Definitions

Module 3: Lecture 1
• Thermal ______________: particular object or set of
Temperature, Thermal Expansion objects; interested in temperature dependent properties;
everything else is called the environment.
Study of thermodynamics • Thermal ______________: temperature and temperature
thermos – ________ dependent properties no longer changing.
dynamis – ________
• Thermal ______________: thermal system so large it
maintains a constant temperature when it interacts with

Thermodynamics is study of the effects of
other thermal systems; also called a heat bath.
work, heat, and energy on a system.
• Mechanisms of _______________

Thermodynamics is only concerned with large
____________: objects in contact
scale, or macro, observations.
____________: fluid (liquid or gas) between objects

____________: electromagnetic waves

EF 152 Spring, 2012 Lecture 3-1 1 EF 152 Spring, 2012 Lecture 3-1 2

Temperature Temperature Scales

• Measure of how _____ or _______ something is. Water Water
Scale Units Freezing Boiling
• Microscopic: measure of mean _______________
Point Point
of molecules of a gas
Fahrenheit °F 32°F 212°F
• Macroscopic: measure of thermal _________________
Celsius °C 0°C 100°C

Two systems that have the same temperature are in
Kelvin Kelvin 273 K 373 K
thermal equilibrium
Rankine °R 491.6°R 671.6°R

Two systems that have different temperatures are
NOT in thermal equilibrium 9 5
T℉ = (T℃ ) + 32° T℃ = (T℉ − 32°)
5 9

_________ Law of Thermodynamics – Two systems ℉
are in thermal equilibrium if and only if they have the
same temperature.
℃
EF 152 Spring, 2012 Lecture 3-1 3 EF 152 Spring, 2012 Lecture 3-1 4
 Thermal Expansion Example: Neyland Stadium
Solids: change in length is, to a good approximation, A 128 ft long Neyland Stadium column
__________ proportional to change in temperature. shortens about 0.1 inch under the spectator
load on a football Saturday. How much does
Material ߙ (/°C) the column lengthen as the temperature goes
∆l = αl0 ∆T from 50°F to 75°F on a football Saturday? ߙ = 7.3 × 10ି଺ /℉
Aluminum 25x10-6
α: coefficient of thermal expansion
Brass 19x10-6
l0: original length Copper 17x10-6
Gold 14x10-6

Iron or Steel 12x10-6

What would a negative
coefficient of thermal Lead 29x10-6
expansion indicate?
Glass (ordinary) 9x10-6
Glass (Pyrex®) 3x10-6

EF 152 Spring, 2012 Lecture 3-1 5 EF 152 Spring, 2012 Lecture 3-1 6

Example: Circular Ring Thermal Stresses

If you heat a thin, circular ring, what If expansion or contraction is restrained, stresses will develop.
happens to the hole?
A. It gets larger These are called ________________
B. It stays the same size
C. It gets smaller Recall thermal expansion: ∆‫ܮߙ = ܮ‬଴ ∆ܶ

= ߙ∆ܶ
Example: Bimetallic Strip Metal 1
When a bimetallic strip is heated, what = ߙ∆ܶ
will happen if ߙଶ ൐ ߙଵ ? Metal 2
A. Strip stays flat, gets longer ߪ = ߙ‫ܶ∆ܧ‬
B. Strip stays flat, gets thicker
C. Strip curls up E: modulus of elasticity
D. Strip curls down

EF 152 Spring, 2012 Lecture 3-1 7 EF 152 Spring, 2012 Lecture 3-1 8
 Example: Rail Buckling Volume Expansion

A welded steel rail is laid at 55°F. What is the Coefficient of Volume Expansion, β: fractional change of
thermal stress in the rail on a hot summer day volume due to a unit temperature change.
when the rail temperature is 120°F? Material β(/°C)
ߙ = 7.3x10-6 /°F, E = 29x106 lb/in2 ∆V = βV0 ∆T
Aluminum 75x10-6
For a solid, ߚ ≈ 3ߙ Brass 56x10-6
Copper 50x10-6
Gold 42x10-6

Iron or Steel 36x10-6

Gasoline 950x10-6
Mercury 180x10-6
Water 210x10-6
EF 152 Spring, 2012 Lecture 3-1 9 EF 152 Spring, 2012 Lecture 3-1 10

Example: Gas Tank Heat

The 15 gallon steel gas tank of a car is filled to the
top with gasoline at 20°C (68°F). The car sits in
the sun and the tank and gas reach a temperature
of 38°C (100.4°F). How much gasoline overflows
from the tank?
βgas = 950x10-6/°C, βsteel = 36x10-6/°C
_______: Symbol commonly used for heat.
_____________: measuring heat
_________: amount of heat necessary to raise 1 gram of
water 1°C

____________ or _________: amount of heat necessary to

raise 1 kilogram of water 1°C

_________________________: amount of heat necessary

to raise 1 lb of water 1°F
Which contains the most heat:
1 BTU, 1 cal, or 1 Cal?
1 BTU = 252.02 cal = 0.252 Cal
EF 152 Spring, 2012 Lecture 3-1 11 EF 152 Spring, 2012 Lecture 3-1 12
 Thermal Equilibrium: State and changes Mechanical Equivalent of Heat
State variables: ________________________
• Experiment by James Prescott Joule,
Changes to the system: an English brewer in 1800s
• Reversible- • Falling weight turned a paddle
• Irreversible- • Joule determined that there
Heat flow causes a _________ in the system
is a precise equivalent of
work done on a system
Heat is just another form of _____________ and the heat flow into it
Conservation of energy: ________________________ • 4.186 J = 1 cal
Conservation of energy analogy:
Is process:
• State variables:
A. reversible
• Changes to system: B. irreversible
EF 152 Spring, 2012 Lecture 3-1 13 EF 152 Spring, 2012 Lecture 3-1 14

Heat Capacity Example: Cup of Coffee

Amount of heat required to change the temperature is 200 cm3 of French Vanilla coffee at 95°C is
proportional to mass and ∆T poured into a 150 g glass cup initially at 25°C.
Assuming no heat flows to the surroundings,
Q = mc∆T c = specific heat, cal/(g-°C) what is the common temperature?

What is the specific

heat of water?
Material c (cal/g-°C)
Aluminum 0.22
Glass 0.20
Iron or Steel 0.11

By definition, it takes 1 _____ to raise 1 ____ of water 1 _____.

EF 152 Spring, 2012 Lecture 3-1 15 EF 152 Spring, 2012 Lecture 3-1 16