Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Department of Education
REGION VIII
DIVISION OF SAMAR
DISTRICT OF WRIGHT I
WRIGHT NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
PARANAS, SAMAR
FUNCTIONS
Title
I. Introduction
In Mathematics, a function is a relation between a set of inputs and set
permissible outputs. Function has the property that each input is related to exactly
one output.
We can relate functions to a vending Machine. You “input” money and your
“output” is a candy or chips
III. Strategy
A. Explore
EXAMPLE: “Multiply by 2” is a very simple function. Answer and complete
the table below
0 x2 0
2 x2 4
7 x2
10 x2
12 x2 24
50 x2
B. Learn
The previous activity helps us understand/grasp what FUNCTION
means.
Function
A Function is a relation where each element in the domain is related to only
one value in the range by some rule
A Function is a set of ordered pairs (x,y) such that no two ordered pairs
have the same x-value but different y-values. Using function functional notation,
we can write f(x)=y, read as “f of x is equal to y”. In Particular, if (1,2) is an ordered
pair associated with the function f, then we say that f(2)=1
EXAMPLE
1. Which of the following relations are functions?
Solution:
The relation f and h are functions because no two ordered pairs have the same x-value but
different y-values. Meanwhile, g is not a function because (1, 3) and (1, 4) are ordered pairs with the
same x-value but different y-values.
Relations and Functions can be represented by mapping diagrams where the elements of the
domain are mapped to the range using arrows. In this case, the relation or function is represented by
the set of all the connections represented by by the arrows.
VERTICAL LINE TEST- A graph represents a function if and only if each vertical line intersects the
graph at most once.
PIECEWISE FUNCTIONS
Some situations can only be described by more than one formula, depending on the value of
the independent variable.
EXAMPLE
1. A user is charged P300.00 monthly for a particular mobile plan, which includes 100 free text
messages. Messages in excess of 100 are charged P1 each. Represent the monthly cost for text
messaging using the function t(m), where m is the number messages sent in a month.
2. A jeepney ride costs P8.00 for the first kilometers, and each additional integer kilometer adds
P1.50 to the fare. Use a piecewise function to represent the jeepney’s fare in terms of the distance
(d) in kilometers.
SOLUTION: The input value is distance and the output is the cost of the jeepney fare. If F(d)
represents the fare as a function of the distance, the function can be represented as follows:
F (d) = {(8+8.001.5,⌊ifd0<⌋),dif≤d4>4
C. Engage
D. Apply
V. Rubrics
Prepared by
TEODORO G. ABAN
Subject Teacher
Noted:
MIGUEL P. DABUET
Secondary School Principal IV
EVALUATING FUNCTIONS
Title
I. Introduction
In our introduction to functions lesson, we related functions to a vending
machine. You input money and your output is candy or chips.
We’re going to go back to that visual as we begin evaluating functions. We
are going to “input” a number and our “output” is the answer.
III. Strategy
A. Explore
EXAMPLE: Evaluate the following function functions at x=1.5
1. f (x) = 2x + 1
2. q (x) = x 2 -2x + 2
3. g (x) = √ x+1
2 x +1
4. r (x)=
x−1
5. F(x) = ⌊ x ⌋ +1, where ⌊ x ⌋ is the greatest integer function.
B. Learn
Evaluating a Function
Evaluating a function means replacing the variable in the function, in this
case x, with a value of from the function’s domain and computing for the result. To
denote that we are evaluating f at a for some a in the domain of f, we write f(a)
EXAMPLE
2 x +1
2. Evaluate the function t (x) = at x= (a + 1)
x−1
Solution:
2 x +1
t(x)= substitute/plug-in the value of x to the equation.
x−1
2 ( a+ 1 )+ 1
t(x)= simplify 2(a + 1) using distributive property
(a+ 1)−1
2 a+2+1
t(x)= simplify further by combining like terms
a+1−1
2 a+3
t(x)= Final answer
a
3. Evaluate the function g(x) = x 2 + 2x +1 at x = b -1
Solution:
g(x) = x 2 + 2x +1 substitute/plug-in the value of x to the equation.
g(x) = (b−1)2 + 2(b – 1) +1 simplify (b−1)2 using foil method while 2(b – 1)
C. Engage
x+3
For what values of x can we not evaluate the function f(x) =
x2 −4
SOLUTION:
D. Apply
V. Rubrics
Prepared by
TEODORO G. ABAN
Subject Teacher
Noted:
MIGUEL P. DABUET
Secondary School Principal IV
OPERATIONS ON FUNCTIONS
Title
I. Introduction
Functions with overlapping domains can be added, subtracted, multiplied,
and be divided. If f(x) and g(x) are two functions, then for all x in the domain of both
functions the sum, difference, product and quotient are define as follows
(f + g) (x) = f(x) + g(x)
(f – g) (x) = f(x) – g(x)
(f * g) (x) = f(x) * g(x)
(f / g) (x) = f(x)/g(x)
III. Strategy
A. Explore
EXAMPLE:
1 2
1.Find the sum of and
2 5
3 2
2. Find the difference of and
6 6
3. Find the product of (x-1) and (x + 1)
B. Learn
Operations on functions ( sum, difference, product, and quotient)
1 2
Find the sum of and
x−3 x−5
Solution:
1 2 x−5 2(x −3)
1. + = +
x−3 x−5 (x−3)(x−5) (x−3)( x−5)
x−5+2(x−3)
=
(x−3)( x−5)
x−5+2 x−6
=
(x−3)( x−5)
x−11
= 2 Ans.
x −8 x+15
(x +1)(x −3)
=
(x−1)( x +2)
x2 −2 x−3
= Ans.
x 2+ x−2
2 x 2+ x −6 x 2−2 x−8
2. Find the quotient of and
2 x 2 +7 x+5 2 x 2−3 x−20
Solution:
2 x 2+ x −6 x 2−2 x−8 x2 −2 x−8
= ÷ Get the reciprocal of
2 x 2 +7 x+5 2 x 2−3 x−20 x2 −3 x −20
2 x 2+ x −6 2 x 2−3 x−20
=
2 x 2 +7 x+5 x 2−2 x−8
2 x−3
= Ans.
x+1
C. Engage
Find the Product
x 2+ 4 x−21 x 2−16
( x 2−6 x+ 9 )( x 2 +3 x−28 )
SOLUTION:
D. Apply
Consider the following functions below:
x+5 x−3
g(x)=2x-4 f(x)=x+6 h(x)= t(x)=
x+7 x+4
1. (g + f)(x)
2. (h - f)(x)
3. (t h)(x)
4. (g f)(x)
5. (f + t)(x)
x 2−1 x2 +8 x +7
Find the quotient of 2
(
x + 4 x +4
∧ )(
2x+4 )
V. Rubrics
Prepared by
TEODORO G. ABAN
Subject Teacher
Noted:
MIGUEL P. DABUET
Secondary School Principal IV
COMPOSITION ON FUNCTIONS
Title
I. Introduction
In our introduction to functions lesson, we related functions to a vending
machine. You input money and your output is candy or chips.
We’re going to go back to that visual as we begin evaluating functions. We
are going to “input” a number and our “output” is the answer.
III. Strategy
A. Explore
EXAMPLE: Evaluate the following function functions at x=1.5
1. f (x) = 2x + 1
2. q (x) = x 2 -2x + 2
3. g (x) = √ x+1
2 x +1
4. r (x)=
x−1
5. F(x) = ⌊ x ⌋ +1, where ⌊ x ⌋ is the greatest integer function.
B. Learn
The previous activity guides and anchored us on how to evaluate a
particular function.
Evaluating a Function
Evaluating a function means replacing the variable in the function, in this
case x, with a value of from the function’s domain and computing for the result. To
denote that we are evaluating f at a for some a in the domain of f, we write f(a)
EXAMPLE
2 x +1
2. Evaluate the function t (x)= at x= (a + 1)
x−1
Solution:
2 x +1
t(x)= substitute/plug-in the value of x to the equation.
x−1
2 ( a+ 1 )+ 1
t(x)= simplify 2(a + 1) using distributive property
(a+ 1)−1
2 a+2+1
t(x)= simplify further
a+1−1
2 a+3
t(x)= Final answer
a
3. Evaluate the function g(x) = x 2 + 2x +1 at x = b -1
Solution:
g(x) = x 2 + 2x +1 substitute/plug-in the value of x to the equation.
g(x) = (b−1)2 + 2(b – 1) +1 simplify (b−1)2 using foil method while 2(b – 1)
using distributive property
g(x) =( b 2 – 2b + 1)+ 2b – 2 +1 combine like terms
g(x) = b 2 final answer
C. Engage
x+3
For what values of x can we not evaluate the function f(x) =
x2 −4
SOLUTION:
D. Apply
V. Rubrics
Prepared by
TEODORO G. ABAN
Subject Teacher
Noted:
MIGUEL P. DABUET
Secondary School Principal IV
OPERATIONS ON FUNCTIONS
Title
I. Introduction
Let f and g be functions. The Composite Function denoted by (f ◦ g) is
defined by (f ◦ g)(x) = f(g(x)). The process of obtaining a composite function is called
function Composition.
III. Strategy
A. Explore
Use the following functions below:
f (x) =2x + 1 g (x) = x 2 – 1
Find and simplify (g◦ f)(x)
Solution:
(g◦ f)(x) = g(f(x)) = x 2 -1
= ( f (x)¿ ¿2 – 1
= (2 x+1)2 – 1
= 4 x 2 + 4x + 1 – 1
= 4 x 2 + 4x
(g◦ f)(x) = g(f(x)) = 4x (x + 1) Ans.
B. Learn
Composition of Functions
Use the following functions below
2 x +1
f (x) = 2x + 1 g(x) = √ x+1 p(x) =
x−1
q (x) = x 2 – 2x + 2 F(x) = ⌊ x ⌋ + 1
= √ f ( x)+1
= √ (2 x+ 1)+1
(g◦ f)(x) = g(f(x)) = √ 2 x +2 Ans.
4 x+ 2
= [ ]
x−1
+1
(4 x+ 2)+( x−1)
=
x−1
5 x +1
(f◦ p)(x) = f(p(x)) = Ans.
x−1
C. Engage
D. Apply
x+ 1
Let t (x) = and k (x) = x 2 – 1.
x−1
Solve and simplify (k◦ t)(x)
Solution:
Prepared by
TEODORO G. ABAN
Subject Teacher
Noted:
MIGUEL P. DABUET
Secondary School Principal IV
Title
I. Introduction
A polynomial function p of degree n is a function that can be written in
the form p (x) = a n x n + a n−1 x n−1 + a n−2 x n−2 + …+ a 1 x n + a 0 where a 0, a 1,…, a n ϵ IR, a n ≠
0, and n is a positive integer. Each addend of the sum is a term of the polynomial
function. The constant a 0, a 1, a 2,…a n are the coefficients. The leading coefficient
is a n. The leading term is a n x n , and the constant term is a 0.
III. Strategy
A. Explore
t (seconds) 1 2 3 4 5
10
The function v (t) = can represent v as a function of t.
t
B. Learn
p(x)
A Rational Function is a function of the form f(x) = where p(x) and q(x) are
q (x )
polynomial functions and q(x) is not zero function (i.e., q(x) ≡ 0). The domain of f(x)
is the set of all values of x where q(x) ≠ 0.
EXAMPLE
5t
Suppose that c(t) = (in mg/mL) represents the concentration of a drug in
2
t +1
a patient’s bloodstream t hours after the drug was administered. Construct
a table of values for c(t) for t = 1, 2, 5, 10. Round off answers to three
decimal places. Use the to sketch a graph and interpret the results.
Solution:
5t 5(0)
a. c(0) = 2 = 2 =0
t +1 (0) +1
5(1)
b. c(1) = = 2.5
(1)2+1
5(2)
c. c(2) = =2
(2)2+ 1
5(5)
d. c(5) = = 0.962
(5)2+ 1
5(10)
e. c(10) = = 0.495
(10)2+ 1
t 0 1 2 5 10
C(t) 0 2.5 2 0.962 0.495
C. Engage
Solution:
k
Since f is inversely proportional to L, then f = , where k is the constant of
L
proportionality.
k 540
If L= 10 then f=54. Thus, 54 = , k= 540. Thus, the function f(L)= represents f
10 L
as a function of L.
D. Apply
V. Rubrics
Prepared by
TEODORO G. ABAN
Subject Teacher
Noted:
MIGUEL P. DABUET
Secondary School Principal IV
I. Introduction
A Rational Expression is an expression that can be written as a ratio of two
polynomials.
x x2 +2 x+ 3 5
Some examples of rational expressions are , ,
2 x+ 1 x−3
III. Strategy
A. Explore
Every polynomial function is a rational function ex. q(x) = 1
A function that cannot be written in the form polynomial, ex f(x)=sin(x)
A constant function such as f(x)= π
B. Learn
p(x)
A Rational Function is a function of the form f(x) = where p(x) and q(x)
q (x )
are polynomial functions and q(x) is not zero function (i.e., q(x) ≡ 0). The domain of
f(x) is the set of all values of x where q(x) ≠ 0.
EXAMPLE
The definitions of rational equations, inequalities, and functions are shown below
Rational equation Rational Inequality Rational Function
Definition An equation An inequality A function of the
involving rational involving rational p (x)
expression expressions. form f(x) =
q(x)
where p(x) and q(x)
are polynomial
functions and q(x)
is not zero function
(i.e., q(x) ≡ 0).
Example 2 3 1 5 2 x2 +2 x+ 3
- = < f (x) =
x 2x 5 x−4 x x+ 1
C. Engage
x+ 3
> 4 x +7 Ans.___________________________________________
x−5 √
D. Apply
7
3. 2x ≥ ____________________
x+ 4
x +3
4. f (x) = – 6 ____________________
x2 −5
x 4
5. = ____________________
2 x+ 9 x 3
V. Rubrics
Prepared by
TEODORO G. ABAN
Subject Teacher
Noted:
MIGUEL P. DABUET
Secondary School Principal IV
I. Introduction
A rational equation or inequality can be solved for all x values that satisfy
the equation or inequality. This lesson will help students recall and use their
knowledge on finding the LCD, simplifying complex rational expressions and
equations a inequality symbols.
III. Strategy
A. Explore
Recall your knowledge on Least Common Denominator, Factorization, simplest
form and answer the problem below. You may solve the unknown variable.
2 3 x2 −1
1. + = 3. =5
5 15 x +1
3
2. + x -2 = 2x -3
10
B. Learn
To solve a rational equation
Solution: The LCD of all the denominators is 10x. Multiply both sides of the
equation by 10x and solve the resolving equation.
Upon reaching this this step, we can use strategies for solving polynomial
equations.
x 2 – 3x – 10 = 0 (x + 2)(x – 5) = 0
x+2=0 x–5=0
x = -2 x=5
since x = -2 makes the original equation undefined, x = 5 is the only answer.
EXAMPLE
2x
Solve the inequality ≥0
x+1
Solution:
a. Rewrite the inequality as a single rational expression.
2x
–1≥0
x+1
2 x−(x+ 1)
≥0
x +1
x−1
≥0
x+ 1
b. The rational expression will be zero at x = 1 and undefined for x = -1. The
value of x = 1 is included while x = -1 is not. Mark these on the number line.
Use a shaded circle for x = 1 ( a solution) and an unshaded circle for x = -1
(not included).
x–1 – – +
x+1 – – +
x−1 + – +
x+ 1
d. Since we are looking for the intervals where the rational expression is
positive or zero, we determine the solution to be the set { x ϵR|x <−1∨x ≥ 1 }. Plot
this on the number line.
C. Engage
x2 x+2
Solve x : =
x−3 2 x−5
Solution:
D. Apply
3 1
1. Solve the inequality ≥
x−2 x
5x
2. Solve the inequality <4
x−1
IV. Guide Questions
Solve for x :
x +6 1
≥
x−4 x+1
V. Rubrics
Prepared by
TEODORO G. ABAN
Subject Teacher
Noted:
MIGUEL P. DABUET
Secondary School Principal IV
I. Introduction
p(x)
A Rational Function is a function of the form f(x) = where p(x) and q(x)
q (x )
are polynomial functions and q(x) is not zero function (i.e., q(x) ≡ 0). The domain of
f(x) is the set of all values of x where q(x) ≠ 0.
Average speed (or velocity) can be computed by the formula s = d/t. consider
a 100-meter track used for foot races. The speed of a runner can be computed by
100
taking time for him to run track and applying it to the formula s = , since the
t
distance is fixed at 100 meters.
Represents a rational function through its: (a) table of values, (b) graph, and (c)
equation. M11GM-Ib-4
III. Strategy
A. Explore
B. Learn
To further explain the lesson, do consider the second example below
Continuing the scenario above, construct a table of values for speed of runner
against different run times.
Solution:
A table of values can help us determine the behaviour of a function as the variable
x changes.
The current word record ( as of October 2015) for the 100-meter dash run is 9.58
seconds set by the Jamaican Usain Bolt in 2009. We start our table of values at 10
seconds.
Let x be the runtime and s(x) be the speed of the runner in meters per second,
100
where s(x) = . The table of values for run times from 10 seconds to 20 seconds
x
is as follows:
x 10 12 14 16 18 20
From the table above we can observe that the speed decreases with time. We can
use a graph to determine if the points on the function follow a smooth curve or a
straight line.
C. Engage
Plot the points on the table of values on a Cartesian plane. Determine if the points
100
on the function s(x) = follow a smooth curve or a straight line.
x
Solution:
D. Apply
x−1
1. Represent the rational function given by f(x) = using a table of values
x+ 1
and plot a graph of the function by connecting points.
Solution:
V. Rubrics
Prepared by
TEODORO G. ABAN
Subject Teacher
Noted:
MIGUEL P. DABUET
Secondary School Principal IV