sin  x  cos  ye
 mπ   nπ  − γz b   a   b 
H z = H z0 cos  x  cos  ye
 a   b   mπ   mπ   nπ  − γz
H y = H y0   cos  x  sin  ye
7.9 DOMINATE MODE OF TE WAVES  a   a   b 
When m = 0 and n = 1 7.11 DOMINATE MODE IN TM WAVES
 nπ   nπ  − γz When m = 0 or n = 0, all components of E

E x = E x 0   sin  ye
b  b  and H vanish. Dominant mode is TM11. The
existing modes are TMmn only.
 nπ   nπ  − γz
H y = H y0   sin  ye 7.12 NUMERICAL APERTURE
b   b 
The most important parameter of an
 nπ  − γz optical fiber is its numerical aperture
H z = H z0 cos  ye
 b  (NA). The value of NA is decided by the
refracted indices of the core and the
When n = 0 and m = 1
cladding.
 mπ   mπ  − γz
Hx = Hx0  sin  xe By definition, the refractive index n of a
 a   a  medium is defined as
 mπ   mπ  − γz speed of light in vaccum
E y = E y0  sin  xe n=
 a   a  speed of light in medium
 mπ  − γz
H z = H z0 cos  xe 1
 a  c µ0ε0
= = (1)
The dominant mode is TE10 or TE01 µm 1
µmεm
The existing modes are TEmo or TEon and
TEmn Since µ m =µ 0 in most practical cases,
εm Since most fiber cores are made of silica
n= = εr (2) n1 = 1.48 . Typical values of NA range
ε0
between 0.19 and 0.25. The larger the
indicating that the refractive index is value of NA, the more optical power the
essentially the square-root of the fiber can capture from a source. Because
dielectric constant. such optical fibers may support the
numerous modes, they are called multi-
Keep in mind that ε r can be complex. For
mode step-index fibers. The mode volume
common materials, n = 1 for air, n = 1.33 V is given by
for water, and n = 1.5 for glass.
πd 2
As a light ray propagates from medium 1 =v n1 − n 22 (6)
λ
to medium 2, Snell’s law must be satisfied.
n1 sin=
θ1 n 2 sin θ2 (3)
Where θ1 is the incident angle in medium

1 and θ2 is the transmission angle in
medium 2.
The total reflection occurs when θ2 =90 ,

resulting in Where d is the fiber core diameter and λ
is the wavelength of the optical source.
θ1 =θc =sin −1
n2
(4) From equation (6), the number N of modes
n1 propagating in a step-index fiber can be
estimated as
Another way of looking at the light-guiding
capability of fiber is to measure the v2
N= (7)
acceptance angle θa , which is the 2
maximum angle over which light rays 7.13 ATTENUATION
entering the fiber will be trapped in its
core. We know that the maximum angle Attenuation is the reduction in the power
occurs when θc is the critical angle, there of the optical signal. Power attenuation (or
by satisfying the condition for total fiber loss) in an optical fiber is governed by
internal reflection. Thus, for a step-index dp
fiber. = −αp (8)
dz
NA= sin θa= n1 sin θc= n12 − n 22 (5) Where α the attenuation and p is the
optical power. In equation (8), it is
Where n1 is the refractive index of the core assumed that a wave propagates along z.
and n 2 is the refractive index of the By solving equation (8), the power p (0) at
cladding as shown in figure. the input of the fiber and the power p (l) of
the light after l are related as
p ( l ) = p ( 0 ) e −αz (9)
It is customary to express attenuation α in

decibels per kilometer and length l of the
fiber in kilometers. In this case equation
(9) becomes
p ( 0)
α l =10 log10
p (1)
Thus, the power of the light reduces by α

decibels per kilometer as it propagates,
through the fiber. Equation (10) may be
written as
( p ) p=
p= ( 0 ) 10−αl/10
For l = 100km
p ( 0 ) 10−100 For coaxial cable


p ( l ) 10−2 For Fiber
Deciding that much more power is lost in

the coaxial cable than in fiber.
7.14 DISPERSION
The spreading of pulses of light as they
propagate down a fiber is called
dispersion. As the pulses representing 0s
spread, they overlap epochs that represent
1s. Dispersion is beyond a certain limit. It
may confuse the receiver. The dispersive
effects in single mode fibers are much
smaller than in multimode fibers.
GATE QUESTIONS
Q.1 A rectangular waveguide has Note: (c is the velocity of plane

dimensions 1cm × 0.5cm, Its cut-off waves in free space)
frequency is [GATE – 2002]
a) 5 GHz b) 10 GHz
c) 15 GHz d) 12 GHz Q.6 A rectangular metal wave guide
[GATE – 2000] filled with a dielectric material of
relative permittivity ε r =4 has the
Q.2 A TEM wave is incident normally inside dimensions 3.0 cm ×1.2 cm. The
upon a perfect conductor. The E and cut-off frequency for the dominant
H fields at the boundary will be. mode is
Respectively, a) 2.5 GHz b) 5.0 GHz
a) minimum and minimum c) 10.0 GHz d) 12.5 GHz
b) maximum and maximum [GATE – 2003]
c) minimum and maximum
d) maximum and minimum Q.7 The phase velocity of an
[GATE – 2000] electromagnetic wave propagating
in a hallow metallic rectangular
Q.3 The dominant mode in a rectangular waveguide in the TE10 mode is
waveguide is TE10 because this
a) equal to its groups velocity
mode has b) less than the velocity of light in
a) no attenuation free space
b) no cut-off c) equal to the velocity of light in
c) no magnetic field component free space
d) the highest cut-off wavelength d) greater than the velocity of light
[GATE – 2001] in free space
[GATE – 2004]
Q.4 The phase velocity of waves
propagating in a hollow metal Q.8 Which one of the following does
waveguide is represent the electric field lines for
a) greater than the velocity of light the TE 02 mode in the cross-section
in free space
of a hollow rectangular metallic
b) less than the velocity of light in
waveguide?
free space
c) equal to the velocity of light in
free space
d) equal to the group velocity
[GATE – 2001]
a)
Q.5 The phase velocity for the TE10
mode in an air-filled rectangular
waveguide is
a) Less than c b) equal to c
c) Greater to c d) none of the above
b)
Q.12 An air-filled rectangular waveguide
has inner dimensions of 3cm x 2 cm.
The wave impedance of the TE 20
mode of propagation in the
c) waveguide at a frequency of 30 GHz
is (free space impedance η0= 377Ω
)
a) 308Ω b) 355Ω
c) 400Ω d) 461Ω
d) [GATE – 2007]
[GATE – 2005]
Q.13 A rectangular waveguide of internal
Q.9 In a microwave test bench, why is dimensions (a = 4cm and b = 3 cm)
the microwave signal amplitude is to be operated in TE11 mode. The
modulation at 1 KHz?
a) To increase the sensitivity of minimum operating frequency is
measurement a) 6.25 GHz b) 6.0 GHz
b) To transmit the signal to a far – c) 5. 0 GHz d) 3.75 GHz
off place [GATE – 2008]
c) To study amplitude modulation
d) Because crystal detector fails at Q.14 Which of the following statements is
microwave frequencies true regarding the fundamental
[GATE – 2006] mode of the metallic waveguides
shown?
Q.10 A rectangular waveguide having
TE10 mode as dominant mode is
having a cutoff frequency of 18-GHz
for the TE 30 mode. The inner broad-
wall dimension of the rectangular
waveguide is
a) 5/3 cms b) 5 cms a) Only P has no cutoff-frequency
d) 5/2 cms d) 10 cms b) Only Q has no cutoff-frequency
[GATE – 2006] c) Only R has no cutoff-frequency
d) All these have cutoff-frequency
r [GATE – 2009]
Q.11 The E field in a rectangular
waveguide of inner dimensions Q.15 The modes in a rectangular
a ×b is given by waveguide are denoted by
r ωμ  π   2πx  $
 sin(ωt − βz) y TE mn / TM mn where m and n are the

2   H 0 sin 
E
h a  a  eigen numbers along the larger and
Where H0 is a constant, and a and b smaller dimensions of the
are the dimensions along the x-axis waveguide respectively. Which one
and the y-axis respectively. The of the following statement is TRUE?
mode of propagation in the a) The TM10 mode of the waveguide
waveguide is. does not exist
a) TE 20 b) TM11 b) TheTE10 mode of the waveguide
c) TM 20 d) TE10 does not exist
[GATE – 2007]
c) The TM10 and the TE10 modes $ H = +2y
c) E+2z, $
both exist and have the same $
$ H = +4z
cut-off frequencies d) E=-3y,
d) The TM10 and the TM01 modes [GATE – 2014-2]
both exist and have the same
cut-off frequencies Q.19 For a rectangular waveguide of
[GATE – 2011] internal dimensions a × b(a>b) the
cut-off frequency for the TE11 mode
Q.16 The magnetic field along the is the arithmetic mean of the cut-off
propagation direction inside a frequencies for TE10, mode and TE20
rectangular waveguide with the mode. If a = 5 cm, the value of b (in
cross – section shown in figure is cm) is________.
=
H Z 3cos(2.094 ×10 2 ×) cos(2.618 ×102 y) [GATE – 2014-2]
cos(6.283 × 1010 t − β z)
Q.20 Consider an air filled rectangular
waveguide with a cross-section of 5
cm x 3 cm. For this waveguide, the
cut-off frequency (in MHz) of TE21
mode is _________.
[GATE – 2014-3]
a) v p > c b) v p = c Q.21 The longitudinal component of the
c) 0 < v p < c d) v p = 0 magnetic field inside an air-filled
[GATE – 2012] rectangular waveguide made of a
perfect electric conductor is given
Q.17 A two-port network has sattering by the following expression
S S12  H z ( x, y, z, t ) = 0.1cos(25πx) cos(30.3πy)
parameters given by [S] =  11 
S21 S22  cos(12π×109 t − βz)(A / m)
, If the port -2 of the two-port is The cross-sectional dimensions of
short circuited, the S11 parameter for the waveguide are given as a =
the resultant one-port network is 0.08m and b= 0.033m. The mode of
S −S S +S S propagation inside the waveguide is
a) 11 11 22 12 21 a) TM12 b) TM 21
1 + S22
S −S S −S S c) TE 21 d) TE12
b) 11 11 22 12 21 [GATE – 2015-1]
1 + S22
S −S S +S S
c) 11 11 22 12 21 Q.22 An air - filled rectangular waveguide
1 − S22 of internal dimensions
S −S S +S S acm × bcm(a > b) has a cutoff
d) 11 11 22 12 21
1 − S22 frequency of 6 GHz for the dominant
[GATE – 2014-1] TE10, mode. For the same
waveguide, if the cutoff frequency of
Q.18 Which one of the following field the TM11 mode is 15 GHz, the cutoff
patterns represents a TEM wave frequency of the TE01 mode in GHz is
travelling in the positive x direction? ______.
a) E = $H =
+8y, −4z$ [GATE – 2015-2]
b) E = $H =
−2y, $
−3z
Q.23 Light from free space is incident at a) 8.19GHz ≤ f ≤ 13.1GHz
an angle θi to the normal of the
facet of a step-index large core b) 8.19GHz ≤ f ≤ 12.45GHz
optical fibre. The core and cladding
c) 6.55GHz ≤ f ≤ 13.1GHz
refractive indices are n1 = 1.5 and
n 2 = 1.4 , respectively. d) 1.64GHz ≤ f ≤ 10.24GHz
[GATE – 2017-2]
Q.26 The permittivity of water at optical

frequencies is 1.75 ε0 It is found that
an isotropic light source at a
The maximum value of θi (in distance d under water forms an
degrees) for which the incident light illuminated circular area of radius
will be guided in the core of the 5m, as shown in the figure. The
fibre is ___________. critical angle is θc
[GATE – 2016-2]
Q.24 An optical fiber is kept along the ẑ

direction. The refractive indices for
the electric fields along x̂ and ŷ
directions in the fiber are nx =
1.5000 and ny = 1.5001 respectively
( n x ≠ n y due to the imperfection in
the fiber cross-section). The free
space wavelength of a light wave The value of d (in meter) is
propagating in the fiber is 1.5 µm. If _____________ .
the light wave is circularly polarized
at the input of the fiber, the [GATE – 2017-2]
minimum propagation distance
after which it becomes linearly
polarized, in centimeter, is Q.27 The cutoff frequency of TE01 mode
___________. of an air filled rectangular
[GATE – 2017-1] waveguide having inner dimensions
a cm × b cm (a > b) is twice that of
Q.25 Standard air – filled rectangular the dominant TE10 mode. When the
waveguides of dimensions a = 2.29 waveguide is operated at frequency
cm and b= 1.02 cm are designed for which is 25% higher than the cutoff
radar applications. It is desired that frequency of the dominant mode,
these waveguides operate only in the guide wavelength is found to be
the dominant TE10 mode but not 4 cm. The value of b (in cm, correct
higher than 95% of the next higher to two decimal places) is ____.
cutoff frequency. The range of the
allowable operating frequency f is. [GATE – 2018]
Q.28 The distance (in meters) a wave has
to propagate in a medium having a
skin depth of 0.1m so that the
amplitude of the wave attenuates by
20 dB, is
a) 0.12 b) 0.23
c) 0.46 d) 2.3
[GATE – 2018]
ANSWER KEY:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
(c) (a) (d) (a) (c) (a) (d) (d) (d) (c) (a) (c) (a) (a)
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
(a) (a) (b) (b) 2 7810 (c) 13.7 32.5 0.375 (b) 4.33 0.75 (b)
EXPLANATIONS
Q.1 (c) C
v=
λ c = 2a ∈o
(For TE10 domain mode) 3 ×108
= 2 ×1cm = = 1.5 ×108
2
= 2 ×10−2 m 2a
c λc = = 2 × 3 = 6cm
fc = m
λc (for TE10 )
3 ×108 v 1.5 ×108
= = 15GHz f= = = 2.5GHz
λ c 6 ×10−2
c
2 ×10−2
Q.2 (a) Q.7 (d)

For good conductors
 z Q.8 (d)
E= ∈0 e − z/δ cos  ωt −  a x
 δ
1 Q.9 (d)
Where, δ =
πfμσ Q.10 (c)
Showing that 𝛿𝛿 measures the 2a
exponential damping of wave as it TE 30 λ c =
m
travels through the conductor 2a
∴ E & H i.e. electric and magnetic =
3
fields can hardly propagated
through good conductors. 3 ×108 1
=λc =
18 ×10 9
60
Q.3 (d) 1 2a
=
Domain mode in WG has lowest cut- 60 3
off frequency and hence the highes 1
cut-off frequency and highest cut off ⇒a=
40
wavelength. 5
= 2.5cm
= cm
2
Q.4 (a)
Q.11 (a)
Q.5 (c)
vc Q.12 (c)
vp =
For TE 20 , λ c = a = 3 ×10−2 m
2
f 
1+  c 
f  c
fc =
For TE10 f c < f λc
⇒ vp > vc 3 ×108
=
3 ×10−2
Q.6 (a) = 1010 Hz
n
n1 =
2
f 
1−  c 
f 
377
=
2
=
b1 s11a1 + s12 a 2
 10  10
=
b 2 s 21a1 + s 22 a 2
1−  10 
 3 ×10   b1  S11 S12   a1  b1
n1 = 400Ω = b  =    ; S1
 2  S21 S22  a 2  a1 a = 0
2
Q.13 (a) By verification Answer B satisfies.

Minimum operating frequency
2 2 Q.18 (b)
C m n For TEM wave
=f0   + 
2  a  b Electric field (E), Magnetic field (H)
For TE11 mode , and Direction of propagation (P)
are orthogonal to each other.
3 ×108  1   1 
2 2
= Here P = + ax
f0   +  By verification
2  0.04   0.03 
3 ×108 0.05 E = −2α y, H = −3α z,
= ×
2 0.04 × 0.03 E × H = −α y, × −α z, = +α x → P
= 6.25GHz
Q.19 (2)
Q.14 (a) 2
C 1
P is coaxial line and support TEM t c10 =
 
wave ∴ P has no cut-off frequency Q 2 a
and R waveguides and cut-off 1 2
=t c10 K=   ; t c20 K   ;
frequency of each depends upon a a
their dimensions. 1 1
= t c11 K 2 + 2
Q.15 (a) a b
In case of rectangular wave guide f c10 + f c20
Given t cll =
TE mn exist for all values of m and 2
except m=0 and n=0 For TE mn to 1 1 K 1 2
+ = +
a 2 b 2 2  a a 
K
exist both values of m ad n must be

non zero. 1 1 3
2
+ 2 =
a b 2a
Q.16 (a)
Phase velocity is always greater 1 1 9 1 9 1
+ = ⇒ + = 2
than C inside a waveguide while 5 b 2
4 ( 5) 5 20 b
group velocity is always less than c 1
is inside a waveguide. -0.2+0.45= 2
b
1 1
Q.17 (b) ∴ 2 = 2 ⇒ b = 2cm
b 2
Q.20 (7810MHz)
C 2 1
2 2 π
β y lmin − βx lmin =
c ( TE 21 )
f=   +  2
2 9 b
ω π
lmin  n y − n x  =
3 ×10
2 2
 2 1
10
c 2
  + 
2  5 3 2πlmin π
 n y − n x  =
=
1.5 ×1010 0.16 + 0.111 λ0 2
= 0.52 × 1.5 × 1010 λ0
lmin =
=7.81GHz 4  n y − n x 
=7810MHz.
1.5x10−6 1.5
= = x10−2
Q.21 (C) 4 [ 0.0001] 4
mπx −2
= 25πx ⇒ m = 25a = 2 = 0.375x10
= m 0.375cm
a
nπy Q.25 (b)
= 30.3πy ⇒ n= 30.3b= 1
b Cut off frequency of TE10 is
Given is Hz means TE mode
∴ mode = TE 21 fc =
c1
2a
Q.22 (13.7) =
3x108
x
1
TE10 TE 01 2 2.29x10−2
2 2
3 ×108 1 = 65.5x108 Hz
1 m n fc =
=fc   +  2 b
.
2 μ∈  a   b  a
fc = 13.7GHz Since, b <
1 2
a=
40
TE11 Next higher mode is TE20
3 ×108 1 1 c2
15=
×109 + f c TE= = 13.1GHz
2 a 2 b2 20
2a
1 f ≤ 0.95x13.1 =
12.45GHz
= = 91.65
b
Q.26 4.33 (4.2-4.4)
Q.23 (32.58)  ε 
θc =sin −1  γ 2 
θi = sin −1 n 2 2 − n12 =  ε γ1 
 
sin −1 (1.5) 2 − (1.4)
= sin −1 0.29
= 32.58 −1  1 
2
= sin =   49.106
 1.75 
Q.24 0.375 (0.36-0.38) 5 5
tan θc = = = 4.33m
The phase difference for linear d tan θc
polarization should be π
So the wave must travel a minimum Q.27 0.75
distance such that the extra phase
difference of must occur π/2 Cut off frequency for TE 01 =
C
2b
C 1
Cut off frequency for TE10 = e −αz =
2a 10
1
It is given that −αz = ln  
 10 
C C 10z = 2.3
=2
2b 2a 2.3
=
z = 0.23m
a 10
=2
b
Given waveguide frequency
5 C 
f=  
4  2a 
(25% higher than the cut off

frequency of dominant mode)
λ 01
λ guide =
2
4
1−  
5
5λ 01
= = 4cm
3
3x4
λ 01= = 2.4cm
5
=
λ10 2.4x1.25= 3
a=
λ10 / 2 =
1.5cm
b = 0.75cm
Q.28 (b)
1
Skin Depth =
πfµσ = 0.1m
Attenuation constant
1
πfµσ
= = 10
0.1
Amplitude of wave varies as e −αz
8 ANTENNAS
An interface between free-space and

2
 dl 
R= 80π   when applied for a more
2
transmission line that convert V/I waves r
λ
to E/H waves and vice-versa is called an practical centre fed-dipole of very short
Antenna length dI.
2
 dl 
(short dipole) R= 20π   2
λ
r
2
 dl 
(short monopole) R = 10π2  
λ
r
The process of converting V/I waves into

E/H waves is called as Radiation. 8.2 RADIATION OF HALF-WAVE
DIPOLE:
The process of converting E/H waves into
V/I waves is called as Induction. A more practical radiating device is a half
wave dipole or opened out transmission
line of length λ / 2 corresponding to a
8.1 RADIATED POWER OF A HERTZIAN frequency ‘f’.
DIPOLE:
From E θ and H φ in the above equation,
1
Time averaged pointing vector= E θ H φ
2
Power Radiated
2
1  dI 
= ∫ 2 E H=
θ φ W=
r 80π2   I 2rms
λ
All practical antennas are some or other
modifications of the λ / 2 dipole.
2
 dl  Fields of a dipole are expressed as
The term 80π   is called Radiation
2
λ
 π 
Resistance.  cos  cos θ  
Eθ =
60I m
 2 
r  sin θ 
 
 π 
 cos  cos θ  
I
Hφ = m  2  3. Radiation Intensity
2πr  sin θ 
  Power per solid angle
dWr 1 E ( θ, φ )
2
ψ ( θ,=
φ)
=
Power radiated
1
Wr ∫=
2
( E θ H φ ) ds I 2rms =
dΩ 2 n
Radiation Resistance of a dipole= 73Ω ds= r 2 sin θdθdφ= r 2 dΩ
Radiation Resistance of n dipoles in Where dΩ= sin θdθdφ

parallel l = ( n 2 × 73) Ω
dWr 2
ψ (=
θ, φ ) = r independent of ‘r’ and
ds
depends on ' θ ' and ' φ ' only
8.3 BASIC TERMS AND DEFINITIONS IN
ANTENNAS W=
r ∫ ψ ( θ, φ ) sin θdθdφ
sphere
1. Isotropic Radiator
4. Gain-(Directivity or power) Gains-
A hypothetical point source antenna that
Directivity (GD):
radiates in all directions equally and
uniformly. Radiation intensity in a direction from antenna
GD =
Radiation intensity on an average
Wr
Power Density =
4πr 2 ψ ( θ, φ ) 4πψ ( θ, φ ) 4πψ ( θ, φ )
= =
Wr Wr ∫ ψ ( θ, φ ) dΩ
4π
Power Gain
2. Radiation Power Density Radiation intensity in a direction from antenna
GP =
Power per unit area Input power fed to the antenna on an average
dWr 1 E ( r, θ, φ )
2
V ( r, θ,=
φ) = ψ ( θ, φ ) 4πψ ( θ, φ )
ds 2 n =
Win Win
It is a function of distance and direction 4π
from the antenna.
4πψ ( θ, φ ) Wr
= =
= ∫ V ( r, θ, φ ) .r sin θdθdφ
2
Wr Wr Win
sphere
4πψ ( θ, φ )
Where, =ds r 2 sin θdθdφ (incremental = (Efficiency)
Wr
surface of the sphere)
Wr • When h << λ it is normal mode as
Where Effeciency =
Win radiation is normal to the axis of
the helix.
Wr Rr • Narrow band width and loss
= =
Wr + WL R r + R L radiation efficiency limit the usage
of this mode.
WL = power losses
• When C is comparable to λ it is
G P = ( Efficiency ) G D axial mode with spacing of λ / 4
between the turns of the helix.
Directivity D = G D ( maximum )
8.4.3 SLOT ANTENNA:

5. Radiation Resistance • A sheet of metal with length λ / 2
6. Radiation pattern-Beam Angle and width d when removed from it
is called a slot antenna.
8. Effective Length • The removed portion from the
8. Effective Area metal is called the complementary
slot antenna
η2
• Zc .Zs =
8.4 STUDY OF VARIOUS ANTENNA 4
8.4.1 YAGI-UDA ANTENNA: Where Zc : impedance of complimentary
slot
• Active element is a folded dipole.
• Reflector (5% greater in length Zs : impedance of slot
than folded dipole) and directors • Zc =( 73 + j43) Ω ,
(5% decrease in length than folded Zs =( 363 − j211) Ω
dipole) are the parasitic elements.
• Single reflector exists but multiple
8.4.4 LOG-PERIODIC ANTENNA:
directors are possible.
• An array of dipoles whose lengths
• A unidirectional or single beam & spacings are varied with
radiation pattern is formed. periodicity that changes or repeats
logarithmically.
8.4.2 HELICAL ANTENNA: SnH L nH R nH 1
• = = =
Sn Ln Rn τ
• A simplest antenna to produce
circularly polarized waves. • The value of τ lies between 0 and 1.
• It has two modes of operation:
a) normal mode b)
Axial mode 8.4.5 LONG-WIRE ANTENNA:
• Any long wire of more than λ / 2 0.68C
= large loop
length is called as harmonic or λ
long-wire antenna. [c >> λ ]
• It may be Resonant or non-
resonant. Radiation Resistance
• Resonant: - Terminated with short  NA 
2
and open circuit. R r = 31200  2  small loop

λ 
• Non-Resonant: - Terminated with
characteristic impedance.
• E field relations for long wire C
R r = 6000   large loop
antennas: λ
• Resonant: -
 nπ 
cos  cos θ 
60I
E ( r, θ, φ ) = rms  2 
r sin θ
n=odd
 nπ 
sin  cos θ 
=
60I rms  2 
r sin θ
n=even
8.4.6 HORN ANTENNA

Used for microwave frequencies and more
an extended or flared out waveguide.
7.5A P
Gd = Where A P = a E .a H
λ2
8.4.8 LOOP ANTENNA

Works on the principle of induced voltage
due to EM waves
(Following Faraday’s Law)
Used for direction and sense finding.
Directivity D = 3/2 small loop
[c << λ ]
GATE QUESTIONS
Q.1 For an 8 feet (2.4m) parabolic dish a) 25Ω b) 36.5Ω

antenna operating at 4 GHz, the c) 50 Ω d) 73 Ω
minimum distance required for far
[GATE – 2001]
field measurement is closed to
a) 7.5 cm b) 15 cm
Q.6 A person with a receiver is 5 km
b) 15 cm d) 150 cm
away from the transmitter. What is
[GATE – 2000]
the distance that this person must
move further to detect a 3 dB
Q.2 If the diameter of a λ / 2 dipole
decrease in signal strength?
λ a) 942 m b) 2070 m
antenna is increased from to
100 b) 4978 m d) 5320 m
λ [GATE – 2002]
. then its
50
a) bandwidth increases Q.7 The line-of-signal communication
b) bandwidth decreases requires the transmit and receive
c) gain increases antennas to face each other. If the
d) gain decreases transmit antenna is vertically
[GATE – 2000] polarized, for best reception the
receiver antenna should be
Q.3 The frequency range for satellite a) Horizontally Polarized
communication is b) Vertically polarized
a) 1 kHz to 100 kHz c) at 45 with respect to horizontal
b) 100 kHz to 10 kHz polarization
c) 10 mHz to 30 mHz d) at 450 with respect to vertical
d) 1 GHz to 30 GHz polarization
[GATE – 2000] [GATE – 2002]
Q.4 In a uniform linear array, four Q.8 Two identical antennas are placed in
isotropic radiating elements are the φ = π / 2 plane as shown in the
spaced λ / 4 apart. The progressive figure. The elements have equal
phase shift between the elements amplitude excitation with 180
required for forming the main beam polarity difference, Operating at
at 600 off the end – fire is: wavelength λ . The correct value of
a) –π radians b) –π / 2 radians the magnitude of the far-zone
–π –π resultant electric field strength
c) radians d) radians normalized with that of a signal
4 8
[GATE – 2001] element, both computed for φ =0 ,
is
Q.5 A medium wave radio transmitter
operating at a wavelength of 492 m
has a tower antenna of height 124
m. what is the radiation resistance
of the antenna?
 2πs   2πs  matched to the transmission line.
a) 2 cos   b) 2 sin   The total power radiated
 λ   λ 
a) 10 Watts b) 1 Watt
 πs   πs 
c) 2 cos   d) 2 sin   c) 0.1 Watt d) 0.01 Watt
λ λ
[GATE – 2006]
[GATE – 2003]
λ
Q.9 Consider a lossless antenna with a Q.13 A dipole is kept horizontal at a
directive gain of + 6dB. If 1 mW of 2
power is fed to it the total power λ0
height of above a perfectly
radiated by the antenna will be 2
a) 4 mW b) 1 mW conducting infinite ground plane.
d) 7 mW d) 1/4 mW The radiation pattern in the plane of
[GATE – 2004] the dipole (E Plane) Looks
( approximately as
Q.10 Two identical and parallel dipole
antennas are kept apart by a
distance of λ / 4 in the H-Plane.
They are fed with equal currents but
the right most antenna has a phase
a) b)
shift of + 900. The radiation pattern
is given as
c) d)
a) b)
[GATE – 2007]
Q.14 At 20 GHz, the gain of a parabolic

dish antenna of 1 meter diameter
c) d) and 70% efficiency is
[GATE – 2005] a) 15 dB b) 25 dB
b) 35 dB d) 45 dB
Q.11 A mast antenna consisting of a 50 [GATE – 2008]
meter long vertical conductor
operators over a perfectly Q.15 For a Hertz dipole antenna, the half
conducting ground plane. It is base- power Beam width (HPBW) in the
fed at a frequency of 600 KHz. The E-plane is
radiation resistance of the antenna a) 3600 b) 1800
in Ohms is c) 900 d) 450
2π 2 π2 [GATE – 2008]
a) b)
5 5
Q.16 The radiation pattern of an antenna
c) 4π
2
d) 20π2 in spherical co-ordinates is given by
5
[GATE – 2006] F(=
θ) cos 4 θ, 0 ≤ π / 2
The directivity of the antenna is
Q.12 A transmission line is feeding 1 watt a)10 dB b) 12.6 dB
of power to a horn antenna having a c) 11.5 dB d) 18 dB
gain of 10 dB. The antenna is [GATE – 2012]
Q.17 In spherical coordinates, let a� θ . a� ϕ phase). If the maximum radiated E-
denote until vectors along the θ, 𝜙𝜙 field at the point P in the x-y plane
directions. occurs at an azimuthal angle of 60°
100 $ the distance d (in meters) between
E= sin θcos(ωt — βr) a θ V / m the antennas is _________.
r
and
0.265 $
H = sin θcos(ωt — βr) a φ A / m
r
represent the electric and magnetic
field components of the EM wave of
large distances r from a dipole
antenna, in free space. The average [GATE–2015-2]
power (W) crossing the
hemispherical shell located at r = Q.21 The directivity of an antenna array
1km, 0 ≤ / θ ≤ π/2 is_______. can be increased by adding more
[GATE – 2014-1] antenna elements, as a larger
number of elements
Q.18 For an antenna radiating in free a) improves the radiation efficiency
space, the electric field at a distance b) increases the effective area of
of 1 km is found 12 to be 12 mV/m. the antenna
Given that intrinsic impedance of c) results in a better impedance
the free space is 120πΩ, the matching
magnitude of average power density d) allows more power to be
due to this antenna at a distance of 2 transmitted by the antenna
km from the antenna (in nW/m2 ) is [GATE–2015-3]
__________.
[GATE–2014-4] Q.22 Two loss1ess X-band horn antennas
are separated by a distance of 200λ.
Q.19 Match column A with column B. The amplitude reflection coefficients
at the terminals of the transmitting
column A column B.
and receiving antennas are 0.15 and
(1)Point (P)Highly
0.18, respectively. The maximum
electromagnetic directional
directivities of the transmitting and
source
receiving antennas (over the
(2)Dish antenna (Q)End free
isotropic antenna) are 18 dB and 22
(3)Yagi-Uda antenna (R)Isotropic
dB, respectively. Assuming that the
a) 1→P, 2→Q, 3→R input power in the lossless
b) 1→R, 2→P, 3→Q transmission line connected to the
c) 1→Q, 2→P, 3→R antenna is 2 W, and that the
d) 1→R, 2→Q, 3→P antennas are perfectly aligned and
[GATE–2014-4] polarization matched, the power (in
mW) delivered to the load at the
Q.20 Two half±wave dipole antennas receiver is_____.
placed as shown in the figure are [GATE–2016-1]
excited with sinusoidally varying
currents of frequency 3 MHz and Q.23 The far-zone power density
phase shift of π/ 2 between them radiated by a helical antenna is
(the element at the origin leads in approximated as:
r r $ 1 [GATE–2016-3]
Wrad Waverage ≈ a r C0 2 cos 4 θ
=
r
The radiated power density is
symmetrical with respect to ∅ and Q.25 Consider a wireless communication
exists only in the upper hemisphere: link between a transmitter and a
π receiver located in free space, with
0 ≤ θ ≤ ;0 ≤ ∅ ≤ 2π; Co is a
2 finite and strictly positive capacity.
constant. The power radiated by the If the effective areas of the
antenna (in watts) and the transmitter and the receiver
maximum directivity of the antenna, antennas, and the distance between
respectively, are
them are all doubled, and everything
a) 1.5CO, 10dB b)1.256Co, 10Db
c) 1.256Co, 12dB d) 1.5CO, 12dB else remains unchanged, the
[GATE–2016-1] maximum capacity of the wireless
link
Q.24 A radar operating at 5 GHz uses a
common antenna for transmission a) increases by a factor of 2
and reception. The antenna has a b) decrease by a factor 2
gain of 150 and is aligned for c) remains unchanged
maximum directional radiation and
reception to a target 1 km away d) decreases by a factor of 2
having radar cross-section of 3 m2. If
it transmits 100 kW, then the [GATE–2017-1]
received power (in µW) is ______.
ANSWER KEY:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
(d) (b) (d) (c) (b) (b) (b) (d) (b) (a) (a) (b) (b) (d)
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
(c) (a) 55.5 47.5 (b) 50 (b) 3 (b) 2 (c)
EXPLANATIONS
Q.1 (d)  5000  1
2
2l 2 ⇒  =
d=  x  2
λ ⇒x= 5000 2
3 ×108 Required distance
=λ = 7.5
4 ×109 = 5000 2 − 5000
2 × 2.4 × 2.4 = 2071m
=d = 1.536m
7.5
Q.7 (b)
Q.2 (b)
Q.8 (d)
Q.3 (d)
The frequency range for satellite
communication is 1GHz to 30GHz.
Q.4 (c)
=Ψ βd cos θ + α
Normalized array factor
For an array to be end fire Ψ = 0
Ψ
0=βdcosθ+α = 2 cos
α = −βd 2
⇒= Ψ βd ( cosθ − 1)
=Ψ βdsinθcodΦ + δ
2π λ =θ 90°,
= d 2s
⇒Ψ= × ( cos 60° − 1) =Φ 45°,
= δ 180°
λ 4
π  1 π Ψ
= ×  −  =− radians ⇒ 2 cos
λ  2 4 2
 βdsinθcodΦ + δ 
= 2 cos  
Q.5 (b)  2
λ 492  2π 180° 
= = 123 ; L = 2 cos 2scos45° +
4 4  λ.2 2 
∴ It is a quarter wave monopole
antenna  πs 
= 2 cos  + 90°
So, R a = 36.5Ω λ 
 πs 
= 2sin  
Q.6 (b)  λ 
p
Signal strength =
4πR 2 Q.9 (b)
p When an antenna is lossless then
p1 = the antenna efficiency is 100% .In
4π ( 5000 )
2
such case whole of the power fed to

p antenna is radiated in the form of
p2 =
4π ( x )
2
radiation. Therefore if power fed to
p 1 antenna is 1 m W.
Given 1 = (3dB decrease)
p2 2
Q.10 (a) F(θ) is nothing but radiation
intensity u ( θ, φ ) and π rad is radiated
Q.11 (a) power.
Since antenna is installed at 2π π/2
conducting ground , =π rad ∫ ∫ cos θsinθdφ …..(2)
4
2
2  dl 
0 0
R rad = 40π   Ω Above equation is written from the
λ
formula
3 ×108
λ
= = 0.5 ×103 π rad ∫∫u ( θ, φ ) dΩ
600 ×10 3
2 θφ
2 50 
R a = 40π  3 
Where dΩ is solid angle and
 0.5 × 10  =dΩ sinθdθ dφ
40π 2 2π 2 So from (2)
= = 2π π/2
100 5
=π rad ∫ ∫ cos θsindθdφ
4
Q.12 (b) 0 0
π/2
Gain of antenna is directive gain i.e. π rad = 2π ∫ cos 4 θsinθdθ
different from that of amplifier. It 0
radiates same power. So1 W. π/2
 cos5 θ 
π rad = −2π  
Q.13 (b)  5 0
The radiation pattern of the dipole 2π
π rad = .....(3)
( λ / 2 ) kept horizontally above 5
perfectly conducting ground at =
So D =
4πU max
10U max
different heights.  2π 
 
 5 
Q.14 (d)
Gain of parabolic dish antenna
= 10 = [ F(θ)]max 10
2 In dB directivity
2D
G = nπ   = 10 = log10 D 10dB
λ
2
 1× 20 ×109  Q.17 (55.5)
= 0.7π  2

 3 ×10  100
8
Eθ = sin θe − Jβr
= 30705.4359 r
G ( dB ) = 10 log10 G = HQ
0.265
sinθe − Jβr
r
= 10 log10 (30705.4359)
1
= 45dB Pa vg = ∫ E θ H*Q .?ds
2s
Q.15 (c) 1 100(0.265) 2 2
2 ∫s
= sin θr sinθ dθ dφ
r2
Q.16 (a)
1
F ( θ ) cos 4 θ, 0 ≤ θ ≤ π / 2
= Pavg =
2s∫ (26.5) sin 2 dθ dφ
We know that directivity D is π
4 πU max
2
D= ….(1) = 13.25 ∫ sin 3 dθ dφ

π rad θ =0
Channel capacity remains same. π 2π 1
= (d)
2 100 2
d = 50 m
P= 55.5w
Q.21 (b)
Q.18 (47.7)
Electric field of an antenna is 4π
D= Ae
λ2
  D ↑→ Ae ↑
 
 
  Q.22 (3)
 
ηΙ dI 1 J
E θ = 0 sinθ  
Jβ
4π r r2 βr 3  Q.23 (b)
  π
 ↓ ↓ ↓  2 2π
 Radiation
 inductive
= 
Electrostanic 
Prad ∫ ∫W
θ = 0 ∅= 0
rad r 2sinθdθd∅
 field field field  π
2π
2
C0
∴ Eα
1
r
= ∫ ∫
β = 0 ∅= 0
r 2
cos 4 ωr 2sinωdθd∅
E1 r2 π
= ⇒ E 2 =6mv / m −cos 2θ 2 2π
E 2 r1 =C0 × .2π = C0 = 1.256C0
5 0 5
1 E 2 1 36 ×10−8
= P = = 47.7nw / m 2 max(Wrad )
2 η 2 120π Max. directivity = × 4πr 2
Prad
C0
Q.19 (b)
1. Point electromagnetic source, can = r 2 × 4πr 2 = 4π = 10
radiate fields in all directions 1.256C0 1.256
equally, so isotropic. Max. directivity in
2. Dish antenna →highly directional dB=10log10=10dB
3. Yagi — uda antenna →End fire
Q.24 (2)
Q.25 (c)
 S 
=C Blog 2 1 + 
 N0B 
Figure: Yagi — uda antenna
Where,
Q.20 (50)
Pt G t A er
ψ= δ + βdcosθ S=
4πr 2
For maximum field,
P A 4π
3 ×108 S1 = t er2 . 2 A e t
ψ 0=
= λ = 100m 4πr λ
3 ×106
Pt A er A e t 4A er A e t
δ + βdcosθ = 0 = = Pt
π 2π λ (r )
2 2
4λ 2 r 2
− + dcos60 = 0
2 λ =
Pt A er A e t
= S
A2 ( r2 )
Channel capacity remain same.
9 ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS
Q.1 Which of the following statement 1 Q1Q2

F , where the symbols
regarding electric flux is true? 40 r 2
1. Electric flux begins on positive have their usual meanings. The
charges and terminates on dimensions of 0 in free space in SI
negative charges. system are:
2. Flux is in the same direction as a) M-1 L-3 T6 A4 b) M-1 L-3 T4 A2
the electric field E c) ML T A
-3 4 3 d) M-1 L-3 T2
3. Flux density is proportional to
the magnitude of E Q.6 The energy spent in moving a charge
4. In the SI system of units, total of 10 coulomb from one point ‘a’ to
flux emanating from a charge of another point ‘b’ is 50 joules. The
Q(C) is Q(C). potential difference between points
A single line will emanate from 1 C ‘a’ and ‘b’ is
of charge. a) 2 volts b) 5 volts
a) 1 only b) 1 & 2 only c) 10 volts d) 100 volts
c) 1, 2 & 3 only d) 1, 2, 3 & 4
Q.7 P is a point at a large distance from
Q.2 Two concentric spherical shells the centre O of a short dipole formed
carry equal and opposite uniformly by two point charges all lying on a
distributed charges over their horizontal plane. If  is the angle
surfaces as shown in the figure. The between OP and the dipole axis, then
electric field on the surface of the , component of the E-field at P is
inner shell will be a
2R
Q
a) zero b)
40 R 2 0
R
a
Q Q
c) d)
80 R 2
160 R 2
a) given by sin  b) given by cos 
Q.3 Joule/Coulomb is the unit of c) given by tan  d) independent of
a) Electric field potential 
b) Electric flux density Q.8 Two equal positive point charges are
c) Charge placed along X-axis at + X1 and –X1
d) None of the above respectively. The electric field vector
at a point P on the positive Y axis
Q.4 The electric potential due to an will be directed
electric dipole of length L at a point a) in the +X direction
distance r away from it will be b) in the –X direction
doubled if the c) in the +Y direction
a) length L of the dipole is doubled d) in the –Y direction
b) r is doubled
c) r is halved Q.9) Two concentric spherical conducting
d) L is halved shells are held at two different
potentials. Their centre coincides
Q.5 The force between two charged with the origin of a spherical (r, )
particles is given by,
coordinate system. Which one of the  
a)   E  b)   E 
following gives the correct nature of 0 20
the field in the angular gap region?  
a) It is purely radial and c)   E  d)   E 
independent of the coordinates 0 20
(r,,)
b) It is purely radial, independent Q.14 The dipole moment per unit volume
of (, ) and varies as r-2 as a function of E in the case of an
c) The field lines are the like the insulator is given by (symbols have
latitude of the Earth and the usual meanings)
depend on (r, ) but not on  a) P  0 E  r  1 b) P  0 E
d) The field lines are radial and E E
independent of (, ) but varies c) P  d) P 
0  r 0   r  1
as r-1
Q.15 A parallel plate capacitor of plate
Q.10 Which one of the following pairs is
area A and plate separation ‘t’ has a
NOT correctly matched?
capacity C. If a metallic plate  of
 D  ds    Ddv
a) Gauss 's Theorem: 
s v
area A and of negligible thickness is
introduced in the capacitor at a
 D  ds  dv
b) Gauss 's Law: 
v
t
distance from either of the two
2
dm
c) Coulomb 's Law:V   plates, as shown in the given figure,
dt then the capacity of the capacitor
d) Stoke's Theorem :   d l     ds   will become
l s C
a) b) C
2
Q.11 When a dielectric is placed in an c) 2C d) 4C
electric field, the electric flux density
D, electric field intensity E and Q.16 An infinite plane Z = 10 m carries a
polarization P are related as uniformly distributed charge of
a) D  0 E  P b) D  0 E  P density 2nC/m2. The electric field

c) D  0 E  P  d) D  0 E  P intensity at the origin is
a) 0.2 azn V/m b) 2 azn V/m
c) -2 azn V/m d) -36 az V/m
Q.12 A, B and C are three parallel plate
condensers with similar surface area Q.17 If an isolated conducting sphere in
of plates and similar separation. A 1
contains air as dielectric, B contains air has radius = its
glass as dielectric and C contains 4 0
polythene. If the electric field capacitance will be
intensities in air, glass and a) zero b) 1F
polythene are respectively E1, E2 and c) 4 F d ) 0F
E3 then (assume that the plates are
filled with the given dielectrics) Q.18 Which one of the following is the
a) E1 = E2 = E3 b) E1 = E2 > E3 Poisson’s equation for a linear and
c) E1 > E2 < E3 d) E1 < E2 > E3 isotropic but inhomogeneous
Q.13 Maxwell’s divergence equation for medium?
the electric field is a) 2 V  /  b)  V    
c)    V    d) 2 V  /  Q.25 The force between two point
charges of 1 nC each with a 1 mm
separation in air is
Q.19 The displacement flux density at a
point on the surface of a perfect a) 9 10-3 N b) 9 10-6 N
c) 9 10-9 N d) 9 10-12 N
conductor is D  2  a x  3a z  C/m2
and is pointing away from the Q.26 Consider the following statements:
surface. The surface charge density A parallel plane capacitor is filled
at that point (C/m2) will be with a dielectric of relative
a) 2 b) -2 permittivity  r1 and connected to a
c) 4 d) -4
d.c. voltage of V volts. If the
Q.20 Charge needed within a unit sphere dielectric is changed to another with
centered at the origin for producing relative permittivity r2  2r1 ,
6r 5 keeping the voltage constant, then
a potential field. V   , for r  1 is
0 1. the electric field intensity within
the capacitor doubles.
a) 12C b) 60C
2. the displacement flux density D
c) 120C d) 180C
doubles.
3. the charge Q on the plates is
Q.21 The equation  J  0 is known as
reduced to half.
a) Poisson’s equation
4. the energy stored in the
b) Laplace equation
capacitor is doubled.
c) Continuity equation
Select the correct answer using the
d) Maxwell equation
codes given below:
a) 1 and 2 b) 2 and 3
Q.22 The dimension of flux density is
c) 2 and 4 d) 3 and 4
a) MT-1 Q-1 b) MT-2Q-2
c) MT1Q1 d) MT-1Q-2
Q.27 The resistivity of the wire material
can be expressed in terms of LMTI
Q.23 The energy stored per unit volume
system of dimensional parameter as
in an electric field (with usual
a) ML2 T-2 I-2 b) ML2 T-3 I-2
notations) is given by
c) ML3 T-3 I-2 d) ML3 T-2 I-2
1 1
a) H 2 b) H
2 2 Q.28 An electronic charge Q is placed in a
1 2 dielectric medium. Which of the
c) E d) E 2
2 following quantities are
independent of the dielectric
Q.24 A positive charge of Q coulomb is constant  of the medium?
located at point A (0,0,3) and a a) Electric potential V and Electric
negative charge of magnitude Q field intensity E
coulomb is located at point B (0,0,- b) Displacement density D and
3). The electric field intensity at Displacement 
point C (4,0,0) is in the c) Electric field intensity E and
a) negative x-direction Displacement density D
b) negative z-direction d) Electric potential V and
c) positive x-direction Displacement 
d) positive z-direction
Q.29) Two coaxial cylindrical sheets of solved by which one of the
charge are present in free space following?
s  5C / m2 at r=2m & s  2C / m2 a) By conformal transformation
at r=4m. The displacement flux b) By method of images
c) By Laplace’s equation
density D at r = 3 m is
d) By Poisson’s equation
2
a) D  5a r C / m2 b) D  a r C / m 2
3 Q.35 The electric field lines and
10 18 equipotential lines
c) D  a r C / m 2 d) D  a r C / m2
3 3 a) are parallel to each other
b) are one and the same
Q.30 An electric potential field is c) cut each other orthogonally
produced in air by point charges 1 d) can be inclined to each other at
C and 4 C located at (-2,1,5) and any angle
(1,3,-1) respectively. The energy
stored in the field is Q.36 Curl curl A is given by
a) 2.57 mJ
c) 10.28 mJ
b) 5.14 mJ
d) 12.50 mJ
 
a)    A  2 b)    A   2 A
c)     A    2
d)    A   A
Q.31 Which one of the following
potentials does NOT satisfy
Q.37 If a charge of one coulomb is to be
Laplace’s Equation?
brought to a distance of one meter
a) V  10xy b) V  r cos 
from a charge of 2 coulombs, then
10
c) V  d) V   cos   10 the work required is
r 1 1
a) Nm b) Nm
2 0 4 0
Q.32 Laplacian of a scalar function V is
a) Gradient of V c) 20 N  m d) 40 N  m
b) Divergence of V
c) Gradient of the gradient of V Q.38 Ohm’s law in point form in field
d) Divergence of the gradient of V theory can be expressed as

 E
Q.33 An infinitely long uniform charge of a) V  RI b) j 

density 30 nC/m is located at y = 3, z  l
= 5. The field intensity at (0, 6, 1) is c) J  E d) R 
A
E = 64. 7ay – 86.3az V/m. What is the
field intensity at (5,6,1)?
Q.39 The force between a charge q and a
62   grounded infinite conducting plane
a) E b) 2 
E
 5  6 1 
2 2
kept at a distance d from it is given
1/2 1/2 by
 62   52  62  12 
c)  2 2 2  E d)  2  E q q2
5  6 1   6   a) b)
40 d 2 40 d 2
Q.34 An infinitely long line charge of q q2
c) d)
uniform charge density 0 C/m is 160d 2 160d 2
situated parallel to and at a distance
from the grounded infinite plane Q.40 The magnetic field intensity (in
conductor. This field problem can be amperes/meter) at the centre of a
circular coil of diameter 1 meter and a) zero b) 2
carrying a current of 2 amperes is c) 4 d) 8
a) 8 b) 4
c) 3 d) 2 Q.46 The field at any point on the axis of a
current carrying circular coil will be
Q.41 A straight conductor of length 1m a) perpendicular to the axis
moving with a velocity v in the b) parallel to the axis
presence of a magnetic field of flux c) at an angle of 45o with the axis
density B directed at an angle  with d) zero
the direction of v experience a force.
Which of the following statement (s) Q.47 The given figure shows the surface
are true for the magnitude of the charge distribution of q
force? coulomb/m . What is the force on a
2
1. It is independent of  unit charge placed at the centre of

2. It is proportional to l2 circle?
+
3. It is proportional to B + + +
+ +
4. It is independent of v + +
Select the correct answer from the + +
+ +
codes given below: + +
+ +
a) 1, 2 and 3 b) 4 alone q
c) 3 alone d) 2 and 4 a) Zero b) N
4R 2
Q.42 The Lorentz force law is given by q2 q2
c) N d) N
a) f  QE b) f  V  B 4R 4R
c) f  Q(E  V  B) d) f  Q(V  B) Q.48 Which of the following equations is
not correct?
Q.43 A solid cylindrical conductor of a) a x  a x | a x |2
radius ‘R’ carrying a current ‘I’ has a
uniform current density. The b)  a x  a y    a y  a x   0
magnetic field intensity ‘ H ’ inside c) a x   a y  a z   a x   a z  a y 
the conductor at the radial distance
d) a r  a   a   a r  0
‘r’ (r < R) is
1 Q.49 A straight current carrying
a) Zero b)
2r conductor and two conducting loops
Ir IR 2 A and B are shown in the given
c) d)
2R 2 2R 2 figure. If the current in the straight
wire is decreasing, then the induced
Q.44 If currents in the two loops A and B
 the vector
 field
will be
A  xa x  ya y  kza z represents
solenoidal field, then the value of k
must be
a) 1 b) 2 a) clockwise in both A and B
c) -1 d) -2 b) anticlockwise in both A and B
 c) anticlockwise in A and clockwise
Q.45 The value of  along a circle of
C
dl in B
d) clockwise in A and anticlockwise
radius 2 units is in B
Q.50 The region z  0 is a perfect 2. The tangential component of
conductor. On its surface at the electric field at a dielectric
origin, the surface current density K conductor boundary is non-zero.
is (5 a x  6a y )A / m . If the region z > 3. The discontinuity in the normal
component of flux density at a
0 were free space, then the magnetic dielectric conductor boundary is
field intensity H in A/m, at the origin equal to the surface charge
would
 be density on the conductor.
a) H  0 4. The normal component of the
   flux-density is continuous across
b) H  5a x  6a y
the charge-free boundary
c) H  6ax  5a y between two dielectrics.
  

d) H   6a x  5a y  Which of these statements are
currect
  a) 1, 2 and 3 are correct
 2  E  a x b) 2, 3 and 4 are correct
Q.51   The electric field c) 1, 2 and 4 are correct
 3  E  2a x
d) 1, 3 and 4 are correct
across an interface is shown in the
figure. The surface charge density
Q.55 The infinite parallel metal plates are
(in coulomb/m2) on the interface is
charged with equal surface charge
a) 4 0 b) 3 0 density of the same polarity. The
c) 3 0 d)  4 0 electric field in the gap between the
plates is
Q.52 The polarization of a dielectric a) the same as that produced by
material is given by one plate
a) P  r E b) P  (r  1) E b) double of the field produced by
one plate.
c) E  Eo  r  1 d) P   r  1 o c) dependent on coordinates of
field point
d) zero
Q.53 If the charge on each of the
capacitors in the given figure is 4500 Q.56 Two positive charges, Q Coulombs
C, what is the total capacitance (in each, are placed at points (0, 0, 0)
F), assuming that the voltage and (2, 2, 0) while two negative
distribution across C1, C2, C3 is in the charges, Q coulombs each in
ratio of 2:3:4? magnitude, are placed at points (0, 2,
0) and (2, 0, 0). The electric field
intensity at the point (1,1,0) is
Q
a) 325 b) 11.1 a) zero b)
8 0
c) 22.2 d) 33.3
Q Q
c) d)
Q.54 Consider the following statements 4 0 160
regarding field boundary conditions: Q.57 Consider the following statements
1. The tangential component of associate with the basic electrostatic
electric field is continuous across properties of ideal conductors:
the boundary between two 1. The resultant field inside is zero.
dielectrics.
2. The net charge density in the dielectric at the Brewster angle, the
interior is zero. reflected wave will be
3. Any net charge resides on the a) elliptically polarized
surface b) linearly polarized
4. The surface is always c) right circularly polarized
equipotential. d) left circularly polarized
5. The field just outside is zero.
Which of these statements are Q.62 If the current element represented

currect by 4  104 a y Am is placed in a
a) 1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct
b) 3, 4 and 5 are correct
 5
magnetic field of H  aˆ x A / m the
c) 1, 2 and 3 are correct 
d) 2 and 3 are correct force on the current element is
 
a) 2az mN b) 2az mN
Q.58) A capacitor is made up of two  
concentric spherical shells. The radii c) 2azN d) 2azN
of the inner and outer shells are R1
and R2 respectively and  is the Q.63 In an electrodynamometer, a
permittivity of the medium between moving coil has an area A, turn N
the shells. The capacitance of the and carries a current I producing a
capacitor is given by magnetic flux B. The torque on the
1  1 1  moving coil is proportional to
a)    a) I b) I2
4  R1 R 2 
c) B.I2 d) A.N.B.I2
1  1 1 
b)   
4  R1 R 2  Q.64 The three values of a one-
R 1R 2 dimensional potential function 
c) 4 shown in the given figure and
 R1  R 2  satisfying Laplace’s equation are
RR related as
d) 4 1 2
R 2  R1 d 2d
1 2 3
Q.59 In a hundred-turn coil, if the flux 2  1 2  3
through each turn is (t3-2t)m a) 2  3 b) 2  1
3 3
Wb, the magnitude of the induced
2  23   33
emf in the coil at a time of 4s is c) 2  1 d) 2  1
a) 46 mV b) 56 mV 3 2
c) 4.6 V d) 5.6 V Q.65 The skin depth () due to RF current
is equal to ( = angular
Q.60 A coil of resistance of 5 and frequency,  = permeability and  =
inductance 0.4 H is connected to a conductivity) .
50 V d.c. supply. The energy 2 2
a) b)
stored in the field is    
a) 10 joules b) 20 joules 1/2
c) 40 joules d) 80 joules  2  2
c)   d)
     
Q.61 For an elliptically polarzed wave
incident on the interface of a Q.66 The electric field of an
electromagnetic wave at a point in
free space is in the positive Y c) 120mW d) 150mW
direction and the magnetic field is
in the negative X direction. The Q.71 The depth of penetration or skin
direction of power flow will be in depth for an electromagnetic field at
the a frequency ‘f’ in a conductor of
a) + X direction b) +Y direction resistivity  and permeability  is
c) +Z direction d) –Z direction a) inversely proportional to  and f
& directly proportional to 
Q.67 The electric field vector E of a wave b) directly proportional to  and
in free space (o, o) is given by inversely proportional to f & 
  z  c) directly proportional to f and
E  y  A cos   t    Its magnetic
  c  inversely proportional to  & 
d) inversely proportional to  and 
vector H will be given by
and directly proportional to f.
  z 
a) H  y  A sin   t   
  c  Q.72 When a plane wave is incident
  z  normally from dielectric ‘1’ (  o ,1 )
b) H  z  A cos   t   
  c  onto dielectric ‘2’ (  o ,2 ), the
 electric field of the transmitted
o  z 
c) H  x   j A cos   t    wave is -2 times the electric
 o  c  field of the reflected wave. The ratio
 o  z  2
d) H  x   j A sin   t    is
o  c  1

a) 0.5 b) 1
Q.68 What is the phase velocity of plane c) 2 d) 4
wave in a good conductor?
Q.73 If, for the transmission of a parallel
f
a) f b) polarized wave from a dielectric
 medium of permittivity 1 into a
f f dielectric medium of permittivity
c) d) 2
  2 there exists a value of the angle
of incidence  p for which the
Q.69 An electromagnetic plane wave reflection coefficient is zero, then
propagates in a dielectric medium 1 1
characterized by a) tan h p  b) tan p 
2 2
r = 4 and r = 1. The phase velocity
of the wave will be 2 2
c) tan p  d) tan h p 
a) 0.75 108 m / s b) 1.5 108 m / s 1 1
c) 3 108 m / s d) 6 108 m / s
Q.74 For electromagnetic wave
propagation in free space, the
Q.70 If H = 0.2cos (t - x)az A/m is the
free space is defined  as 
magnetic field of a wave in free
space, then the average power a)   0, 1,   1, P  0, J  0
 
passing through a circle of radius 5 b)   0, 1,   1, P  0, J  0
 
cm in the x= 1 plane will c)   0, 1,   1, P  0, J  0
be=approximately  
a) 30mW b) 60mW d)   0, 1,   1, P  0, J  0
Q.75 The Poynting vector P  E  H has Q.80 Which one of the following
the dimensions of statements is NOT correct for a
a) Power/unit area plane wave with
b) Volts A ^
H  0.5e0.1x cos(106 t  2x) a z
c) Power m
d) Volt/unit length a) The wave frequency is 106 r.p.s.
b) The wavelength is 3.14 m
Q.76 Consider the following statements c) The wave travels along + x-
regarding a plane wave propagating direction
through free space: d) The wave is polarized in the z-
The direction of field direction
1) ‘E’ is perpendicular to the
direction of propagation Q.81 What is the value of standing wave
2) ‘H’ is perpendicular to the Ratio (SWR) in free space for
direction of propagation 1
transmission coefficient   
3) ‘E’ is perpendicular to the 3
direction of field ‘H’ 2
Which of these statements are a) b) 0.5
3
correct ?
c) 4.0 d) 2.0
a) 1 and 2 b) 2 and 3
c) 1 and 3 d) 1, 2 and 3
Q.82 A ray is incident on the boundary of
Q.77 If the velocity of electromagnetic a dielectric medium of dielectric
constant 1 with another perfect
wave in free space is 3 108 m/s, the
velocity in a medium with  r of 4.5 dielectric medium of dielectric
constant 2 . The incident ray makes
and r of 2 would be
8 8 an angle of  with the normal to the
a) 1  10 m / s b) 3  10 m / s boundary surface. The ray
8
c) 9  10 m / s d) 27 108 m / s transmitted into the other medium
makes an angle of 2 with the
Q.78 If H  0.1 sin(108t  y)a x A/m for a normal. If 1 =2 2 and 1=60o,
plane wave propagating in free which one of the following is
space, then the time average correct?
Poynting vector is a) 2 = 45o
a) (0.6sin 2y)a y W / m2 b) 2=sin-10.433
^ c) 2=sin-1 0.612
b) - 0.6 a y W / m 2 d) There will be no transmitted
wave
c) 1.2a x W / m2
d) -1.2a y W / m2 Q.83 The electric field of a wave
propagation through a lossless
Q.79 In a uniform plane wave, the value of medium (0, 810) is
E E  10cos(6108 t x)a y What is
is
H the phase constant  of the wave ?
a) 2  rad/m b) 9 rad/m
 
a) b) c) 18 rad/m d) 81  rad/m
 
Q.84 Which one of the followig gives the
c) 1 d) 
values of the attenuation factor 
112
and phase shift factor  for a wave c) (|E|+|H|)sin d)(|E|-|H|)cos
propagated in a good
conductor having /() >> 1 ? Q.89 The E field of a plane
  electromagnetic wave traveling in a
a)     ; non- magnetic non conducting
2
medium is given by
b)    /  ;    /  

E  a x 5cos(10 t  30Z) . What is the
9
  /   dielectric constant of the medium ?

c)     ;   
a) 30 b) 10
2
d)   0;   2 c) 9 d) 81
Q.90 The expression for B , given that in

Q.85 Consider the two fields, the free space
E = 120cos(106 t - x) ay V/m and E  15cos  6108 t  2z  i x V / m is
H = A cos(106 t - x) az A/m
The values of A and  which will a) 5 108 cos  6108 t  2z  i y
satisfy the Maxwell’s equation in a b) 90108 sin  6108 t  2z  i x
linear isotropic, homogenous, loss-
less medium with r = 8 and r = 2 c) 45 108 sin  6108 t  2z  i y
will be d) 5 108 cos  6108 t  2z  i y
A (in A/m) (in rad/m)
a) 1 0.0105  sin  6108 t  2z  i z 
b) 1 0.042
c) 2 0.0105 Q.91 A uniform plane electromagnetic
d) 2 0.042 wave with electric component E =
Em cos (t - px) propagates in
Q.86 The velocity of a traveling vacuum along the positive x-
electromagnetic wave in free space direction. The mean Poynting Vector
is given by is given by
a) 00 b) 00 1 0 c E m
2 2
1 0c E m
2 2
a) b)
1 1 2  2 
c) d)
00 00 1 0c E m
2
1 0 c E m
2
c) d)
2  2 
Q.87 The equation of a plane wave may
by written as (with usual symbols) Q.92 In a lossless medium the intrinsic
impedance =60 and r = 1. What
2E y 1  Ey
2
2Ey 1 2E
a)  b)  is the value of the dielectric
t 2  x 2 x 2  t 2 constant r?
2E y  2E 2E y  2E a) 2 b) 1
c)  d) 2  c) 4 d) 8
t 2  x 2 t  x 2
Q.93 If the E field in a plane
Q.88 For time-varying electromagnetic electromagnetic wave traveling
fields with electric and magnetic along the z-axis is given by
    
field given by |E| & |H| respectively
the rate of energy flow per unit area    
E  a x  a y f  ωt  βz   a x  a y f  ωt  βz 
has a magnitude given by The H field associated with the wave

a) |E| |H| cos  b) |E| |H| sin  is (z0 is the characteristic
impedance)
 
a)  a  a  f  t  z  / z
x y 0 c)   B  J d)   B  J
 
  a  a  f  t  z  / z
x y 0
Q.97 Match List I with List II and select
 
b)   a  f  t  z  / z
ax y 0
the correct answer using the
codes given below the lists:
 
  a  a  f  t  z  / z
x y 0 List I (Law/Quantity)
 
c)   a  f  t  z  / z
ay x 0
A. Dauss’s Law Ampere’s Law
B. Ampere’s Law
 
   a  a  f  t  z  / z
y x
C. Fraday’s Law
  D. Poynting vector
d)  a  a  f  t  z  / z
x y 0 List I (Mathematical expression)
 
  a  a  f  t  z  / z
1.   D  
y x
B
2.   E  
t
Q.94 If the electric field E  0.1 te t a x
3. S  E  H
and  4 0 , then the
displacement current crossing 
4. F  q E  v  B 
an area of 0.1 m at t = 0 will be
2
D
a) zero b) 0.04 0 5.   H  J c 
t
c) 0.4 0 d) 4 0 Codes:
A B C D
Q.95 Match List I with List II and select a) 1 2 4 3
the correct answer using the codes b) 3 5 2 1
given below the lists: c) 1 5 2 3
List I d) 3 2 4 1
A. V  D  
 Q.98 If a vector field B is solenoidal,
B. V  D  which of these is true?
t
C. V  H  Jc  Bd l  0
a)   Bd s  0
b) 
B s s
D. V  E  
t c)  B  0 d)   B  0
List II
1. Ampere’s Law Q.99 A medium behaves like dielectric
2. Dauss’s Law when the
3. Fraday’s Law a) Displacement current is just
4. Continuity equation equal to the conduction current .
Codes: b) Displacement current is less than
A B C D the conduction current.
a) 4 2 1 3 c) Displacement current is much
b) 2 4 1 3 greater than the conduction
c) 4 2 3 1 current.
d) 2 4 3 1 d) Displacement current is almost
negligible.
Q.96 If the static magnetic flux density is
B , then Q.100 For linear isotropic materials, both
a)   B  0 b)   B  0 E and H have the time dependence
e j t and regions of interest are

free of charges. The value of ax
  H is given by
d) [20cos (t  z)  5cos(t  z)]A / m
120
a)  E b) j E
Q.105 The frequency of the power wave
c)  E  j E d)  E  j E
associated with an electromagnetic
wave having an
Q.101 For electrostatic fields in charge free
z /   z
atmosphere, which one of the E field as E  e cos t   , is
following is correct?  
a)   E  0 and   E  0 given by
 
b)   E  0 but   E  0 a) b)
  8 4
c)  E  0 but  E  0  
c) d)
d)   E  0 but   E  0 2 
Q.106 The velocity of the plane wave

B
Q.102 Maxwell equation E   is sin2(t - x) is
t
represented in integral form as a) 2 b) 
    2
a)  E  dl    B.dl 2
t c) 2 d) 
    
b)  E  dl    B.ds
t
 Q.107 Which one of the following
c)  E  d l    B  d l
t statements is correct ?
 For a lossless dielectric medium, the
d)  E  d l    B  d s phase constant for a traveling wave,
t
 is proportional to
Q.103 In a source-free imperfect dielectric a)  r b)  r
medium (specified by loss tangent 1 1
tan ), Maxwell’s curl equation can c) d)
r r
be written as
a)   H  j  E 1  j tan  
Q.108 If n is the polarization vector and k
b)  H  j  E 1  j tan  
is the direction of propagation of a
c)   H   j  E 1  j tan   plane electromagnetic wave, then
d)   H   j  E1  j tan   a) n  k b) n  k
  c) n  k  0 d) n  k  0
Q.104 E  a x [20cos  t z   5cos  t z ]V / m .
Q.109 The ratio of conduction current
 The associated magnetic field is density to the displacement current
ay
a) [20cos (t  z)  5cos(t  z)]A / m density is (symbols have the usual

120 meaning)
ay j
b) [20cos (t  z)  5cos(t  z)]A / m a) b) 
120  j

c)
ax
[20cos (t  z)  5cos(t  z)]A / m c)  d) 
120 j j
Q.110 The electric field of a uniform plane  
wave is given by 5.
  2
E  10cos(3108 t  z)a x Codes:
Match List I with List II pertaining to A B C D
the above wave and select the a) 1 2 3 4
correct answer using the codes b) 2 1 4 5
given below the lists: c) 2 1 3 5
List I (Parameter) d) 1 2 5 3
A) Phase velocity
B) Wavelength Q.112 A plane wave propagates in z-
C) Frequency direction with field components Ey
D) Phase constant and Hx with a time & z-dependence
List II (Values in MKS units) of the form exp (jt - jz). Ey / Hx is
1.2 given by
a)  b) 
2.3.14
3.377  
4.1.5  108  
5.3.0  108 b)   d)
 
Codes :
A B C D
a) 5 4 3 2 Q.113 List I (Medium)
b) 3 4 2 1 A. Loss-less dielectric
c) 4 3 1 2 B. Good conductor
d) 5 1 4 2 C. Poor conductor
D. Lossy
Q.111 List II gives mathematical List II (Expression for intrinsic
expressions for the variables impedance for plane wave
given in List I. Match List I with List propagation)
II and select the correct answer j
1.
using the codes given below the   j
lists:
  
List I 2. 1  j 
A. Intrinsic impedance  2 
B. Velocity of wave propagation 
C. Skin depth 3.

D. Attenuation constant

List II 4. 1  j
1 2
1. Codes :

A B C D
 a) 4 3 2 1
2.
 b) 4 3 1 2
1 c) 3 4 2 1
3. d) 3 4 1 2
f 
1 Q.114 Match List I with List II and select
4.
f  the correct answer using the codes
given below the lists: (Symbols
have the usual meanings)
List I and z being in m. The phase shift
A. Poisson’s equation constant  is
B. Laplace’s equation 2. 1 2
a) rad / m b) rad / m
C. Joule’s equation 3 3
D. Helmholtz’s equation 2 1
List II b) c) rad / m d) rad / m
3 6
1. 2  0
2.  E  K0 E  0
2 2
Q.118 The unit of the Poynting vector is
P a) power
3.   
2
b) power density
0 c) energy
dP d) energy density
4.  UjE  J
dV
Codes: Q.119 The intrinsic impedance of free
A B C D space is
a) 2 1 4 3 a) 377 b) 0  o
b) 3 4 1 2
c) 3 1 4 2 c) j  o d) o
d) 2 4 1 3 o o
Q.115 Tangential component of the electric Q.120 If a plane electromagnetic wave

field on a perfect conductor will be traveling in the direction
a) infinite   a x  x  a y y  a z  z has
b) zero
c) same as the normals field electric field E  A cos(t    r) ,
component and 90o out of phase] then the phase velocities vx : vy : vz is
d) same as the normal component equal to
but 180o out of phase. 1 1 1
a) 2 : 2 : 2 b)  x2 :  y2 :  z2
x  y z
Q.116 Consider the following statements
1 1 1
For a uniform plane electromagnetic c) : : d)  x :  y :  z
wave x y z
1. The direction of energy flow is
the same as the direction of Q.121 If
propagation of the wave. ^ ^
2. lectric and magnetic fields are in B  Bo z cos t a y and E  a x E x , then
time quadrature. a) Ex  0
3. Electric and magnetic fields are b) Ex   B0 z  sin t
in space quadrature. c) Ex   B0 cos t
Of these statements
1
a) 2 alone is correct d) Ex  B0 z 2  sin t
b) 1 and 2 are correct 2
c) 1 and 3 are correct
d) 3 alone is correct 1 
Q.122 In the relation S  ; the values
1 
Q.117 In a dielectric medium of relative of S and  (where S stands for wave
permittivity 4, the electric field ratio and  is reflection coefficient),
intensity is 20 sin(108 t  z)a y V/m respectively vary as
a) 0 to 1 and -1 to 0
b) 1 to  and 0 to +1

Ex  3sin t  z v  m
c) -1 to +1 and 1 to  Ey  6sin  t  z  75  v
m
d) -1 to 0 and 0 to 1
Determine the power density?
Q.123 Three media are characterized by a) 8 w 2 b) 4 w 2
m m
1. f  8, f  2,   0 c) 62.5m w d) 125m w
m2 m2
2. f  1, f  9,   0
3. f  4, f  4,   0 Q.128 We have the following six sets of
r is relative permittivity, r is electro-magnetic waves with
relative permeability and  is the frequency ranges as follows:
conductivity. The values of the 30 – 300 KHz
intrinsic impedances of the media 1, 10 – 30 KHz
2 and 3 respectively are 3 – 30 MHz
a) 188 , 377  and 1131  300 – 3000 KHz
b) 377 , 1131  and 188  30 – 300 MHz
c) 188 , 1131 and 377  > 300 MHz
d) 1131, 188  and 377  These are designated in the
following orders :
Q.124 For a perfect conductor, the field a) VLF, LF, MF, HF, VHF and UHF
strength at a distance equal to the b)LF, VLF, MF, HF, VHF and UHF
skin depth is X% of the field strength c) LF, VLF, HF,MF, VHF and UHF
at its surface. The value of ‘X%’ is d) VHF, VLF, HF, MF, LF and UHF
a) Zero b) 50%
c) 36% d) 26% Q.129 At a certain frequency f, a uniform
plane wave is found to have
 established a wavelength  in a
Q.125 If E   xˆ  jyˆ  e jz ,then wave is said
good conductor. If the source
to be which one of the following frequency is doubled, then the
a) Right circularly polarized wavelength would change to
b) Right elliptically polarized
c) Left circularly polarized a)  b) 2
2
d) Left elliptically polarized
c) 2 d) 4
Q.126 A right circularly polarized wave is
incident from air onto a polystyrene Q.130 In free space
(r  2.7) H ( z, t )  0.10cos(4 107 t   z)Tx A / m .
The reflected wave is The expression for E(z, t ) is
a)right circularly polarized a) E ( z, t )  37.7 cos(4 107 t  z )Ty
b)left circularly polarized
b) E ( z, t )  2.65 10 cos(4 10 t  z)Tz
7
c)right elliptically polarized
d)left elliptically polarized c) E ( z, t )  37.7 cos(4 107 t  z )Tx
Q.127 An elliptically polarized wave d) E ( z, t )  37.7 cos(4 107 t  z)Ty

travelling in
the positive z-direction in air has x Q.131 For a lossless transmission line
and y components 1. series resistance is zero.
2. shunt conductance is zero
3. shunt conductance is infinite characteristics impedance 50 ohms
4. series resistance is infinite. and 72 ohms respectively. If the
a) 1 & 2 b) 2 & 3 inner conductor of the coaxial
c) 2 & 4 d) 3 & 4 line is made 10 mm in diameter,
what should be the diameter of the
 outer conductor (approx.)?
Q.132 A transformer is used for
4 a) 16 mm b) 20 mm
a) light loads c) 27 mm d) 32 mm
b) high frequency load
c) connecting high impedance and Q.136 The input impedance of short-
low frequency loads. circuited loss-less line of length less
d) reducing distortion in than a quarter wavelength is
transmission lines. a) purely resistive
b) purely inductive
Q.133 A generator of 50 ohm internal c) purely capacitive
impedance and operating at 1 GHz d) complex.
feeds a 75  load via a coaxial line of
characteristic impedance 50 ohm. Q.137 For a transmission line, the open-
The Voltage Standing Wave Ratio on circuit and short-circuit impedance
the feed line is are 20 and 5  respectively. Then
a) 0.5 b) 1.5 the characteristics impedance of
c) 2.5 d) 1.75 the line is
a) 100 ohms b) 50 ohms
Q.134 A loss-less 50 ohm transmission line c) 25 ohms d) 10 ohms
is terminated in (A) 25 ohm and (B)
100 ohm loads. Which one of the Q.138 The characteristic impedance of a
following statements would be transmission line with inductance
correct if the voltage standing wave 0.294H/m & capacitance 60pF/m,
patterns measured in the two cases is
are compared ? a) 49 b) 60
a) The two patterns will be c) 70 d) 140
identical in all respects and
cannot be distinguished Q.139 The magnitude of the reflection
b) The two patterns will have coefficient of a transmission line in
identical locations of maxima terms of the load and characteristic
/minima but the VSWR will be impedance is given by
   
a)    Z L  Z 0  b)    Z 0 Z L 
higher in the case of A.
c) The two patterns will have
 Z0  Z L   Z0  Z L 
identical locations of
   
maxima/minima but the VSWR c)    Z L  Z 0  d)    Z L  Z 0 
will be higher in the case of B.  Z L  Z0   Z0 Z L 
d) The two patterns will be
identical except for a relative Q.140 What are the directions of E and H
spatial shift of quarter in TEM mode transmission lines
wavelength in the two cases. with respect to the direction of
propagation?
Q.135 A quarter wave transformers, made a) Both E and H are entirely
of air- filled coaxial line, matches transverse to the direction of
two transmission lines of propagation.
b) E is entirely transverse to and h c) 100  d) 150 
has a component in the direction
of propagation. 145 A transmission line of characteristic
c) H is entirely transverse to and E impedance Zo = 50 ohms, phase
has a component in the direction velocity vp = 2  108 m/s, and length
of propagation. l = 1m is terminated by a load ZL =
(30 – j40) ohms. The input
d) Both E and H have components in
impedance of the line for a
the direction of propagation.
frequency of 100 MHz will be
a) (30 + j40) ohms
Q.141 In an ideal transmission line with
b) (30 – j40) ohms
matched load, the voltage standing
c) (50 + j40) ohms
wave ratio & reflection coefficient
d) (50 – j40) ohms
are respectively
a) 1 and 1
Q.146 A line of characteristic impedance zo
b) infinity and one
ohms, phase velocity vp = 2  108
c) infinity and zero
m/s and length l = 2m is
d) one and zero
terminated by a load
impedance zL ohms. The reflection
Q.142 A 75 ohm transmission line is to be
coefficients at the input end and load
terminated in two resistive loads R1
end are respectively 1 and R  .
and R2 such that the standing
patterns in the two cases have the The ratio 1 for a frequency of 50
same SWR. To obtain the desired R 
result, the values R1 & R2 (in MHz will be
ohms) should be a) 1 b)  1
a) 250 and 200 respectively c) 1 d) 2
b) 225 and 25 respectively
c) 100 and 150 respectively Q.147 For transmission of wave form a
d) 50 and 125 respectively dielectric medium of permittivity 1
into a dielectric medium of lower
Q.143 One end of a loss-less transmission permittivity 2 , (1 2 ) the critical
3
line of length  and characteristic angle of incidence Q (relative to the
8
interface) is given by
impedance R0 is short-circuited, and
the other end is terminated in R0. a) sin 1 2 b) cos 1 2
 1 1
The impedance measured at away
 
8 b) tan 1 2 d) sin 1  2 
from the end terminated in R0 is : 1  1 
a) zero b) R0
R Q.148 A 50 characteristic impedance line
c) 0 d) Infinite
2 is connected to a load which shows a
reflection coefficient of 0.268. If Vin =
Q.144 For a quarter wavelength ideal 15V, then the net power delivered to
transmission line of characteristic the load will be
impedance 50 ohms and load a) 0.139W b) 1.39W
impedance 100 ohms, the input c) 0.278W d) 2.78W
impedance will be
a) 25  b) 50 
Q.149 For a transmission line with
homogenous dielectric, the 
Q.154 The input impedance of a long
capacitance per unit length is ‘C’, the 8
relative permittivity of the short- circuited section of a lossless
dielectric is ‘ r ’ and velocity of light transmission line is
in free space is ‘v’. The a) zero b) inductive
characteristic impedance Zo is c) capacitive d) infinite
equal to

b) r
Q.155 Match List I (Parameters) with List II
a) r
vC vC (Values) for a transmission line with

r r a series impedance Z  R  jL
c) d) m
vC vC and a shunt admittance
mho , and select the
Y  G  jC
Q.150 A transmission line has primary m
constants R, L, G and C, and correct answer using the codes
secondary constants Z0 and given below the lists
(=+j). If the line is lossless, then List I
a) R=0, G0 and =0 A. Characteristic impedance Z0
b) R=0, G=,0 and =|| B. Propagation constant 
c) G=0 and = C. The sending-end input impedance
d) R=0, G=0, =0 and =|| Zs
List II
Q.151 A transmission line having 50  1. zY
impedance is terminated in a load of Z
(40+j30). The VSWR is 2.
Y
a) j0.033 b) 0.8+j0.6
c) 1 d) 2 Y
3.
Z
Q.152 A (75-j40)  load is connected to a when the line is terminated in its
coaxial line of Z0 = 75 at 6MHz. The characteristic impedance Z0
load matching on the line can be Codes:
accomplished by connecting A B C
a) a short-circuited stub at the load a) 3 1 1
b) an inductance at the load b) 2 3 3
c) a short-circuited stub at a c) 2 1 2
specific distance from the load d) 1 2 2
d) a capacitance at a specific
distance from the load. Q.156 In a line the VSWR of a load is 6dB.
The reflection coefficient will be
Q.153 If R,L,C and G are the resistance, a) 0.033 b) 0.33
inductance, capacitance & c) 0.66 d) 3.3
conductance of a transmission line
respectively, then the condition for Q.157 ZL=200 & it is desired that
distortionless transmission line is Zi=50. The quarter wave
R G transformer should have a
a)  b) RC  LG
C L characteristic impedance of
c) R 2C  G 2 L d) RC2  GL2 a) 100  b) 40
c) 10,000 d) 4 transmission line for maximum
power transfer?
Q.158 Consider the following statements a) 5.0 m b) 1.25 m
regarding transmission lines c) 2.5 m d) 10.0 m
transmitting high frequency (HF)
signals: Q.162 A 75 transmission line is first short
HF transmission lines terminated and the minima
1. have appreciable ohmic and locations are noted. When the short
dielectric losses. is replaced by a resistive load R L , the
2. have small physical length
minima locations are not altered and
3. are loss-free lines
the VSWR is measured to be 3. The
Of these statements:
a) 1 and 2 are correct value of R L is
b) 2 and 3 are correct a) 25 b) 50
c) 3 alone is correct c) 225 d) 250
d) 1, 2 and 3 are correct
Q.163 A UHF short circuited lossless
Q.159 Values of VSWR measured by 1 transmission lines can be used to
terminating the load end of provide appropriate values of
transmission line first with horn, impedance., Match List I with List II
then with a short and finally and select the correct answer using
with a matched load, will be the code given below the list
respectively List-I
a) 20, 1.9 and 1.01
A. l  
b) 20, 1.01 and 1.9 4
c) 1.9, 1.01 and 20 B.   
d) 1.9, 20 and 1.01 4 2
C. l  
 4
Q.160 A lossless line of length and D. l  
4 2
characteristic impedance Z0 List-II
transforms a resistive load R into 1.Capacitive
 Z 02  2.Inductive
an impedance   . When the line
 
 R  3.0
 4. 
is long, the transformed Codes:
2
impedance will be A B C D
a) 2 1 4 3
 2
  2

a)  Z 0  b) 2 Z 0  b) 3 1 4 2
 R   R  c) 2 4 1 3
c) Z o d) R d) 3 4 1 2
Q.161 A 50  loss-less transmission line is Q.164 A loss-less transmission line of

terminated in 100  load and is length /8 is short circuited at one
excited by a 30 MHz source of end. The impedance measured at
internal resistance of 50 . What the other end is jZ at a frequency of
should be the length of the 13.5 MHz. If the frequency is raised
to 27 MHz, the impedance measured
would be
a) j2Z b) –jZ 2 2
c) zero d) infinity  m   n 
Q.169)         
2
 a   b 
Q.165 A 50 distortionless trnsmission represents the propagation constant
line has a capacitance of 10-10f/m. in rectangular wave guide for
What is its inductance per meter? a)TE waves only
a) 0.25H b) 500 H b)TM waves only
c) 5000 H d) 50H c)TEM waves
d)TE and TM waved.
Q.166 What is the attenuation constant 
for distortionless transmission line? Q.170Consider a rectangular wave guide of
C internal dimensions 8cm  4cm
a)   0 b)   R Assuming critical wavelength would
L
be.
L RL
c)   R d)   a)8cm b)16cm
C C c)4cm d)32cm
Q.167 A transmitter in free space radiates Q.171 The ratio of transverse electric field
a mean power of ‘P’ Watts uniformly to the transverse magnetic field is
in all directions. At a distance ‘d’, called as
sufficiently far from the source, in a)wave guide impedance
plane, the electric field ‘E’ should be b)waveguide wave length
related to ‘P’ and ‘d’ as c)phase velocity
p d)Poynting vector
a) Epd b) E
d
p Q.172 The mode with lowest cut off
c) E pd d) E frequency for on electromagnetic
d propagating between two perfectly
conduction parallel planes of
Q.168 With the symbols having their infinitive extent is
standard meanings, cut off
a) TE10 b) TM10
frequency for a rectangular wave
guide is c) TM01 d)TEM
1 m n
a)  Q.173 The dominant mode in a circular
 a b
waveguide is a
2 2
 m   n 
1 a)TEM b) TM01
b)    
2   a   b  c) TE21 d) TE11
1 m n 
c)    Q.174 The cut off frequency of the
2   a b  dominant mode of rectangular wave
2 2 guide having aspect ratio more than
1  m   n  2 is 10GHz. The inner broad wall
d)     dimension is given by
  a   b 
a) 3 cm b)2 cm
c)1.5 cm d)2.5 cm
Q.175 Match List-I (Type of transmission Q.179 For a hollow wave guide, the axial
structure) will List-II (Dominant current must necessarily be
Mode) and select the correct a) a combination of conduction and
answer displacement currents
List-I b) conduction current only
A. Coaxial line c) time varying conduction current
B. Rectangular wave guide and displacement current
C. Micro strip line d) displacement current only
D Coplanar wave guide
List-II Q.180 Phase velocity 'VP ' & group velocity
1. TE
'Vg ' wave guide (‘C is velocity of
2. Quasi TEM
3. Hybrid light) are related as
4. TEM a) Vp .Vg  C2
Codes: Vp
A B C D b)  a cons tan t
Vg
a) 1 4 2 3
b) 4 1 3 2 c) Vp  Vg  C
c) 1 4 3 2 d) Vp  Vg  a constant
d) 4 1 2 3
Q.176 When a particular mode is excited in Q.181 A rectangular wave guide

a wave guide there appears an extra 2.29cm  1.02cm operates at a
electric component in the direction frequency of 11GHz in TE10 mode. If
of propagation. The resulting mode the maximum potential gradient of
is the signal is 5kv/cm, then the
a)TE b)TM maximum power handling capacity
c)longitudinal d)TEM of the wave guide will be
a)31.11mw b)31.11w
Q.177 For a wave propagating in air filled c)31.11kw d)3111Mw
rectangular wave guide.
a) guide wave length is never less Q.182 In cylindrical wave guides the
than free space wave length attenuation will be minimum, at a
b) wave impedance is never less
frequency which is 3 times the cut
than the free space impedance .
c) TEM mode is possible if the off frequency for the following mode
dimensions of the wave guide of operations:
are properly chosen 1. TE10 2. TM11
d) Propagation constant is always a 3. TM10 4. TE11
real quantity
Which of the above are correct?
Q.178 A cylindrical cavity resonates at 9 a)1,2,3,4 b)2 and 3 only
c)1 and 2 only d)3 and 4 only
GHz in TE111 mode. The bandwidth
3db is measured to be 2.4MHz. The
Q.183 The directivity of a  long wire
Q of the cavity at 9GHz is 2
a) 9000/ 2.4 3 b) 9000/ 2.4 2 antenna is
a)1.5 b)1.64
c) 9000/ 2.4 3 d) 9000/2.4 c)2 d) 2
2
Q.184 An antenna located on the surface of Q.188 A short current element has length
a flat earth transmits an average l  0.03 .The radiation resistance
power of 200kW Assuming that all for uniform current distribution is
the power is radiated uniformly over a) 0.0722 b) 802
the surface of a hemisphere with the c) 72 d) 80
antenna at the center, the time
average poyting vector at 50km is.
Q.189 In a three elements antenna

a)zero b) 2 a r W 2 a) All the three elements are equal
 m length


c) 40  W d) 40 a r  W 2 b) The driven elements and the
 m2  m director are.
c) The reflector is longer than the
Q.185 A dipole with a length of 1.5m driven element which in turn is
operates at 100 MHz while the other longer than the director
has a length of 15m and operates at d) The director is longer than the
10MHz, the dipole are fed with same driven elements which in turn is
current. The power radiated by the longer than the reflector.
two antennas will be
a) The longer antenna will radiate Q.190 Where does the maximum radiation
10 times more power than the for an end fire array occur?
shorter one. a) Perpendicular to the line of the
b) both antenna radiate same array only
power b) along the line of the array
c) shorter antenna will radiate 10 c) at 45 to the line of the array
times more power that the d) Both perpendicular to and along
longer antenna the line of the array
d) longer antenna will radiate 10
times more power than the Q.191 Multiple members of antennas are
shorter antenna arranged in arrays in order to
enhance what property.
Q.186 An antenna can be modeled as an a)Both directivity and bandwidth
electric dipole of length 5m at 3MHz. b)only directivity
Find the radiation resistance of the c)only bandwidth
antenna assuming uniform current d) Neither directivity nor bandwidth
over the length.
a) 2 b) 1 Q.192 As the aperture area of an antenna
c) 4 d) 0.5 increases the gain
a) increases
Q.187 A half wave dipole working at b) decreases
100MHz in free space radiates a c) remains steady
power of 1000wattss. The field d) behaves unpredictably
strength at a distance of 10 kms in
the direction of maximum radiation Q.193 For a taking antenna for field
is pattern, what must be the distance
a) 1.73mv/m b)2.12mv/m R, between transmitting and
c)2.22mv/m d)22/.2mv/m receiving antennas?
2D2 4D22
a) R  b) R 
 3
D2 2D2
c) R  d) R 
22 22
Q.194 A transmitting antenna has a gain of

10.It is fed with a signal power of
1w. Assuming free space
propagation, what power would be
captured by a receiving antenna of
effective area of 1m2 in the bore
sight direction at a distance of 1m?
a)10w b)1w
c)2w d)0.8w
Q.195 A dipole antenna of  length has

8
an equivalent loss resistance of 1.5
.The efficiency of the antenna is
a) 0.89159% b)8.9159%
c)89.159% d)891.59%
Q.196 A radio communication link is to be

established via the ionosphere The
virtual height at the midpoint of the
path is 300 km and its critical
frequency is 9 MHz. The maximum
usable frequency for the link
between the stations of distance 800
km assuming flat earth is
a) 11.25MHz b) 12 MHz
c)15MHz d)25.5MHz
Q.197 Assertion A : A wave guide does

not support TEM wave.
Reason R: For TEM wave to exist on
a transmission line, an axial
conduction current must be
supported
In question below, two statements A
(Assertion) & R (Reason) are given.
a) A and R both are correct and R is
the correct explanation of A.
b) A and R both are correct and R is
not the correct explanation of A.
c) A is correct and R is incorrect.
d) A is incorrect and R is correct.
ANSWER KEY :
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
(c) (b) (a) (a) (b) (b) (a) (c) (b) (c) (d) (c) (a) (b)
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
(c) (d) (d) (a) (c) (c) (c) (a) (c) (c) (a) (c) (c) (b)
29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42
(a) (b) (b) (d) (a) (b) (c) (a) (a) (c) (d) (d) (c) (c)
41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
(c) (d) (c) (b) (a) (a) (b) (d) (a) (c) (d) (d) (d) (a)
55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68
(a) (d) (c) (b) (b) (a) (b) (b) (c) (c) (d) (d) (b) (b)
69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82
(b) (d) (c) (b) (a) (d) (a) (b) (a) (d) (d) (d) (c) (a)
83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96
(d) (c) (a) (b) (d) (a) (d) (a) (a) (c) (d) (b) (b) (b)
97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110
(c) (b) (c) (b) (a) (b) (b) (b) (c) (d) (b) (c) (b) (d)
111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124
(c) (d) (d) (c) (b) (c) (b) (b) (a) (c) (d) (b) (c) (c)
125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138
(c) (d) (c) (c) (a) (d) (a) (b) (b) (d) (c) (b) (d) (c)
139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152
(c) (a) (d) (b) (b) (a) (d) (a) (a) (b) (c) (d) (d) (c)
153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166
(b) (b) (c) (b) (a) (a) (d) (c) (b) (a) (a) (b) (a) (b)
167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180
(d) (b) (d) (b) (a) (a) (d) (c) (d) (b) (a) (d) (d) (a)
181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194
(c) (d) (b) (d) (b) (a) (c) (a) (c) (b) (b) (a) (a) (d)
195 196 197
(c) (c) (c)
EXPLANATIONS
Q.1 (c) Q.6 (b)
*Electric flux flows from +ve charge Potential difference is given by
to negative charge in the form of workdone Energy
v or
field lines. charge charge
*Direction of flux and filed lines is
50
same   5volts
* Flux=charge 10
* but only one line will not emanate
from 1C of charge Q.7 (a)

E due to a dipole is given by
Q.2 (b)
The electric field on the surface of  Qd
E [2cos  a r  sin  a  ]V /m
inner shell is 40 r3
Q  component is given by sin 
E
40 R 2
as the inner shell and outer shell is Q.8 (c )
separated by a distance R.
Q.3 (a)
W
V
q
Potential is work done per unit
charge X-component will cancel each other
hence the electric field will be only
Q.4 (a) in +y – direction.
Potential due to an electric dipole is
Q Lcos  Q.9 (b)
V
40 r2
Q.5 (b)
1 Q1Q2
F
40 r2
1 c2
N
0 m2
Electric field will directed from
0  N1m2C2 higher potential to lower potential
and it varies with distance as r-2.
 (kgm / s2 )1 m2(As)2
 kg 1m3S4 A2 Q.10 (c)
The correct matching is
[M1 L3T4 A2 ]
dm
Faraday ' s Law:V  
dt
Q.11 (d) The capacitance of an isolated
  
sphere is
D 0 E  P
C  40 r
 1 
Q.12 (c)  1F  r  
 40 
 1
E
 Q.18 (a )
(r )air  1, (r )glass  3.7 to 10, (r )polythene
From  2.2 to 2.4
Gauss’s law we have
   
, (r )glass  3.7 to 10, (r )polythene  2.2 to 2.4 .D   .( E)   (D  .E) v v
If  is max, E is minimum. 
.(V)  v (E  V)
v
Q.13 (a) 2 V 

.D  v
  Q.19 (c)
.E  v 
0
 
2
s  D  22  2 3
Q.14 (b)
 4

E (2cos a r  sin a  ) Since D is pointing away from the
40 r 3
surface s must be positive
 s  4 c / m2
0 E
r3
Where, Q.20 (c )
 v
 dipole moment per unit 2 v  (using Poisson’s eqn) ..(1)
r3 0
volume
1  2    6r5  
2 v  r   
Q.15 (c) r2  r   r  0  
A 6
C   30r3 …..(2)
t 0
A from (1) and (2)
Cnew   2C 6 v
t /2   30r3 
0 0
Q.16 (d ) v  180r3
Electric field due to a sheet charge is 1  2
  Q   v dv     180r3 .r2 sin drdd
r 0 0 0
E  s aˆ N  120 C
2
Where 𝑎𝑁 → Normal vector to the
sheet Q.21 (c )
 Continuity equation is given by
2  109
E ( a z )  36 a z  
1 9
.J   v
2  10
36 t
For charge free region (v  0)
Q.17 (b) 
.J  0
Q.22 (a) v A

Magnetic flux density , I L
B  Wb/m2 ML2T2 1 L2
1Wb  1volt  sec 
Q I L
Volt  sec ML2T2 2 ML2T2 1
 B  TL  L
m2 Q IT I
 MT1Q 1  ML3T3I2
Q.23 (c ) Q.28 (b)

 
Energy stored per unit volume D  E    D.d s
1
E   E2 Since E 
1
hence D and  will be
2

independent of 
Q.24 (c )
Electric fields is in positive x- Q.29 (a)
direction 
D due to s  5 c / m2 at r  3m is
  5
D1  s a r  a r
2 2

D due to s  5 c / m2 at r  3m is
  5
D2  s  aˆ r   aˆ r
2 2
Q.25 (a)   
Total D=D1  D2  5aˆ rc / m2
 1 Q1Q2
F
40 r2 Q.30 (b)
9 9
10  10 Energy stored in the field is given by
 9  109  1 q1q2
10 
2
3 E
40 r
 9  103 N
9  109  106  4  106
Q.26 (c) 
(1  2)2  (3  1)2  ( 1  5)2
 A 0r1 A
C1  1   5.14mJ
d d
2 A Q.31 (b)
C2   2 C1
d Lapalce’s equation is given by
C  QV 2V  0
1 For V=r cos the Laplace’s equation
E  CV 2 will be satisfied.
2
Q.27 (c) Q.32 (d)

RA 2V  .(V)
Resistivity, 
L = Divergence of gradient of V.
Q.33 (a) 1 q2 1 q2
L  30 nC/m at (0,3,5) Force, F  
 40 r2 40 2d 2
E  64.7aˆ y  86.3aˆ z V / m at (0,6,1)

E  ? at (5,6,1) 1 q2

 L 160  d 2
E
20 
Where,  is the r distance from Q.40 (d)
infinity long line charge to the point. Magnetic field due to a circular coil
of radius r at the centre is given by
Here in both the case r
 I
  (3  6)2  (5  1)2  5 H  aˆ N
2r
Hence, field remains same  I 2
H  2 A/m
2r 2. 1
Q.34 (b) 2
Method of images is used for finding
the boundary conditions Q.41 (c)
magnetic force is given by
  
Q.35 (c)
Electric field lines cut the
F  q V B   
qVBsinaˆ N
equipotential surface orthogonally.

Q.42 (c)
Q.36 (a) By Lorentz force law
  
  
 ( A)  (A)  2A F  QEˆ  Q V  B  
=Electric force +Magnetic force
Q.37 (a)
1 q 1
V  (v) Q.43 (c)
40 r 40  
 1 1  H.d l
I1  
V    Vq  2  Nm
q 40 40 I r2
   H  22
R 2
Q.38 (c)
I
ohm’s law in field theory is given by
  H r 2
J  E 2R
Q.44 (d)
Q.39 (d)
A vector field is Solenoidal if
using the method of image charge 
.A  0
 k  2
Q.45 (c)
 dl  2r  4
Q.46 ( b) Q  CV
The magnetic field due to a current Q 4500
carrying coil will be parallel to the C 
V 135
axis  33.3F
Q.47 (a)
Q.54 (d)
Due to symmetry the force on the
1. Etan  Etan2
unit charge is zero. 1
2. Etan  0
Q.48 (a) 3. DN  DN  s
ax  ax  0 1 2
4. DN  DN (for charge free boundary)

1 2
Q.49 (b)
Anticlockwise in both A and B Q.55 (d)
The electric field between the plates
is zero
Q.50 (d)
By using Boundary condition
 
H  aˆ z  k Q.56 (a)

Let H  Hxaˆ x  Hy aˆ y  Hzaˆ z
Hxaˆ y  Hy aˆ x  5aˆ x  6aˆ y
Hy  5, Hx  6

H  6aˆ x  5aˆ y
Net force is zero.

Q.51 (a)
boundary condition (Dielectric-
Q.57 (a)
dielectric)
Properties of ideal conductor
DN1  DN2  s * Field inside conductor is zero
1 EN1 2 EN2  s * charge density inside conductor
zero.
20 6 0  s
*charge are present on the surface
s  4 0 * conductor surface is equipotential.
Q.52 (c) Q.58 (d)

4V0
Polarization is given by
  Q
1 1
P 0 XeE 
R1 R 2
Xe r 1 4V0
 
P 0 (r 1)E 1 1

Q R R2
C  1
Q.53 (d) V V0
4V0
C
1 1  2 
 0  constan t
R1 R 2 x 2
x
R1R 2 2  1
 4  constant
R 2  R1 From figure
d
3  2
Q.59 (c)  constant
Induced emf is given by 2d
v N
d     2  
dt
 2 1  3 2  2  1 3
d 2d 3
N  Number of turns
 flux Q.65 (c)

v  100 3t  2 2
 t 4
3
 10
Skin depth     1  2
 
 100 46   103  4.6v
Q.66 (c)
Q.60 (b)
aˆ E  aˆ H  aˆ K
Energy stored in an inductor is
2 Where âK  direction of wave
1 1  50 
E  Li2   0.4     0.2  100 aˆ K  aˆ y   aˆ x    aˆ z   aˆ z
2 2  5 
 20J direction of wave= direction of
power  z
Q.61 (b)
Q.67 (d)
Any wave having arbitrary
polarization when incident at aˆ H  aˆ k  aˆ E
Brewster’s angle, the reflected wave  aˆ z  aˆ y  aˆ x
is always linearly polarized
E0 0

Q.62 (a) H0 0

Idl  4  104 a y
   0 
B  H  5ax wb  H0  E0 A 0
0 0
  
F  Idl  B  4  104  5 a 
 ax     z
H  0 Acos  t    aˆ x 
y
 2aˆ zmN 0  c
0  z
Q.63 (b)  Acos  t   aˆ x
0  c
0  z
Q.64 (b)  j Asin  t   aˆ x
0  c
2V  0 (Laplace’s equation)
If we consider the potential function
along x-axis than Q.68 (d)
2V 
0 Phase velocity , V 
x2 
Here  is potential function hence
2

2  4
  1
 
2 Q.73 (c)
f It is given by Brewster’s angle
2
 2
tan B 
1
Q.69 (b)
Phase velocity in dielectric medium Q.74 (b)
is For free space
 
3  108 3  108   0, 1,   1,P  0, J  0
Vp    1.5  108 m / s
 2
r
Q.75 (a)
  
Q.70 (b) pointing vector , P  E  H

H  0.2cos(t x) v A Watt
  
H020 0.2  0.2  377 m m m2
Pavg  
2 2
Q.76 (d)
 7.54 W For plane wave electric field,
m2
Total avg power is given by magnetic field and wave direction
 are perpendicular to each other.
P  Pavg  area  7.54   52  104
 592.19  104 Q.77 (a)
59.21mW In general
 60mW 1
Velocity, v 

Q.71 (b)
2 3  108
Skin depth ,   
 r r
1 3  108
 =2f
   1  108 m / s
4.5  2

 
f Q.78 (b)
Wave is travelling in –y direction
Q.72 (d)
H020 0.1  0.1  12.0
Et 22 2 1 Pavg  
  2 2
Ei 1  2 1  2 watt
 0.6
2E 2 1 m2
 r
Ei 1  2  watt
Pavg  0.6aˆ y 2
 Er 2  1   2  m
   1 
 Ei 1  2 1  2 
Q.79 (a)
 2  2 1 Intrinsic impedance,
E  
   
H  2
Q.80 (d) Q.85 (d)

Polarization is the direction of  r
electric field    120
 r
aˆ E  aˆ H  aˆ k
2
 aˆ z  aˆ z  aˆ y   120  60
8
Since Electric field is oriented in y E0
direction it is polarized in y 
H0
direction.
120
 60  A  2
Q.81 (d) A
1   r r
SWR,        106 
1   3  108
 0.042
1 1 4
 3  3 =2
1 1 2 Q.86 (c)
3 3 Velocity of a wave in free space is
given by
Q.82 (d) 1
By snell’s law 
0 0
1 sin 1  2 sin 2
1 Q.87 (a)
sin 2  sin 1 Plane wave is given by
2
2E 2E
 
3 x2 t 2
 2  1.22
2
Since sin cannot be greater than 1 Q.88 (b)
hence there will be no transmitted Rate of Energy flow is given by
    
wave. P  E  H  E H sin aˆ N
Q.83 (c)
Q.89 (d)
 



E  5cos 109  30z aˆ x 
3  108108 E0  5,   109 ,   30
  6 10 8
  m/s
r r 3 
   0  r
 6 108 3  108
   18 rad
 10 8 m  30
r   3  108  9  3  108
3  10
9
Q.84 (a)
For a good conductor r  81
Q.90 (a) E0 E0
H0  
E015 1 0 z0
H0   
0 120 8 For the wave traveling in +z
  
Direction of magnetic field  ak  aE direction Direction of E  aˆ H  aˆ k
 
 az  a x

 
 aˆ x  aˆ y  aˆ z
 ay  aˆ y  aˆ x
 1
H
8

cos 6 108 t  2z aˆ y  For the wave travelling in –z

  direction Direction of E  aˆ H  aˆ k
B  0H
4 10 7 
 aˆ x  aˆ y  aˆ z   

8

cos 6 108 t  2z aˆ y   aˆ y  aˆ x

 5  108 cos 6 108 t  2z aˆ y  
 aˆ x  aˆ y f t  z
H  
   
aˆ y  aˆ x f t  z 
z0 z0
Q.91 (a)
Q.94 (b)
E0
2
 
E  0.1te t ax  4 0
P
20 Displacement current density is
 given by
 
0  0  D E
0 JD   
t t
   0 0

 4 0 0.1e t  0.1te t 
 0  ID  JD A
 0   0 t 0
 
  0.4 0 0.1  0.04 0
0 
 0
Q.95 (b)

.D  v  Gauss's law
Em2  
P  
2 0 .D  v  Continuity equation
 t
 
1 0 C2 2  H  Jc  Ampere law
 Em 
2   B
E   Faraday's law
t
Q.92 (c)
 r Q.96 (b)
  120 For static magnetic flux
 r 
.B  0
120
60  r  4
Q.97 (c)
r  
Poynting vector , S  E  H
Q.93 (d) Q.98 (b)
By divergence theorem
  
 B.dS   dv  0
.B   
 j E  1 
 

  j 
 .B  0  Solenoidal 

 j E 1  jtan  
Q.99 (c)
JC  Q.104 (b)
Loss tangent   
JD  E  20cos  t z  aˆ x  5cos(t  z)aˆ x
For perfect dielectric First term represents a wave
JC  travelling in +z direction, second
   1 term represents a wave travelling
JD 
in –z direction.
 JC  JD  1 
H
120 
     
20cos t  t aˆ z  aˆ x  5cos t  t aˆ z  aˆ x 
1 
Q.100 (b) 
120 
  
20cos t  t aˆ y  5cos t  z aˆ y  A
m

By time varying Maxwell’s eqn
  
 H  JC  JD

   D 
JC  E JD   j E Q.105 (c)
t The given wave is travelling in a
For charge free region ,   0 conducting medium with
 
 H  j E  
1

Q.101 (a) 
f is the frequency of the wave
For electrostatic field 2
  
 E  0, .E  v Q.106 (d)
 1  cos(2t  2x)
For charge free region , v  0 sin2(t  x) 
2
 
 E  0, .E  0 
Velocity remain

Q.102 (b) 
 B
E  Q.107 (b)
t  r r
Taking surface integrate both side ,       0r 0r 
3  108
we get
  r
   B 
 
   E .dS    t ds
 Q.108 (c)
  B
 E.dl   t ds Polarization vector gives the
direction of electric field.
Direction of Electric field 
Q.103 (b)
Direction of wave propagation
JC  =Direction of magnetic field
Loss tangent (tan )   
JD  n.k  0 (since both are
   perpendicular)
 H  E  j E
Q.109 (b)
 
J E  Q.117 (b)
C  
JD j E j r  4
 r r
Q.110 (d)     
 3  108
E  10cos(3 108 t  z )aˆ x
108 4
  3 108 rad,     3.14 rad

m 3  108
 3 10 8 2
    3  108 m  rad / m
s 3
 
Q.118 (b)
Q.111 (c) The unit of Poynting vector is power
Q.112 (d) density watt 2
m  
Ey 
   
Hx  Q.119 (a)
Intrinsic impedance of free space

       0 4 107
  0  
0 1
Ey   109
  36
Hx   120 or 377
Q.113 (d) Q.120 (c)
For lossy dielectric Vx : Vy : Vz
     
 1  j  : :
   x y z
Using Binomial theorem 1 1 1
   : :
 1  j  x y z
 2 
Q.121 (d)
Q.114 (c)
According to Maxwell’s equation
Helmhotz’s equation is
 B
2E  2E E 
  propagation constant t
Where,
L.H.S:
Q.115 (b)
Tangential component of electric aˆ x aˆ y aˆ z
field
Etan  0

  E   x 
y

z
Q.116 (c)
Direction of wave =Direction of
energy flow. Electric and magnetic Ex 0 0
field are in space quadrature i.e.
perpendicular in space.
 E E For increasing ‘t’ the electric field
 E  x aˆ y  x aˆ z moves in left direction hence it is left
z y
circularly polarized.
R.H.S:

B
 B0zsin(t)aˆ y Q.126 (d)
t It is left elliptically polarized
From (1) we have Q.127 (c)

Ex E  Ex  Ey
 B0zsin(t)
z 
 3sin(t  z)  6sin t  z  75 
Ex  B0sin( t) zdz
  
 3sin(t z)  6 sin t z  cos75  cos t z sin75 
1
 B0z2sin(t)
2  
 3sin(t z)  6sin t z cos75  6sin75cos t z  
 4.55sin(t  z)  5.79cos t  z  
Q.122 (b)
 0 to 1 E0  4.552  5.792  7.37
S  1 to  E02
P  0.072 w
2 m2
Q.123 (c)
 72m w Hence, option (c) is the
 377 m2
1  377 r   188
r 2 nearest answer.
r Q.128 (c)
2  377  377  3  1131
r
Q.129 (a)
 2
3  377 r  377 
r 
2 2
Q.124 (c) 
In a perfect conductor the amplitude 
of electric field is given by 1
E0exz 
f
1
At skin depth ,   ,magnitude 1 f 
  2  2 
becomes 2 f1 2
E0e1  0.368E0  36.8%E0
Q.130 (d)

Q.125 (c)
j t z 

E  0.10  377cos 4  107 t  z aˆ x  aˆ z  
Ex  e jzejt  e
j t z 90
Ey  je jzejt  e 
 37.7cos 4  107 t  z aˆ y v  m
As Ex  Ey and there is a phase
Q.131 (a)
shift of 90 between Ex andEy hence For a lossless Tx line
it is circularly polarized. R G 0
Q.132 (b) Q.136 (b)
 ZSC  jz0 tan l
A transfer is used for high
  
Since l  ,let l 
frequency load i.e. for impedance 4 8
matching purpose. 2  
l   
 8 4
Q.133 (b) 
ZSC  jz0 tan  jz0
1  L 4
VSWR  Which implies a purely inductive
1  L impedance
ZL  Z0
L  Q.137 (d)
ZL  Z0
Z Z0  ZSCZ0C
 VSWR  L for ZL  Z0
Z0
Z0
 20  5  10
 for Z0  ZL
ZL
Q.138 (c)
75 For a lossless transmission line
VSWR   1.5
50
L 0.294  106
Z0  
Q.134 (d) C 60  1012
R L 100  70
forR L  100, R L   2
Z0 50
Q.139 (c)
R 25 1 Reflection coefficient is given by
forR L  25, R L  L  
Z0 50 2 ZL  Z0
𝜆  as   1
After 4 distance on transmission line ZL  Z0
the normalized impedance inverts.
Q.140 (a)
Q.135 (c) For a TEM mode transmission line
The impedance of quarter wave wave travels in the transverse
 
transformer is plane w.r.t. E and H
Z0x  Z01Z02  50  72
Q.141 (d)
 10  6  60 For ZL  Z0 (Matched Load)
For coaxial cable , characteristic
impedance is given by ZL  Z0
L  =0
D ZL  Z0
138
Z0x  log  
1  L
 r
d  1
D  diameter of outer conductor 1  L
d  diameter of inner conductor
 D Q.142 (b)
60  138log   For R1  225 the VSWR is
 10 
D  10  1060/138  26.9mm 225
 3
 27mm
75
For R2  75 the VSWR is
75
 3
25  
 30  j40 cos  
Zin  50  
 sin   0 
Q.143 (b)  50cos  
This is the case of matched load. In
case of matched load the

 30  j40  
impedance measured at any
distances is same as characteristic Q.146 (a)
𝜆 Vp
2  108
impedance. Hence, at 4 distance from   4
the load impedance measured is R0. f 50  106
2 2
l  l  2  
 4
 Z cos l  jZ0 sin l 
Zin  Z0  L 
 Z0 cos l  jZL sin l 
 ZL (sin   0)
Reflection coefficient at any
Q.144 (a) distance l is
Z(l)  Z0
(l) 
Z(l)  Z0
Since impedance is same at load and
input end hence reflection
coefficient is also same
l 
1
For a distance of  the R 
4
normalized impedance inverts.
Q.147 (a)
Normalized load impedance ,
By snell’s law
Z 100
ZL  L  2 1 sin 1  2 sin 2
Z0 50
Normalized input impedance , 1 sin 1  2 sin 2
1 1
Zin   sin 1 
ZL 2  2
sin 2 1
Zin 1
Zin  
Z0 2 For critical angle 2  90
Z0 50 2
Zin    25 1  sin 1
2 2 1
Q.145 (b)
 Z cos l  jZ0 sin l  Q.148 (b)
Zin  Z0  L   
 Z0 cos l  jZL sin l  VSWR,    1  L   1.73
 1  L 
Vp
2  108
  2 ZL
  1.73  ZL  86.61
f 100  106 Z0
2 2
l  .l  1   Reflected voltage is,
 2
Vr  L Vin  0.268  15  4.02 V Q.152 (c)
Load Voltage is, VL=Vi-Vr=15- Short circuit stub is used for
4.02=10.98 V impedance matching. It is
Power delivered to the load is connected at a specific distance from
VL2 10.982 the load.
PL    1.39W
ZL 86.61
Q.153 (b)
A line is said to be distortion less
Q.149 (c)
If R  G  RC  LG
v 1 L C
 (Velocity of wave)
r LC
Q.154 (b)
Also, characteristics impedance,
2  
L l   
Z0   8 4
C For a short circuit line
 L  Z0 C ZSC  jZ0 tan l
V 1  jZ0  purely inductive
 
r Z0C
Q.155 (c)
r
 Z0  Z
VC Characteristics impedance, Z0 
Y
Q.150 (d) Propagation constant , V  ZY
For a lossless line , R=G=0 Z
When ZL  Z0 , Zs  Z0 
 R  jLG  jc  Y
  j  j22LC  j LC Q.156 (b)

VSWR dB  20log()
  0, = LC
6  20log   
Q.151 (d)   10 6/20
2
ZL  Z0
Reflection coefficient, L   1 1
ZL  Z0 Reflection coefficient,   
1 3
40  j30  50

40  j30  50 Q.157 (a)
10  j30 1  j3 Zox  ZiZL  50  200
 
90  j30 9  j3  100
19 1
L   Q.158 (a)
81  9 3
High frequency transmission lines
1
1  L 1 suffers from heavy losses.
VSWR,    3
=2
1  L 1 Q.159 (d)
1
3 Low VSWR means less reflections.
For short circuit the reflection is
highest, then for horn and finally
the reflections are minimum for
matched load.
Q.160 (c)

For distance the normalized
4

impedance inverts whereas for
2
distance the impedance value Q.164 (b)
repeats. c

f
Q.161 (b)
Since, frequency is doubled  is
For maximum power transfer
halved
Zin  50 2
l  l
c 3  10 8

   10m
f 30  106 Since,  is halved l will be doubled.
Hence the impedance would be  jz
 z  jz0 tan l 
Zin  Z0  L 
 z0  jzL tan l  Q.165 (a)
 100  j50tan l  For a distortion less line
50  50  
 50  j100tan l  L
Z0 
50  j100tan l  100  j50tan l C
j50tan l  50 L  Z0 C  50  50  1010
2
jtan l  50  0.25H

l 
4 Q.166 (b)
2   10
l   l  
 4 8 8 For distortion less line
 1.25m   RG
Q.162 (a)
C C
 R.R  R
For short circuit the minima occur L L
at the load end. Now, when R L is
Q.167 (d)
connected minima locations are V
same. This means that R L  Z0 E
d
Z0 75
VSWR,  
RL

RL
Z0
 RL  P
V2
 V  PR
R
75 75 P
RL    25 E 
 3 d
Q.168 (b)
Q.163 (a)
2 2
Zsc  jz0 tan l  m   n 
1
c     
  a   b 
a
b   0.75cm
2 2 2
1  m   n 
fc     
2   a   b  Q.175) (d)
The dominant mode of micro strip
line is Quasi TEM.
Q.169 (d)
For both TE and TM waves the Q.176) (b)
propagation constants is same. For TM mode the electric field
component is non zero in the direction of
Q.170 (b) wave propagation
For H10 mode cut off frequency
Q.177) (a)
2 2
1  m   n  0
fc       g  for wave
2   a   b 
2
f 
1 c 
1 1 c
  f 
2  a 2a
propagation f  fc
c
c   2a  16cm  TM  0 TE  0
fc
 TEM mode is impossible inside a
rectangular wave guide
Q.171 (a)  V  j for wave propagation which
E is purely imaginary    0

H
Q.172(a)
Q.178) (d)
TE10 mode is called the dominant
mode. It has lowest cut off Resonantfreq 9  109
frequency and highest cut off Q 
wavelength. Bandwidth 2.4  106
9000

Q.173 (d) 2.4
TE11 is the dominant mode in a
Q.179) (d)
circular wave guide only displacement current is the
axial current in a hollow wave guide
Q.174 (c)
For TE10 (dominant mode) Q.180) (a)
c c
fc  Vp  c
2a 2
f 
c 3  108 1 c 
a 
2fc 2  10  109 f 
2
f
Vg  c 1   c   c
1.5
 m
100 f
 1.5cm (broad wall dimension) Vp .Vg  c2
a
Aspect ratio   2 Q.181) (c)
b
2 2
3  108 l 1
fc   6.55GHz R rad  80    80  
2  2.29  2
Maximum power handling capacity For 2nd dipole
of the wave guide for the TE mode l 15 1
is  
 30 2
2
f 
1 c  Q.186 (a)
f  2
P E max a b c 3  108
2    100m
2
f 3  106
 6.55  2
1  l
 11  R rad  80  
2
 
2
  5  10  2.29  102  1.02  102 
2  120
2
 31.11kW  5 
 80  2
  1.97  2
 100 
Q.182 (d)
For cylindrical waveguide TE10 and Q.187 (c)
TM11 have highest attenuation .
They are called as degenerate mode.
Q.188 (a)
Q.183 (b) l
2
 
2
4 R rad  80    802 0.03
2
Directivity, D  
 F ()d
2
 0.0722
F() 
cos  cos 
2   for dipole Q.189 (c)
sin 
antenna
D=1.64 Q.190 (b)
The front view of an end fire array
Q.184 (d) is as shown below.
Transmitted powers, PT  Pavg  area
PT 200kw
Pavg  
area 2r2
 40  w Q.191(b)
Pavg  a Antenna arrays are used to enhance
 r m2
the directivity in a given direction.
Q.185 (b)
For a Hertz dipole Q.192 (a)
Gain of the antenna is
Power radiated, Prad  I2R rad
4A e
l
2 G
R rad  802   2
 2D2
For 1 dipole,
st R 2

c
l  1.5m   3m
f
Q.193 (a)
For taking antenna far field
2D2
R

Q.194 (d)
Pt Gt Gr
Pr  .A
4r2
1  10
  0.8w
4
Q.195 (c)
2 2
l 1
R rad  80    802    12.337
2
 8
R loss  1.5
R rad R rad
 
R input R rad  R loss
12.337
  0.89159  89.159%
12.337  1.5
Q.196 (c)
Maximum usable frequency is given
by
2
D
fMUF  fc 1   
 2h 
2
 800 
 9 1 
 2  300 
 15MHz
Q.197 (c)
TEM mode can never be supported
inside a wave guide

Electromagnetic Theory PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Electromagnetic Theory PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

ELECTROMAGNETIC

ANALYSIS OF GATE PAPERS

2.1 Coulomb's Law 06

4.1 Faraday’s Law 36

5. UNIFORM PLANE WAVES

5.1 Uniform Plane Waves 39

7.1 Parallel Plane Waveguides 76

8.1 Radiated Power of a Hertzian Dipole 92

9. ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS 104

• Scalar (or dot) product: 𝑨𝑨 . 𝑩𝑩 1.1.3 COMPONENTS OF A VECTOR

1.2.2 CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES

A = (A 2r + A θ2 + A ϕ2 )1/2 2) The differential normal area is

X = Constant integral of the tangential component

1.3 DIFFERENTIAL LENGTH, AREA, & 1.4 DEL OPERATOR

1.4.3 DIVERGENCE OF A VECTOR

total outward flux of a vector field 𝐴𝐴

1.5 CLASSIFICATION OF VECTOR FIELDS

2.1 COULOMB'S LAW 1 N (

It states that the force F between two point

The electric field intensity ( or electric

As a special case, for an finite line charge, ρ ρ

2.3 GAUSS’S LAW – MAXEWELL’S EQUATION Qenc =∫ ρv dv =ρv ∫ ∫ ∫r

Gauss’s law states that the total electric =

ρv =∇.D ; ρv =volume charge density 4

from Maxwell’s eq. Which is known as Joule’s law. The power

2.8 BOUNDRAY CONDITIONS

Poisson’s and Laplace’s equations are

plates V= − ∫ E.dI = −∫  a r .dra r

2.11 METHOD OF IMAGES

replaced by the charge configuration itself,

A. A Point Charge Above Grounded

Term Electric Magnetic

Biot – Savart’s law states that the

4π α∫2 ρ3 cos ec3 α

C. Infinity Long Coaxial Transmission I

MAGNETIC SCLAR & VECTOR POTENTIALS

for surface current

An isolated magnetic charge does not for volume current

∫ B. dS = 0 ψ= ∫ B.dS= ∫ ∇xA .dS= ( ) ∫ A.dI

∇× E = 0 Conservations C. Force between Two Current Elements

µ0 m flux linkage from S, due to I2

Q.1 The electric field on the surface of a 

Q.12 The magnetic field at a distance r

Q.17 The electric field (assumed to be

Q.15 The force on a point charge +q kept

Q.24 The current density in a medium is

 The total current and the average

For some charge placed on this

b) a)V a = V b and E a < E b

b) V a > V b and E a > E b

Q.31 If the vector function

a) The particles will never collide

Q.39 The capacitance of an air-filled

Q.3 (c) Q.9 (d)

(6xy − 3xz )aˆ y + 6xyzaˆ z

The field z is also rotational and hence

Q.34 (b) Q.37 0.69 μT

Static charge resides only on the i=1A

Charge must be same

The potential of thin bubble is 1 V.

Given : Charge = 1nC at (0,0,0.2) . Given : Capacitance of an air-filled

Electric field at any point is given by,

Hence, the relative permittivity of