Introduction Semi Materials Devices MED 2019-20

Session 2020-21
Session 2020-21
FINAL
ion
By vaish at 7:46:56 PM, 8/9/2020
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Introduction to
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Semiconductor Materials and devices
Dr. SureshSuresh
Balpande, Dept| 08/09/20
S. Balpande | balpandes@rknec.edu of Electronics
19:45:58 Engg.
Suresh Balpande | balpandes@rknec.edu | www.sbalpande.webs.com
Outline
Session 2020-21
• Industrial automation
• Industrial revolutions
• Industrial Internet-of- the-things
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• Semiconductor material ( N-P type material)
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• Diode
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• Transistor (BJT)
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• BJT applications as driver
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•
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MOSFET
• Strain guages Pr
Suresh S. Balpande | balpandes@rknec.edu | 08/09/20 19:45:58

2
Industrial automation
Session 2020-21
• Industrial automation is the use of control systems, such as computers or robots,

and information technologies for handling different processes and machineries in
an industry to replace a human being.
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• It is the second step beyond mechanization in the scope of industrialization.
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• These automation devices include PLCs, PCs, PACs, etc. and technologies
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include various industrial communication systems.
• Types of Industrial Automation Systems
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• 1. Fixed or Hard Automation
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• 2. Programmable Automation
• 3. Flexible or Soft Automation
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Types of Industrial Automation Systems
Session 2020-21
1. Fixed or Hard Automation

This type of automation is employed to perform fixed and repetitive operations in order
to achieve high production rates. It uses special purpose or dedicated equipment to
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automate the fixed sequence assembling or processing operations.
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2. Programmable Automation
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In this automation, a specific class of product changes and also assembling or
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processing operations can be changed with the modification of control program in
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the automated equipment.
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3. Flexible or Soft Automation
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This automation system provides the automatic control equipment that offers a great
flexibility for making changes in the product design. These changes can be
performed quickly through the commands given in the form of codes by the human
operators.
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Advantages of Industrial Automation
Session 2020-21
• High productivity
• High Quality
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• High flexibility
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• High Information Accuracy
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• High safety Pr
• To reduce routine checks
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Why it matters? INDUSTRY 4.0
i on
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The bet t er t he quest ion. The bet t er t he answer.
The bet t er t he world works.

What is this?
Session 2020-21
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What is this?
Session 2020-21
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Industrial Evolution
Session 2020-21
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4. Industrial revolution
Based on cyber-physical-
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3. Industrial revolution systems
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Through the use of
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electronics
and IT further
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progression in
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Level of complexity
autonomous production
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Industry 2.0 Industry 3.0 Industry 4.0
Industry 1.0
End of the Beginning of the Beginning of the Today

18th century.
Suresh S. Balpande | balpandes@rknec.edu | 20th19:45:58
08/09/20 century 70th
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Source: DFKI/Bauer IAO
Session 2020-21
Building blocks of Industry 4.0
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Suresh Balpande | balpandes@rknec.edu | www.sbalpande.webs.com 10
The Internet of things (IoT)
Session 2020-21
• It is the inter-networking of physical devices, vehicles (also referred to

as "connected devices" and "smart devices"), buildings, and other
items embedded with electronics, software, sensors, actuators,
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and network connectivity which enable these objects to collect and
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exchange data.
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• Typically, IoT is expected to offer advanced connectivity of devices,
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systems, and services that goes beyond machine-to-machine (M2M)
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communications and covers a variety of protocols, domains, and
applications Pr

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Cyber Physical Systems
Session 2020-21
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A cyber-physical system (CPS) is a system of collaborating computational elements controlling physical
entities. CPS are physical and engineered systems whose operations are monitored, coordinated,
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controlled and integrated by a computing and communication core. They allow us to add capabilities to
physical systems by merging computing and communication with physical processes.

12
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Materials and properties
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Mechatronics
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The bet t er t he quest ion. The bet t er t he answer.
The bet t er t he world works.

Electronic Materials
Session 2020-21
• The goal of electronic materials is to generate and control

the flow of an electrical current.
• Electronic materials include:
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1. Conductors: have low resistance which allows electrical current
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flow
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2. Insulators: have high resistance which suppresses electrical
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current flow
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3. Semiconductors: can allow or suppress electrical current flow

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Conductors
Session 2020-21
• Good conductors have low resistance so electrons flow

through them with ease.
• Best element conductors include:
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– Copper, silver, gold, aluminum, & nickel
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• Alloys are also good conductors:
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– Brass & steel
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• Good conductors can also be liquid: Pr
– Salt water

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Insulators
Session 2020-21
• Insulators have a high resistance so current does not flow in

them.
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• Good insulators include:
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– Glass, ceramic, plastics, & wood
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• Most insulators are compounds of several elements.Pr
• The atoms are tightly bound to one another so electrons are
difficult to strip away for current flow.
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Semiconductors
Session 2020-21
• Semiconductors are materials that essentially can be conditioned

to act as good conductors, or good insulators, or any thing in
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between.
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• Common elements such as
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carbon, silicon, and germanium are semiconductors.
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• Silicon is the best and most widely used semiconductor.

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Semiconductors can be Insulators
Session 2020-21
• If the material is pure semiconductor material like silicon, the crystal lattice
structure forms an excellent insulator since all the atoms are bound to one
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another and are not free for current flow.
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• Good insulating semiconductor material is referred to as intrinsic.
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• Since the outer valence electrons of each atom are tightly bound together
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with one another, the electrons are difficult to dislodge for current flow.
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Silicon in this form is a great insulator.
• Semiconductor material is often used as an insulator.

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Semiconductor Valence Orbit
Session 2020-21
• The main characteristic of a semiconductor element is that it has four electrons in its
outer or valence orbit.
Band Theory
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A useful way to visualize the distinction between conductors (metal), insulators and semiconductors is to plot out their
energies for electrons within the material. Rather than having distinct energies, as within the case of free atoms, the energy
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states which are available form bands.
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Crystal Lattice Structure
Session 2020-21
• The unique capability of

semiconductor atoms is their
ability to link together to form a
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physical structure called a
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crystal lattice.
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• The atoms link together with
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one another sharing their outer
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electrons.
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• These links are called covalent
bonds. Pr
2D Crystal Lattice Structure

Intrinsic Silicon
Session 2020-21
• Silicon , a vital element semiconductor(group IV material) has four valence electrons which held by
covalent bonds with the valence electrons of four adjacent silicon atoms.
• These valence electrons are not available for electricity. So, at OoK intrinsic silicon behaves like an
insulator.
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• When the temperature rises some valence electrons break out the covalent bonds due to thermal
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energy. This vacancy in the bond, caused by leaving a free electron is considered as a hole.
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• Band gap energy of silicon: Energy to jump to conduction band from valance band and leave behind a
hole in the valence band equal to 1.2 eV in room temperature (i.e. at 300oK) .
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• In the intrinsic silicon crystal, the number of holes is equal to the number of free electrons.
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• At certain temperature always new electrons-hole pairs are created by gaining thermal energy but at
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the same time, the same number of electrons-hole pairs are lost due to recombination (Electron-hole
pairs remain same).
• This is an equilibrium condition. Hence, this is obvious that in the equilibrium condition, the free
electrons concentration n and the holes concentration p are equal to each other, and this is nothing but
intrinsic charge carrier concentration(ni). i.e,
Suresh S. Balpande | balpandes@rknec.edu | 08/09/20
n = p = n i.
19:45:58
21
Doping
Session 2020-21
• To make the semiconductor conduct electricity, other atoms called

impurities must be added. “Impurities” are different elements. This
process is called doping.
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Intrinsic silicon can be turned in to extrinsic silicon when it is doped with controlled amount of dopants. It is
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doped with donor atom (group V elements) it becomes n-type semiconductor and when it is doped with
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acceptor atoms (group III elements) it becomes p-type semiconductor.
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• The silicon doped with extra electrons is called an “N type”
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semiconductor.
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– “N” is for negative, which is the charge of an electron (arsenic,
has 5 valence electrons). Pr
• Silicon doped with material missing electrons that produce locations
called holes is called “P type” semiconductor (boron that has only 3
valence electrons).
– “P” is Suresh
for positive, which is the charge of a hole.
S. Balpande | balpandes@rknec.edu | 08/09/20 19:45:58
22
N type semiconductor
Session 2020-21
• An impurity, or element like

arsenic, has 5 valence electrons.
• Adding arsenic (doping) will allow
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four of the arsenic valence
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electrons to bond with the
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neighboring silicon atoms.
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• The one electron left over for Pr
each arsenic atom becomes
available to conduct current flow.
P type semiconductor
Session 2020-21
• You can also dope a semiconductor material with an

atom such as boron that has only 3 valence electrons.
• The 3 electrons in the outer orbit do form covalent
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bonds with its neighboring semiconductor atoms as
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before. But one electron is missing from the bond. It is
referred to as a hole.
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• The hole assumes a positive charge so it can attract
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electrons from some other source. Pr

Current Flow in Semiconductors
Session 2020-21
• The DC voltage source has a positive

terminal that attracts the free electrons in
the semiconductor and pulls them away
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from their atoms leaving the atoms
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charged positively.
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• Electrons from the negative terminal of
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the supply enter the semiconductor
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material and are attracted by the positive
charge of the atoms missing one of their
electrons. Suresh S. Balpande | balpandes@rknec.edu | 08/09/20 19:45:58
Depletion region in PN juction diode
Session 2020-21
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PN juction diode operation
Session 2020-21
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Diodes
Session 2020-21
Electronic devices created by bringing together a p-type and n-type region within the
same semiconductor lattice. Used for rectifiers, LED etc
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Session 2020-21
Forward Bias and Reverse Bias
• Forward Bias : Connect positive of the Diode to positive of
supply…negative of Diode to negative of supply
• Reverse Bias: Connect positive of the Diode to negative of
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supply…negative of diode to positive of supply.
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Characteristics of Diode
Session 2020-21
• Diode always conducts in one

direction.
• Diodes always conduct current
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when “Forward Biased” ( Zero
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resistance)
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• Diodes do not conduct when
Reverse Biased (Infinite
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resistance)
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Rectification Pr
Converting ac to dc is accomplished by the process of rectification.
Two processes are used:
Half-wave rectification;
Full-wave rectification.
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Half-wave Rectification
Session 2020-21
• Simplest process used to convert ac to dc.

• A diode is used to clip the input signal excursions of one polarity to zero.
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Full Wave Rectifier
Session 2020-21
• A Full Wave Rectifier is a circuit, which

converts an ac voltage into a pulsating
dc voltage using both half cycles of the
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applied ac voltage. It uses two diodes of
which one conducts during one half
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cycle while the other conducts during
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the other half cycle of the applied ac
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voltage.
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Bridge rectifier
Session 2020-21
• The four diodes labelled D1 to D4 are
arranged in “series pairs” with only two
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diodes conducting current during each half
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cycle. During the positive half cycle of the
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supply, diodes D1 and D2 conduct in
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series while diodes D3 and D4 are reverse
biased and the current flows through the

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load as shown below.

Session 2020-21
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Transistor
Architecture of BJTs
Session 2020-21
• The bipolar junction transistor (BJT) is constructed with three doped

semiconductor regions separated by two pn junctions
• Regions are called emitter, base and collector
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What is a transistor?
Session 2020-21
• A transistor is a 3 terminal electronic device made of semiconductor material.

• Transistors have many uses, including amplification, switching, voltage regulation,
and the modulation of signals
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Architecture of BJTs
Session 2020-21
• There are two types of BJTs: npn and pnp

• The two junctions are termed the base-emitter junction and the base-collector
junction
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• The term bipolar refers to the use of both holes and electrons as charge carriers
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in the transistor structure
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• In order for the transistor to operate properly, the two junctions must have the
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correct dc bias voltages:
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– the base-emitter (BE) junction is forward biased(>=0.7V for Si, >=0.3V for Ge)
– the base-collector (BC) junction is reverse biased

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Working
Session 2020-21
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Transistor
Session 2020-21
• BJT (Bipolar Junction Transistor)

– Npn: Base is energized to allow current flow
– Pnp: Base is connected to a lower potential to allow current flow
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• 3 parameters of interest
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– Current gain (β)
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– Voltage drop from base to emitter when VBE=VFB
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– Minimum voltage drop across the collector and emitter when transistor is saturated
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Basic circuits of BJT
Session 2020-21
BJT will operates in one of following

four region
Cutoff region (for digital circuit)
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Saturation region (for digital
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circuit)
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Linear (active) region (to be an
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amplifier)
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Breakdown region (always be a Pr
disaster)

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The BJT as a Switch
Session 2020-21
• When used as an electronic switch, a transistor normally is operated alternately in cutoff and
saturation
– A transistor is in cutoff when the base-emitter junction is not forward-biased.
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VCE is
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approximately equal to VCC
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– When the base-emitter junction is forward-biased and there is enough base current to produce a
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maximum collector current, the transistor is saturated
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Working
Session 2020-21
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How the temperature switch works
Session 2020-21
• The circuit operation is very simple. When

the input to the transistor Q1, which is fed
on
from the connecting point of R1 and R2,
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is greater than 0.7V the output is turned on.
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• The voltage at the join of R1 and R2 is
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determined by the ratio of the two resistors.
This is known as potential divider.
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How the light switch works – dark activated
Session 2020-21
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Basic NPN Transistor Switching Circuit
Session 2020-21
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Transistor as a Switch Example
Session 2020-21
• Find the minimum Base current required to turn the transistor (beta=200) “fully-ON”
(saturated) for a load that requires 200mA of current when the input voltage is
increased to 5.0V. Also calculate the new value of Rb.
• Transistor Base current:
on
•
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• Transistor Base resistance:
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Darlington Transistors-Power Transistors
Session 2020-21
• Allow for much greater gain in a circuit

• β = β1 * β2
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• Additional
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material for current
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handling and heat dissipation
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•
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Can handle high current and voltage
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Functionally the same as normal Pr
transistors

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H-Bridge Motor Driver Using Bipolar Transistors
Session 2020-21
• An H-bridge is an arrangement of transistors

that allows a circuit full control over a standard
electric DC motor.
• That is, an H-bridge allows a microcontroller,
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logic chip, or remote control to electronically
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command the motor to go forward, reverse,
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brake.
• Q3, Q4: These are NPN transistors. They
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connect the motor to ground (negative
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terminal of the battery).
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• Q1, Q2: These are PNP transistors. They
connect the motor to +2.2V to +9.6V (positive
terminal of the battery).
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L293D motor driver
Session 2020-21
• Motors used in academic robots normally operate at 5, 6, 9, 12 or 24 volts.

Depending on the model, the manufacturing method etc., their current is about 100
on
mA to 5A.
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• L293D is one of the most popular drivers in the market. There are several reasons
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which make L293D the preferred driver to the users, such as, cheap price
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(compared to other drivers), size, easy control, no need for protective circuit and
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diodes, no need for heat sinks and good resistance to temperature and high-speed variations.
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• This IC can set up motors with a voltage between 5-36V and a current up to 600
mA.
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L293D pin out
Session 2020-21
L293 & L293D: What’s the difference?
• letter D in the name indicates an

internally fitted diode and it
on
means that we don’t need to add
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any external components.
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• The Continuous current in L293
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Outputs is 1A and in L293D
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Outputs is 600 mA.
Pr • The Peak current in L293
Outputs is 2A and in L293D
Outputs is 1.2 A

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Session 2020-21
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Opto-couplers
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Optocouplers
Session 2020-21
• LED for emitter

• Air as barrier for isolation
• Phototransistor for detector
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• Transformer is similar, but only for AC
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• Optocoupler can be used for DC
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Emitter:
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• Incandescent lamp
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– Much slower response time than LED
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– Can filter out high frequency noise Pr
– Lower lifespan than LED however

When to Use
Session 2020-21
• There are many situations where signals and data need to be transferred from one subsystem
to another within a piece of electronics equipment, or from one piece of equipment to
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another, without making a direct electrical connection.
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• Often this is because the source and destination are at very different voltage levels, like a
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microprocessor /PLC which is operating from 5V DC but being used to control a triac which
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is switching 240V AC.
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• In such situations the link between the two must be an isolated one, to protect the
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microprocessor from overvoltage damage.

Other Devices
Session 2020-21
• Mechanical Relays can also provide isolation, but even small relays tend to be
fairly bulky compared with ICs.
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• Because relays are electro-mechanical, they are not as reliable and are only
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capable of relatively low speed operation.
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• Where small size, higher speed and greater reliability are important, a much better
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alternative is to use an opto-coupler.
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• These use a beam of light to transmit the signals or data across an electrical
barrier, and achieve excellent isolation.

Common Opto-coupler connections and specs
Session 2020-21
Diac or bilateral switch

MOC3020/3021
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4N25/ 4N28/ MCT2E
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Session 2020-21
• A simple circuit with an opto-isolator.
• When switch S1 is open, LED D1 is off, so Q1 is off
on
and no current flows through R2, so Vout = Vcc.
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• When switch S1 is closed, LED D1 lights.
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• Phototransistor Q1 is now triggered, so current
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flows through R2. Vout is then pulled down to low
state.
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• This circuit, thus, acts as a NOT gate.

Optocoupler Applications
Session 2020-21
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Why MOSFET : Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor
Session 2020-21
• switching losses are less in MOSFETs: MOSFETs are majority carrier device, means flow
of current inside the device is carried out either flow of electrons(N-Channel MOSFET) or
flow of holes(P-Channel MOSFET).
• When the device turns off, reverse recombination process won’t happen. It leads to short
on
turn ON/OFF times. As switching time is less.
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• MOSFET is voltage controlled device whereas BJT is current controlled device. As we know
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that providing constant voltage is easier than providing constant current in electrical circuits.
• MOSFET has positive temperature coefficient for resistance. So parallel operation is easy.
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BJT has negative temperature coefficient
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Pr

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Practical Examples - PWM
Session 2020-21
• Power to motor is proportional to duty cycle

• MOSFET transistor is ideal for this use
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Transistor as a Switch Summary
Session 2020-21
• Transistor switches can be used to switch and control lamps, relays or even
motors.
• When using the bipolar transistor as a switch they must be either “fully-OFF” or
on
“fully-ON”.
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• Transistors that are fully “ON” are said to be in their Saturation region.
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• Transistors that are fully “OFF” are said to be in their Cut-off region.
• When using the transistor as a switch, a small Base current controls a much larger
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Collector load current.
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• When using transistors to switch inductive loads such as relays and solenoids, a
“Flywheel Diode” is used.
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• When large currents or voltages need to be controlled, Darlington Transistors
can be used.
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Session 2020-21
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THANKS
61

Introduction Semi Materials Devices MED 2019-20

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Session 2020-21

Suresh S. Balpande | balpandes@rknec.edu | 08/09/20 19:45:58

• Industrial automation is the use of control systems, such as computers or robots,

Suresh S. Balpande | balpandes@rknec.edu | 08/09/20 19:45:58

1. Fixed or Hard Automation

Suresh S. Balpande | balpandes@rknec.edu | 08/09/20 19:45:58

Suresh Balpande | balpandes@rknec.edu | www.sbalpande.webs.com

Suresh S. Balpande | balpandes@rknec.edu | 08/09/20 19:45:58

Suresh S. Balpande | balpandes@rknec.edu | 08/09/20 19:45:58

End of the Beginning of the Beginning of the Today

Suresh S. Balpande | balpandes@rknec.edu | 08/09/20 19:45:58

• It is the inter-networking of physical devices, vehicles (also referred to

Suresh S. Balpande | balpandes@rknec.edu | 08/09/20 19:45:58

Suresh S. Balpande | balpandes@rknec.edu | 08/09/20 19:45:58

Suresh S. Balpande | balpandes@rknec.edu | 08/09/20 19:45:58

Suresh Balpande | balpandes@rknec.edu | www.sbalpande.webs.com

• The goal of electronic materials is to generate and control

Suresh S. Balpande | balpandes@rknec.edu | 08/09/20 19:45:58

• Good conductors have low resistance so electrons flow

Suresh S. Balpande | balpandes@rknec.edu | 08/09/20 19:45:58

• Insulators have a high resistance so current does not flow in

• Semiconductors are materials that essentially can be conditioned

Suresh S. Balpande | balpandes@rknec.edu | 08/09/20 19:45:58

• Semiconductor material is often used as an insulator.

Suresh S. Balpande | balpandes@rknec.edu | 08/09/20 19:45:58

• The unique capability of

2D Crystal Lattice Structure

• To make the semiconductor conduct electricity, other atoms called

• An impurity, or element like

• Adding arsenic (doping) will allow

• You can also dope a semiconductor material with an

• The 3 electrons in the outer orbit do form covalent

Suresh S. Balpande | balpandes@rknec.edu | 08/09/20 19:45:58

• The DC voltage source has a positive

Suresh S. Balpande | balpandes@rknec.edu | 08/09/20 19:45:58

Suresh S. Balpande | balpandes@rknec.edu | 08/09/20 19:45:58

Suresh S. Balpande | balpandes@rknec.edu | 08/09/20 19:45:58

Suresh S. Balpande | balpandes@rknec.edu | 08/09/20 19:45:58

• Diode always conducts in one

• Simplest process used to convert ac to dc.

Suresh S. Balpande | balpandes@rknec.edu | 08/09/20 19:45:58

• A Full Wave Rectifier is a circuit, which

Suresh S. Balpande | balpandes@rknec.edu | 08/09/20 19:45:58

• The four diodes labelled D1 to D4 are

arranged in “series pairs” with only two

biased and the current flows through the

Suresh S. Balpande | balpandes@rknec.edu | 08/09/20 19:45:58

• The bipolar junction transistor (BJT) is constructed with three doped

Suresh S. Balpande | balpandes@rknec.edu | 08/09/20 19:45:58

• A transistor is a 3 terminal electronic device made of semiconductor material.

Suresh S. Balpande | balpandes@rknec.edu | 08/09/20 19:45:58

• There are two types of BJTs: npn and pnp

Suresh S. Balpande | balpandes@rknec.edu | 08/09/20 19:45:58

Suresh S. Balpande | balpandes@rknec.edu | 08/09/20 19:45:58

• BJT (Bipolar Junction Transistor)

Suresh S. Balpande | balpandes@rknec.edu | 08/09/20 19:45:58

BJT will operates in one of following

Suresh S. Balpande | balpandes@rknec.edu | 08/09/20 19:45:58

– A transistor is in cutoff when the base-emitter junction is not forward-biased.

Suresh S. Balpande | balpandes@rknec.edu | 08/09/20 19:45:58

Suresh S. Balpande | balpandes@rknec.edu | 08/09/20 19:45:58

• The circuit operation is very simple. When

Suresh S. Balpande | balpandes@rknec.edu | 08/09/20 19:45:58