Professional Documents
Culture Documents
SHS
Academic and
Professional
Purposes
Quarter 1 – Module 1:
Reading Academic Text
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Welcome to the English for Academic and Professional Purposes Grade 11 Alternative
Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Reading Academic Text!
This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators both
from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in helping
the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming
their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.
This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their
needs and circumstances.
In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:
As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage
their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
For the learner:
The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to
depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and
accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a learner
is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant competencies and
skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands!
This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for
guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to
process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.
What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in the
module.
iii
Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your
level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.
1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the
module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.
We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and
gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!
iv
What I Need to Know
1
What I Know
I. Multiple Choice: Read each question carefully and choose the correct
answer from the set of choices in every item. Copy the letter of your
answer on a separate sheet of paper.
2
b. Cause and effect
c. Problem and solution
d. Chronological order
9. A problem is described and a response or solution is proposed or explained.
a. Comparison and contrast
b. Cause and effect
c. Problem and solution
d. Chronological order
10. Information is organized in steps; a process is explained.
a. Sequence / process
b. Cause and effect
c. Problem and solution
d. Chronological order
II. Read each item carefully. Delete or replace the underlined word in each sentence
to produce a most acceptable academic language style.
3
Lesson
Essential Features of
1 Academic Text
The Essential Features of Academic Text provides learners with basic
understanding about the academic text. Academic texts as a reading material
contain information which is well-written for specific discipline or field. Each type of
academic text has shared and unique characteristics which depend on its structure
or pattern of writing.
What’s In
Directions: These items are taken from the lessons about paragraph. From the set
of choices in every item, copy the letter of your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. It is a group of related statements that a writer develops about the subject.
a. Paragraph
b. Main idea
c. Supporting details
d. Conclusion
2. It states the purpose and sets the direction of a paragraph or passage.
a. Composition
b. Main idea
c. Supporting details
d. Conclusion
3. It may be stated in the first sentence of a paragraph and then be repeated or
restated in the end of a paragraph.
a. Thesis statement
b. Main idea
c. Supporting details
d. Conclusion
4. It is the main section of a paragraph and it should also be the longest part.
a. Introduction
b. Body
c. Discussion
d. Conclusion
5. It gives support to the main idea of a paragraph.
a. Introduction
b. Supporting details
c. Discussion
d. Conclusion
4
Notes to the Teacher
To facilitate understanding of this lesson, a teacher/facilitator of
this subject/topic should have ample background about
understanding the basics of reading and writing academic texts
specifically its essential features. This knowledge may help
understand the unique and shared characteristics of each
academic text.
5
What’s New
How well did you understand the passage? Let us check your comprehension by
answering some questions about its content.
1. What issue or concept is presented in the text?
3. Have you noticed how this passage is different from other types of text?
_______________________
1Pinawin, “Rebooting”, 26
6
What is Academic Text?
Academic text is a reading material which contains idea or concept written in a formal
language intended for specific discipline. It is also organized in a specific way and is
presented in a clear and logical manner2. Most academic texts are written by learner
complying with the course requirement and by scholar addressing the needs on their
field of expertise such as art, business, law and others.
Studying in specific field require a lot of reading and it’s much easier to get
what you need out of a text if you know where it’s likely to be. This means you need
to know a bit about the typical ways that academic texts of various kinds are
organized. Probably the most common types you will encounter are journal articles,
books and reports.
_______________________
7
Short Essays
Name of Description
Section
Introduction Presentation of topic in context, background information,
purpose of the text, a thesis statement and a technique to catch
the reader’s interest.
Main Body Presentation of findings and arguments which support the thesis
statement or questions; discussion of the detailed information
including the examples, statistics, graphs, tables and charts to
support the ideas and analyzes the evidences.
Conclusion Repetition of the thesis statement; summarizing the main points
and formulation of recommendations.
Research Reports
Name of Description
Section
Title Concise topic of the report.
Abstract The ‘shop window’ for your report.
Very brief presentation of purpose, methods, main findings,
conclusions and recommendations of the report.
Introduction Presentation of the problem. The start of the introduction is the
presentation of the problem, that is, what the problem is all
about.
The existence of an unsatisfactory condition, a felt problem that
needs a solution.
A desire to have a deeper and clearer understanding of a
situation, circumstance or phenomenon. Explain the researcher’s
earnest desire to have a deeper and clearer understanding of the
situation so that he will be in a better position to initiate remedial
measures.
A desire to find a better way of doing something or of improving a
product. The researcher must also explain his desire to find a
better way to improve the system.
A link between the introduction and the statement of the problem.
Discuss the connection between the problem and the reason of
the researchers in conducting the study.
Literature A survey of publications and reporting of work that has already
done on the topic of your report.
survey Written like an essay in discursive style with an introduction,
main discussion grouped in themes and a conclusion.
Explaining how you went about finding your materials and any
clear trends in research that have emerged.
Methods Stating clearly how you carried out your investigation.
Explaining why you choose this particular method and any
equipment, techniques and instrument you used.
Detailed discussion how participants were chosen.
Results Presentation of the research findings.
Using format presentation such as text, graphs, tables and
diagrams.
8
Discussion Showing findings respond to the introduction and the previous
research surveyed.
Discursive style – discuss not only what the findings show but
why they show this, using evidences from the previous research.
Conclusion A short section without new arguments or evidence.
Sum up the main points of your research.
References List of works you have referred to in the report including books,
journals, websites and other materials.
Appendices Additional information that may help the reader but is not
essential to the report’s main findings: anything that ‘adds value’.
May include survey question including the cover letter.
Let us see if the lesson has been made clear to you, answer the following questions
listed below.
1. What is academic text? What are the types of academic text? How academic
text is written?
2. Among the academic texts presented, can you make a brief distinction
according to its difficulty?
3. What are the ways of organizing academic text? Which of these ways is
suitable for you as learner? Which one is best for your teachers? Why?
What’s More
You are senior high school learner enrolled in Academic/Tech-Voc. Read the text
extracts 1–2 below and decide which are the most suitable for Academic/Tech-Voc.
use, and why.
1.
2.
Text No. 1
An electrically safe work condition will be achieved and verified by the following
process: (1) Determine all possible sources of electrical supply to the specific
equipment. Check applicable up-to-date drawings, diagrams and identification tags;
(2) After properly interrupting the load current, open the disconnecting device(s) for
each source; (3) Where it is possible, visually verify that all blades of the
disconnecting devices are fully open or that draw out type circuit breakers are
withdrawn to the fully disconnected position; (4) Apply lockout/tagout devices in
accordance with a documented and established policy; (5) Use adequately rated
voltage detector to test each phase conductor or circuit part to verify they are de-
energized. Before and after each test, determine the voltage detector is operating
satisfactorily; and (5) Where the possibility of induced voltages or stored electrical
9
energy exists, ground the phase conductors or circuit parts before touching them.
Where it could be reasonably anticipated that the conductors or circuit parts being
de-energized could contact other exposed energized conductors or circuit parts, apply
ground connecting devices rated for the available fault duty 5. (, 2000 Edition)
Text No. 2
The 21st century learners’ demand in acquiring knowledge for its application in real
life situation changes gradually for these digital age individuals and is becoming
more active and aggressive. This is a challenge to the educational system. Teachers
have to stimulate their interests and critical thinking skills to learn new concepts.
This is done through the application of relevant strategies which is becoming more
intricate.
Games are part and parcel of students’ daily activities. According to Pearson
Innovation and Research Network, 97% of students who are 12-18 years old play
some kind of digital games. These games serve students various purposes, like fun,
entertainment, satisfaction, and acquisition of new strategy or technique to learn
new things, to master things, and even to defeat opponents as most gamers would
claim. Digital Game-Based Learning either non-digital and digital games have
consistently promoted learning and /or reduced instructional. 6
____________________________
5Electrical Safety Requirements
6Pearson Innovation
10
What I Can Do
Task 1 - The table below lists the different types of academic texts which are
commonly used by the learners as source materials or references. Work with a
partner and identify its advantage and disadvantages.
Task 2 - Read the text carefully then identify the essential features of academic texts
listed in the table below. Find examples of each feature.
Equally, from a political perspective, the nature of state involvement in and policies
for tourism is dependent on both the political-economic structures and the prevailing
political ideology in the destination state, with comparisons typically made between
market-led and centrally planned economies. For example, the Thatcher–Reagan
inspired neo-liberalism of the 1980s, and the subsequent focus on privatization and
the markets in many Western nations contrasted starkly with the then centrally
planned tourism sectors in the former Eastern Europe (Buckley and Witt, 1990; Hall,
1991). At the same time, of course, it has also long been recognized that the political-
economic relationship of one nation with another or with the wider international
community (that is, the extent of political-economic dependency) may represent a
significant influence on tourism development (Telfer, 2002). Thus, in short, tourism
planning and development in the destination tends to reflect both the structures and
political ideologies of the state and its international political economic relations 7.
Feature Example/s
1. Formal vocabulary
2. Use of references
3. Impersonal style
4. Long complex sentence
____________________________
7Bailey, 13
11
Assessment
B. Directions: Read each statement carefully. Find the word/s in the lists that
match the following definitions.
Appendices References
12
Additional Activities
______________________
8Master, 219-220
13
Lesson
Structure and Content of
2 Specific Academic Text
The Structure and Content of Specific Academic Text delivers learners with the
basic knowledge and practical strategies in organizing academic text. Mostly,
academic texts observe standard and precise structuring in order to achieve the
minimum and maximum contents of it. The use of sections makes it easy for the
reader to jump straight to the information they need.
What’s In
Directions: These items are taken from the lessons about essentials of academic text.
From the set of choices in every item, copy the letter of your answer on a separate
sheet of paper.
1. It is a written record of the main points of a text or lecture, for a
student’s personal use.
a. Notes
b. Essay
c. Report
d. Paper
2. It is a description of something a student has done e.g. conducting a
survey.
a. Notes
b. Essay
c. Report
d. Paper
3. The most common type of written work, with the title given by the
teacher, normally 1000–5000 words.
a. Notes
b. Essay
c. Report
d. Paper
14
4. The longest piece of writing normally done by a student (20,000+
words) often for a higher degree, on a topic chosen by the student.
a. Notes
b. Essay
c. Thesis
d. Paper
5. A piece of research, either individual or group work, with the topic
chosen by the students.
a. Essay
b. Thesis
c. Notes
d. Paper
15
What’s New
Analyze the paragraph by completing the left-hand column in the table below
with the following types of sentence: Supporting point 1, Supporting point 2,
Supporting point 3, Example, Reason, Topic 9.
_____________________
16
What is It
A writer may choose to put the emphasis on either the cause or the effect. Cause is
why something happened while effect is what happened. In both cases, either a verb
or a conjunction can be used to show the link.
____________________________________
17
(b) Focus on effects
With verbs
The flood was caused by the heavy rain.
resulted from
was produced by
(use of passives)
With conjunctions
There was a flood because of the heavy rain.
due to
as a result
***Conjunctions are commonly used with specific situations, while verbs tend to be used in
general cases.
Problem and solution tell about a problem (and sometimes says why there is
a problem) then gives one or more possible solutions. The common signals include
question is, dilemma is, the puzzle is, to solve this, one answer is and one reason for
the problem is. Here is the how this text is organized.
Section Example
(a) Problem Currently, roads are often congested, which is
...
(b) Solution A It is commonly suggested that building more
roads, or widening . . .
(c) Arguments against solution A But not only is the cost of such work high, but
...
(d) Solutions B and C . . . other remedies, such as road pricing or
greater
use . . .
The following words can be used as synonyms for problem and solution: the
three main difficulties have arisen . . ., the main challenge faced by . . ., one of the
concerns during the recession . . ., the new process created two questions . . ., the
team faced six issues . . ., our principal worry/ dilemma was . . ., the best remedy
for this may be . . ., two answers have been put forward . . ., another suggestion is
. . ., Matheson’s proposal was finally accepted, this was finally rectified by . . .
_____________________
12Bailey, 145-146
18
c. Comparison and Contrast13
Growing up in Philippines during the 1990s was much different from growing
up today. Children as young as 10 years old held full time jobs in order to
help their families. Many of these children worked 14 hours a day for as little
as 100 pesos. Today, however, children are not allowed to hold part-time jobs
until they are at least 14 years old. Philippine laws also restrict the number
of hours teenagers work. While some teenagers today work out of necessity
to help their families, most do so to earn spending money or to save for college.
1. The block pattern presents the object or item being compared and/or
contrasted one at a time.
2. The alternating pattern moves from the first object to the second as it presents
comparison or contrast point by point.
d. Chronological Order14
What about preparing an appetite-whetting chicken ham for dinner? Have a kilo
of chicken ham, one and a half cup of brown sugar, one-half cup of corn syrup,
a half-cup of orange juice and a cup of marmalade ready. Preheat the oven to
375◦F. Next, you combine the orange juice, sugar, corn syrup and marmalade.
Mix these well until the sugar particles are dissolved. Are the lumps all gone?
Then, you are ready to pour this syrup on the ham and bake it for fifteen to twenty
minutes. After baking, baste the ham with marinade three to four times. And to
give the ham an appetizing glaze, boil the remaining syrup until it is thick. Pour
this thick syrup on top of the chicken ham and garnish with orange slices,
cherries and parsley. That’s Chicken L’ Orange for you.
_______________________
13 Baraceros, Communication, 171
14Baraceros, 175
19
e. Description15
Finally, we rounded a deep curve and suddenly came upon a shanty, all but ready,
it seemed, to crumble in a heap, its plastered walls rotting away, the floor hardly a
floor from the ground. I thought of the cottages of the poor colored folk in the South,
the hovels of the poor everywhere in the land. This one stood all by itself, as though
by common consent, all the folks that used to live here had decided to stay away,
despising it, ashamed of it. Even the lovely season could not color it with beauty.
What’s More
Directions: Read each entry carefully. Place a check ( ̸ ) mark under the
column that best describes the characteristic of each text pattern.
Characteristics Cause Problem Comparison Chronological Description
and and and order
Effect solution contrast
1. The results of
something are
explained
2. Information is
organized in order of
time
3. Two or more
things are described;
their similarities and
differences are
discussed/analyzed
4. A problem is
described and a
response or solution
is proposed or
explained
5. Information is
organized in steps; a
process is explained
________________________
15 Lucero and Torrecampo, Communication, 66-66
20
What I Have Learned
The most common text patterns are cause and effect, comparison and contrast,
problem and solution, chronological order and description.
1. Cause and effect explain why things happened and what happened.
2. Comparison and contrast show how two or more things are similar and/or
how they different.
3. Problem and solution tell about a problem (and sometimes says why there
is a problem) then gives one or more possible solutions.
4. Chronological order which is also called sequence or time order explains
how things happen in order.
5. Description may either be: informative or objective description and
evocative or impressionistic description.
6. Each text pattern or structure has appropriate language that helps the
reader distinguish them.
What I Can Do
Task No.1 – Combine/match the causes in column A with their likely effects in
column B and apply/write sentences linking them together 16.
Causes Effects
Cold winter of 2015 more tourists arriving
Higher rates of literacy a new government being formed
Constructing an airport reduced infant mortality
Last year’s national election greater demand for secondary education
Installing speed cameras on main roads increased demand for electricity
Opening a new hospital in 2021 a fall in the number of fatal accidents
1. Owing to the cold winter of 2015, there was increased demand for electricity.
2. _____________________________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________________________
4. _____________________________________________________________
5. _____________________________________________________________
6. _____________________________________________________________
_______________________
16Bailey, 150
21
Task No. 2 - Think of a similar problem in your subject area. Complete the table and
write a paragraph that leads to a conclusion17.
Topic
Problem
Solution A
Argument against A
Solution B
Argument for / against B
(Solution C)
Conclusion
Task No. 3 – Read this sample paragraph of informative or objective description then
extract the descriptive words18.
The fence grew moldy and inclined to one, the child of Aling Ibiang grew up into a
sickly boy with hollow dark eyes and shaggy hair, and the child that was born to
Aling Sebia grew up into a girl, a girl with rugged features, a simous face, and a
narrow brow – but not a word had passed across the fence since that night.
Assessment
Directions: Read each paragraph carefully then identify its text structure. Write
your answer on a separate sheet of paper19.
1. My neighbor, Mr. Clark, just bought a new car. It is a beautiful, 2008, black
Mercedes. He chose gray leather interior and the seats are even heated for
those cold, Kansas winters. He washes it every weekend, so that it always
looks shiny.
2. One of my favorite things to eat in the summer time is tomatoes. Because they
are so expensive at the store, I decided to grow my own tomatoes last summer.
Unfortunately, the plants didn’t produce many tomatoes. One day, I thought
I had better look at the plants carefully to see what the problem might be.
Sure enough, I found little white bugs all over the leaves.
_______________________
17Bailey, 151
18Baraceros, 181
19 Oshima and Hogue, Introduction, 15-17
22
3. Holly and Molly are identical twins. Although they look exactly alike,
everything else about them is different. Holly likes to play sports and enjoys
listening to rock and hip-hop music. Molly would much rather read and play
classical music on the piano with her free time. They dress differently, too.
Holly likes to wear casual clothes, but Molly prefers to dress up every day.
Even though they lead very different lives, Holly and Molly love each other very
much and enjoy discussing their day every night.
4. Last night, I made chocolate chip cookies. First, I pre-heated the oven to
375°. Then, I blended butter, brown sugar and an egg together. After that I
stirred in flour, salt and baking soda. Next, I stirred in chocolate chips. Finally,
I dropped them by the spoonful on a baking sheet. After twelve minutes, they
were done. We let them cool for another couple of minutes. At last, we ate!
Yum, yum!
5. Mark was very upset. He tore his house upside down looking for the science
study guide his teacher had given him. He had a very important test the next
day, and he needed a high score to get a good grade in science. Just when he
was about to give up, he thought of a great idea. He would call his friend Jeff.
Jeff was in the same class; he would be able to tell him what was on the study
guide. Mark called Jeff. Jeff was more than happy to help. They studied
together on the phone for an hour. When Mark hung up, he was relieved. He
was thankful for Jeff’s help. He was confident that he would get an “A” on the
science.
Additional Activities
Supposed that you are going to evaluate a work of your classmate (peer
evaluation) in writing academic text structure. What set of criteria will you use for
reach type of text pattern? Prepare a rubric based on your understanding about the
structure of specific academic text. Observe the following reminder:
23
Lesson
Language Used in Academic
3 Text
The Language Used in Academic Text gives some guidelines for an appropriate
language style and academic vocabulary. The precision of language helps the
learners to construct a well-organized and comprehensive paragraph while the right
choice of words creates clarity of meaning. As a whole, style and vocabulary need to
harmonize to each other as effective medium of communication.
What’s In
Directions: These items are taken from the lessons about structure and content of
academic text. Match Column A with Column B. Copy the letter of your answer on
a separate sheet of paper.
Column A Column B
24
What’s New
Study this paragraph and underline any examples of poor style 20.
How to make people work harder is a topic that lots of people have written about in
the last few years. There are lots of different theories etc and I think some of them
are ok. When we think about this we should remember the old Chinese proverb, that
you can lead a horse to water but you can’t make it drink. So how do we increase
production? It’s quite a complex subject but I’ll just talk about a couple of ideas.
Some of the problems with the style of this paragraph can be analyzed as follows:
Motivation has been the subject of numerous studies during recent decades, but this
essay will focus on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory (1943) and Herzberg’s two-
factor theory (1966). Their contemporary relevance to the need to motivate employees
effectively will be examined critically, given that this can be considered crucial to a
firm’s survival in the current economic climate.
1. How is the rewritten passage different from the original one? Why?
_______________________
25
What is It
(a) Do not use idiomatic or colloquial vocabulary: kids, boss. Instead use standard
English: children, manager.
(b) Use vocabulary accurately. There is a difference between rule and law, or
weather and climate, which you are expected to know if you study these
subjects.
(c) Be as precise as possible when dealing with facts or figures. Avoid phrases such
as about a hundred or hundreds of years ago. If it is necessary to estimate
numbers use approximately rather than about.
(d) Conclusions should use tentative language. Avoid absolute statements such as
unemployment causes crime. Instead use cautious phrases: unemployment may
cause crime or tends to cause crime.
(e) Avoid adverbs that show your personal attitude: luckily, remarkably,
surprisingly.
(f) Do not contract verb forms: don’t, can’t. Use the full form: Do not, cannot.
(g) Although academic English tends to use the passive more than standard
English, it should not be over-used. Both are needed. Compare:
Galileo discovered the moons of Jupiter.
The moons of Jupiter were discovered by Galileo.
In the first case, the focus is on Galileo, in the second (passive) on the
moons.
_________________________
21Bailey, 152
26
(j) Avoid numbering sections of your text, except in reports and long essays. Use
conjunctions and signposting expressions to introduce new sections (Turning to
the question of detecting cancer . . .).
(k) When writing lists, avoid using etc or and so on. Insert and before the last item:
The main products were pharmaceuticals, electronic goods and confectionery.
(q) Long sentences are more interesting but can be difficult to construct and
Read23:
Car scrappage schemes, which offer a subsidy to buyers of new cars, who must
scrap an old vehicle, have been introduced in many countries; the schemes are
designed to stimulate the economy and also increase fuel efficiency.
(r) Effective writing normally uses a mixture of long and short sentences, often
using a short sentence to introduce the topic:
Car scrappage schemes have been introduced in many countries. They offer a
subsidy to buyers of new cars, who must scrap an old vehicle. The schemes are
designed to stimulate the economy and also increase fuel efficiency.
________________________
22Bailey, 153-154
23Bailey, 155
27
To read and write academic texts effectively students need to be familiar with the
rather formal vocabulary widely used in this area.
Absolute relative
Abstract concrete
Logical illogical
Metaphorical literal
Precise vague or approximate or rough
Rational irrational
Relevant irrelevant
Subjective objective
Theoretical practical or empirical or pragmatic
Academic writing tends to use rather formal verbs to express the writer’s meaning
accurately:
In the last decade the pace of change accelerated.
Could Darwin have envisaged the controversy his work has caused?
In spoken English we are more likely to use ‘speed up’ and ‘imagined’.
28
to determine the water content was experimentally determined
to discriminate a failure to discriminate between the two species
to establish the northern boundary was established first
to exhibit half of the patients exhibited signs of improvement
to focus on her work focused on female managers
to generate a question which has generated a range of responses
to hold Newton’s second Law, F=ma, holds everywhere
to identify three main areas have been identified
to imply his absence implies a lack of interest
to interact understand how the two systems interact
to interpret the result can be interpreted as a limited success
to manifest as manifested in anti-social behaviour
to overcome both difficulties were overcome in the first week
to propose they propose that social class is the main factor
to prove the use of solar power is proving successful
to recognize he is now recognized as a leading expert
to relate to the pattern was related to both social and physical
factors
to supplement the diet was supplemented with calcium and iodine
to undergo the system underwent major changes in the 1980s
to yield both surveys yielded mixed results
What’s More
6. Sadly, the high inflation led to poverty, social unrest and so on.
__________________________________________________________
7. He was over the moon when he won the prize.
__________________________________________________________
8. I think we should pay students to study.
29
__________________________________________________________
9. A few years ago they allowed women to vote.
__________________________________________________________
10. What were the main causes of the Russian revolution?
__________________________________________________________
What I Can Do
Task No.1 – In the following text, remove all repetition and redundancy, re-writing
where necessary24.
FAST FOOD
Currently these days, fast food is growing in popularity. Fast food is a kind of food
that people can buy ready to eat or cook quickly. This essay examines the advantages
of fast food and the drawbacks of fast food. First above all, fast food is very
convenient. Most of the people who work in offices are very busy, so that they do not
have time to go to their homes for lunch. But the people who work in offices can eat
in restaurants such as McDonalds, which are franchised in hundreds of countries.
In addition, the second benefit of fast food is its cheapness. As it is produced in large
quantities, this high volume means that the companies can keep costs down. As a
result fast food is usually less expensive than a meal in a conventional restaurant.
______________________
24 Whitaker, Academic, 58-59
30
Task No. 2 – Re-write the following paragraph so that instead of six short sentences
there are two long and two short sentences25.
Assessment
Directions: Think of the most suitable word ending in each case 26.
______________________
25 Whitaker, 60-61
26 Guffey, Rhodes and Rogin, Business, 45
31
6. In the 1950s nuclear power was pred________________ to be cheap and
clean.
7. A signif________________ number of students have chosen to do that
project.
8. The rate of increase var________________ between 5 per cent and 8 per
cent during the 1990s.
9. The first computer was creat________________ during the second world
war.
10. Researchers frequently need to ask hypoth________________
questions.
Additional Activities
Directions: The following sentence is too long. Divide it into shorter ones 27.
China is one developing country (but not the only one) which has imposed fees on
students since 1997, but the results have been surprising: enrolments, especially in
the most expensive universities, have continued to rise steeply, growing 200 per cent
overall between 1997 and 2001; it seems in this case that higher fees attract rather
than discourage students, who see them as a sign of a good education, and compete
more fiercely for places, leading to the result that a place at a good college can cost
$5000 per year for fees and maintenance.
Directions: Complete each sentence with a suitable word (Noun, Adjective, Verb)28.
1. The experiment’s results were confusing; each researcher had her own
______________________________.
2. The word ‘algebra’ is ______________________________ from Arabic.
3. They received the Nobel Prize for their ______________________________ in
developing a new vaccine.
4. Dr Wagner published the ______________________________ work on South
Asian snakes last year.
5. Over 3,500 questionnaires were ______________________________ in terms of
social class.
6. Three ______________________________ need to be considered when forecasting
an economic upturn.
____________________________
27Bailey, 157
28Bailey, 158
32
33
What I Know What's More Assessment
Lesson 1
Part I Lesson 1
1. Academic text no. 1 is
1. B suited for Tech/Voc. 1. True
2. A Learners. It also 2. True
3. D includes citation. 3. True
4. B 4. True
2. Academic text no. 2 is
5. True
5. C suited for learners
6. Literature survey
6. B specializing in
7. Results
7. D Academics. It also
8. Method
8. A includes citation 9. Discussion
9. C 10.Appendices
10. A Lesson 2
1. Cause and effect Lesson 2
2. Chronological
Part II 3. Comparison and 1. Description
contrast 2. Cause and effect
1. children 4. Problem and
2. manager 3. Comparison and
solution contrast
3. approximately 5. Description
4. photo 4. Chronological
opportunity 5. Problem and
Lesson 3 solution
5. did not 1. Thing
2. Don’t Lesson 3
3. Soon 1. invested
4. Comma (,) 2. emphasis /
5. Can’t reliability
6. Sadly 3. evaluated
7. Over 4. synthetic
8. Think 5. contribution
9. Comma (,) 6. predicted
10.Use statements 7. significant
8. varies
9. created
10.hypothesis
Answer Key
References
Bailey, Stephen. Academic Writing: A Handbook for International Students. 3rd ed.
USA and Canada: Routledge, 2011.
Baraceros, Esther L. Communication Skills I: Study and Thinking Skills. Manila:
Rex Book Store, 2006.
Guffey, Mary Ellen, Kathleen Rhodes and Patricia Rogin. Business Communication:
Process and Product. Brief Canadian ed. Canada: Thomson Canada Limited,
2003.
Lucero, Adelaida F. and Rosella M. Torrecampo. Communication Skills I. Quezon
City: Kampanang Ginto Printing Press, 1999.
Master, Peter. English Grammar and Technical Writing. Manila: Regional Printing
Center of the U. S. Department of State, 2004.
Oshima, Alice and Anne Hogue. Introduction to Academic Writing. 3rd ed. New
York: Pearson Education, Inc., 2007.
Pinawin, Adelaido P. “Rebooting ESL Classroom via Technology-Based Instructional
Materials (TBIMs)”. Ascendens Asia Journal of Multidisciplinary Research
Abstracts. Vol. 2, No. 7, (October 2018): 26.
http://aaresearchindex.com/ojs/index.php/AAJMRA.
Whitaker, Anne. Academic Writing Guide: A Step-by-Step Guide to Writing
Academic Papers. Slovakia: City University of Seattle, 2010.
34
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