ATFF Student Handout PDF

ADVANCED TRAINING IN FIRE
FIGHTING
COMPASS Training Center Inc.

Luna Orosa Bldg
1913 Taft Ave cor Remedios Street,
Malate, Manila, 1004
www.compass.ph
Advanced Taining In Fire Fighting
INTRODUCTION, SAFETY & PRINCIPLES

PRINCIPLES OF SURVIVAL IN RELATION TO FIRE
THEORY OF FIRE
TRAINING & DRILLS
CONTINGENCY FOR FIRE EMERGENCY
3 Simple Questions (key questions):

What is going to happen?
What are we going to do about it?
What can we do ahead of time to get prepared?
EMERGENCY ESCAPE ROUTES
Awareness
Crew can proceed safely along a recognizable escape route
DANGER OF SMOKE
Smoke composition
- Carbon monoxide
- Hydrogen cyanide
DANGER OF TOXIC FUMES

Toxic properties
Routes of exposure
Effects of toxicity
Length of exposure
REGULAR MAINTENANCE
Fire detection equipment
Portable and mobile fire extinguisher
Fixed fire fighting equipment
Fire fighter’s outfit
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AREAS OF FIRE HAZARD

MACHINERY SPACE
Causes
Combustible liquid leaking through faulty connection
Oil soaked insulation – steam pipe insulation
Hot surface (e.g boiler, purifier)
Oil soaked insulation – steam pipe insulation
Method of containment
Watertight doors
Fire doors
Water spray & screen
Dampers
Method of detection
Smoke detector
High temperature probe
Patrols
Rate of rise of temperature probe
Fire appliances
Fixed system (e.g. water, foam, carbon dioxide and powder)
Portable (e.g. water, foam, carbon dioxide and powder)
ACCOMMODATION
Causes of accommodation includes:

- Combustible materials
- Matches and cigarette smoking
- Textile adjacent to hot objects
- Defective and overloaded electrical system
- Laundry, incorrect installation of tumble dry
Fire doors and dampers
Sprinkler system
Fire retardant material in construction
Fire retardant deck coverings
Fire retardant furnishing
Method of detections
Smoke detectors
Temperature probe / heat detector
Sprinkler system / patrols
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Fire appliance
Fixed system (e.g. water hydrant and hoses and nozzles)
Portable (e.g. water, ABC powder, CO2)
GALLEY
Causes
Overheating of combustible liquids and fats
Overheating of deep-fat fryers
Hot surfaces
Defective electrical connection
Greasy fuse
Fire doors, ventilation and fire dampers
Fire blanket
Fire appliances
Fixed system
Portable
Method of detection
Patrols
RADIO ROOM or BATTERY ROOM
Causes
Overloading & short circuit
Defect insulation
Fractured & loose connection
Build up of hydrogen (battery room)
Fire door
Method of detection
Observation
Fire appliance
Portable extinguisher
IN HOLD & IN CONTAINER
Causes
Cargo liable to self-heating and spontaneous combustion
Loss of integrity of packages containing explosive flammable or reactive substances
Oily materials
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Hatch covers
Uses of dampers
Remote control of extinguishing media
Method of detection
Smoke detectors
Temperature probes / heat detectors
Fixed system
Mobile
POTENTIALLY HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
Potentially hazardous materials:

Paints and varnishes approved by an administration (flammable)
Lubricating oil-combustible liquids
Cleaning fluids, paint thinner, paraffin-solvent
Fuel for motor lifeboats and emergency engines-combustible liquids
STORAGE & HANDLING
Approved storage
Paint store
Deck lockers (provisional lockers)
Prohibited storage
Accommodation (living quarters)
Machinery spaces (due to mechanical heat)
FIRE PRECAUTIONS
STRUCTURAL FIRE PROTECTION PROVISIONS
MAIN VERTICAL ZONES
“A” class division

Constructed of steel or equivalent material.
Insulated with approved material
Temperature of unexposed side will not rise more than 139°C nor any joint rise more than
180°C
• Class “A-60” 60 minutes
“B” class division

Approved non-combustible material
Average temperature of unexposed side will not rise more than 139°C above the original
temperature, nor will the temperature at any other point, including any joint, rise more than
225°C above the original temperature
5
• Class “B-15” 15 minutes

• Class “B-0” 0 minutes
“C” class division

Approved non-combustible material
No requirements relative to passage of smoke and flame nor temperature rise
INERT GAS SYSTEM
INERT GAS
Protection on tankers
Gas which contains insufficient oxygen to supress combustion of flammable hydrocarbon
gases
Less than 8%
OTHER STRUCTURAL FIRE PROTECTION

Locker for combustible materials
Use of flame-retardant materials
Flame screens & similar devices
Use of steel
GENERAL FIRE PRECAUTIONS

Maintain cleanliness onboard
Ensuring observance of smoking only in approved spaces
Keeping doors closed
Maintenance of fire appliances, including fire dampers
Observance of approved fire-fighting method
Observance of regular fire drills and instructions
FIRE FIGHTING EQUIPMENT
DIAMETER OF FIRE MAIN
Cargo ship
sufficient for the discharge of 140m3/hr
Other vessel
sufficient for the effective distribution for the maximum required discharge from 2 fire pump
operating simultaneously
FIRE MAIN PRESSURE
Cargo ship :
6,000 GT and upwards 0.27N/mm2
less than 6,000 GT 0.25N/mm2
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Passenger ships:
4,000 GT and upwards 0.40N/mm2
less than 4,000 GT 0.30N/mm2
NUMBER OF FIRE PUMPS
Cargo ships
1,000 gross tonnage & upwards - at least 2
less than 1,000 gross tonnage - at least 2 power driven pumps, one of which shall be
independently driven
Passenger ships
4,000 gross tonnage & upwards - at least 3
less than 4,000 gross tonnage - at least 2
TOTAL FIRE PUMPS CAPACITY
Passenger ships
Quantity of water is not less than 2/3 of the quantity required to be dealt with by the bilge pump
Cargo ships
Quantity of water is not less than 4/3 of the quantity required under SOLAS regulation II-1/35-1
(bilge pumping arrangement)
CAPACITY OF EACH FIRE PUMP
EMERGENCY FIRE PUMP

Capacity not less than 40 % of total required capacity of the fire pumps but in any case not less
than 25 m3/hr
Capable of delivering 2 jets of water with minimum pressure not less than 2.1 bar
Tank to have sufficient fuel for at least 3 hours and reserve fuel outside main machinery space
to allow the pump to run for additional 15 hours
HYDRANTS
Number & position - at least two jets of water not from the same hydrant can reach any part of
the ship
One shall be from a single length of a hose
Positioned near the entrance (space)
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FIRE HOSES
Fire hoses shall be at least 10 m but not more than
• 15 m in machinery spaces;
• 20 m in other spaces and open decks
• 25 m for open decks on ships with a maximum breadth in excess of 30 m
Passenger ships carrying more than 36 passengers, fire hoses shall be connected to the
hydrants at all times (in interior locations)
Passenger ships
one fire hose for each hydrant
Cargo ships
1,000 gross tonnage and upwards – one for each 30 m length of the ship and one spare but in
no case less than 5 in all
• Additional 3 hoses – ship’s carrying dangerous goods
less than 1,000 gross tonnage – no less than 3
NOZZLES
Approved dual-purpose type (i.e., spray/jet type) incorporating shutoff
Standard nozzle sizes - 12 mm, 16 mm & 19 mm
For accommodation & service spaces - no nozzle size greater than 12 mm
For machinery spaces – no nozzle greater than 19 mm
SPRINKLERS
Carrying more than 36 passengers
• Automatic sprinkler
• Fire detection
• Fire alarm system
Carrying less than 36 passengers
• Fixed smoke detection
• Fire alarm system
FIRE FIGHTER’S OUTFIT
All Ships
2 fireman’s outfit
Tanker
additional 2 fireman’s outfit
Passenger
additional 2 fireman’s outfit
Dry Distillation
Combustion process
Flammable material burns with insufficient oxygen
Achieves complete combustion of the material
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Danger Of Dry Distillation

Fire is in a closed space
Heats builds up but there is incomplete burning
The opening of an access introduces fresh air
The result is a flash towards the access opening
Persons in the process of entering will be injured or burned unless they are protected.
May Be Mitigated
Cooling the compartment externally by hoisting it with water
Entering the access in a crouch position behind a water screen (spray nozzle)
Directing water towards the ceiling of the space on fire
CHEMICAL REACTION
ADDING SUBSTANCE TO CHEMICAL
Defines chemical reaction as the effects of the addition of one or more following substances to a
chemical:
Water Foam
Heat Carbon dioxide
Steam Sand
EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL REACTION

Explosion from development of flammable gas
Spontaneous combustion
Development of toxic fumes
Generation of smoke
DURING FIRE FIGHTING

Chemical reactions during fire fighting –
likely to occur with fire in cargoes
and in accommodation areas
CAUSING OR EXACERBATING FIRE
Production of acetylene
• calcium carbide + water
Decomposition of steam
• when applied to coal fire
Production of hydrogen
• Direct Reduce Iron (DRI) + water
Oxidizing cargoes (some fertilizers)
• sustains a fire even if blanketed
Cargoes spontaneously igniting in air
• phosphorous, when its packaging gets damaged
Self-heating of cargoes
• such as grains when wet
Production of methane
• coal cargoes when ventilation is restricted
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CORRECT RESPONSE
Fire in dangerous goods

• given in the Emergency Procedure for Ships Carrying Dangerous Goods
Fire in bulk material possessing chemical hazard
• given in the Emergency Schedules of the Code of Safe Practice for Solid bulk Cargoes
BOILER UPTAKE EXHAUST FIRE
Occurring in
uptakes, economizers & air heaters for steamships
exhaust pipes, economizers & waste-heat boilers of ships propelled by internal-combustion
engines
HAZARDS & DIFFICULTIES

Inaccessibility of all sections
Possibility of explosion
Possibility of the economizer tubes reaching 700°C
Black oxide of iron & free hydrogen (products of combustion)
Burning of iron in steam
Hydrogen produced will burn if air is introduced
EXTINGUISHING THE FIRE

shut down the boiler and/or main engine
spray the external surfaces in the way of the fire with water to keep the temperature down
close necessary dampers and boiler change valve to exclude air from fire
protect essential electrical and other equipment below the fire zone against water damage
continue cooling until it is considered safe to open the economizer for examination and
thorough cleaning on the fire side
FIRES IN WATER-TUBE BOILERS
Causes
Shortage of water in the boiler & delay in shut down
Uncontrollable soot fire in the furnace & shortage of water
METHOD OF FIREFIGHTING
If fire is discovered before the temperature reaches 700°C

to direct through burner aperture (maximum amount of water available as solid jets)
keep air casings & uptakes cool by hosing them with water
avoid using fire spray nozzles, foam appliances or carbon dioxide directly to the fire
TACTICS & PROCEDURE OF FIRE CONTROL while ship is at sea
When Fire Alarm Is Given

Fire procedure & emergency stations procedure are put into effect
Master controls the fire-fighting operations
Fire watch is kept after extinguishing
Investigation
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TACTICS & PROCEDURE OF FIRE CONTROL while ship is in port
When Fire Alarm Is Given

Fire procedure & the emergency procedure are put into effect
Coordinate with shore-based fire fighters
• Call the port fire brigade
• Inform the authority
• Master of the ship will remain in overall charge
• Fire brigade will take charge, assisted by the crew
• Keep the master informed
• Check who is on board
• Prepare to depart the port
• Evacuate non-essential personnel
TACTICS & PROCEDURE OF FIRE CONTROL while ship is carrying dangerous goods
Dangerous Cargo On Board

Investigation
While carrying dangerous goods

Stowage plan - available
A fire-fighting plan should be prepared
Know the nature of cargo
Assess the risk to the crew
TACTICS & PROCEDURE OF FIRE CONTROL for oil, chemical and gas tankers
Oil, Chemical & Gas Tankers

Investigation
Additional requirements
Fixed extinguishing system in pumproom
IG for cargo tanks
Isolation valves fitted for poop & main deck for water supply
Division into gas-dangerous & gas-free spaces
Segregation between cargo & machinery spaces
USE OF WATER FOR FIRE EXTINGUISHING
USE OF WATER
Addition of water in large amounts

in cargo hold
causes stability problem
free surface effect of water maybe encountered
reducing the GM of the ship
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Drain particular cargo hold which is flooded (to extinguish fire) to avoid the free surface effect of
water
WATER IN CARGO HOLDS
Ex. Grain
Results in cargo swell
Could cause rupture of shell & bulkhead plates
COMMUNICATION & COORDINATION during fire-fighting operations

Internal communication & coordination
External
• management representatives of owner, classification society & coastal state for
external assistance
Master - in charge of the entire operation
Internal communication with control station & site of fire
Walkie-talkie & ship's internal telephone systems - very vital
External communication links should be documented in contingency plan
VENTILATION CONTROL including smoke extractor
VENTILATION
Ventilation - weakest spot in zonal
system
Must be controlled
Ventilator flaps must be closed
A/C blower to close during
accommodation fire
Cargo hold ventilation flaps must be
closed (affected by fire)
Engine room ventilation flaps must be
closed
SMOKE EXTRACTOR
Smoke extractor & smoke sampling devices - for ro-ro & passenger ships (>36 passengers)
• used only at the discretion of the master to evacuate passengers & facilitate fire
fighting thereafter
CONTROL OF FUEL & ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
MAJOR ENGINE ROOM FIRES

Close off fuel to main engine & auxiliary engines is required from outside engine room
Fuel transfer pumps & separators need to be shut off
ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
Electrical systems should be shut off
• in accommodation, engine room, pumproom and cargo spaces as applicable in case of
fire
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FIRE PRECAUTIONS & HAZARDS associated with the storage & handling of materials
Paint Locker
Requires a fixed fire extinguishing system
Must be tried out during drills
Oil Drums
Lubricating oil drums – stored on main deck to facilitate jettison in case of emergency
Engine room should be kept clean and oil drums should not be stored in engine room
DANGEROUS CARGO STOWAGE

Additional precautionary measures - for dangerous cargo stowage as per dangerous cargo
code and its E.M.S.
MANAGEMENT & CONTROL OF INJURED PERSONS
HAZARDS ARISING FROM FIRES
Asphyxiation
• Fires cause oxygen shortage
• An extinguishing gas replaces air
Poisoning
• Carbon monoxide - produced in most fires
• Toxic combustion products of fire
Damaged tissues
• Loss of function of parts of the body
• Infection
• Mutilation / scarring / disfigurement
Burnt skin
• Burnt skin may interfere with its breathing function, which may cause death
Pain
Secondary shock
• Serious condition
• Caused by the collection of body fluids in blisters
• Must always be suspected except with minor burns
FIRST AID MEASURES
UNCONSCIOUS NO PULSE
•Removal of •Artificial
victim from •Recovery respiration •Cardio-
danger area position pulmonary
resuscitation
ASPHYXIATION NO
& POISONING BREATHING
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Putting A Person In The Correct Recovery Position
Artificial respiration
Put the victim on their back
Kneel down , press the nose together & place your mouth over the
mouth of the victim
Take a deep breath and blow hard enough to make the chest rise.
Remove your mouth and listen for the air to come out
Repeat the procedure
Early chest compression can

immediately circulate oxygen that is
still in the bloodstream. By changing
the sequence, chest compression are
initiated sooner and the delay in
ventilation should be minimal.
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FIRST AID FOR BURNS

Extended flushing with water or submerging the affected parts in water
Injection of morphine (if the victim is in great pain)
PROCEDURES FOR COORDINATION with shore based fire fighters
SHORE FIRE FIGHTERS

In port, shore fire fighters must be informed
Master & ship staff must take immediate action to control fire as per contingency plan till the
shore fire fighters arrive
Get expert advice from

management representatives
owners
classification society
neighboring countries (fire at sea)
RESPONSE SERVICE
Stability information & flooding/pumping sequence - can be obtained from classification
societies through their computer software
Example: Emergency Response Service (ERS)
PREPARATION OF CONTINGENCY PLAN
CONTROL
Bridge – central control station
Master – in charge
Fire officer/officers – report to the bridge & receive instructions
AVAILABLE ON THE BRIDGE
Information which should be available on the bridge, including:

- arrangement drawings, in a convenient size, of ship, engine room and accommodation
- details of accesses and escapes from the different zones of the ship
- details of fire-extinguishing equipment, both fixed and portable, for the entire ship, including
storage position of refills
- stability information
- details of survival equipment and where it is stored
- stowage plans
- information on dangerous goods
MEANS OF COMMUNICATION
Telephones
Loud hailers
Direct speech, e.g. bridge to machinery control room
Radio telephones, hand-held radios
Messengers
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METHODS OF DAMAGE CONTROL

Activate fire doors (automatic / manual)
Stop of ventilation fans & close of funnel dampers
Closing of all windows and portholes
Turning ship to give best position relative to wind
Boundary cooling
Use fire blankets as necessary
Fire watch after fire is extinguished
COMPOSITION & ALLOCATION OF PERSONNEL to fire parties
ORGANIZATION & TASK OF FIRE PARTIES
PERSONNEL
Making best use of available personnel

Need to be flexible in choice
Personnel are to be trained to use different equipment
How to establish who is onboard & available
Training in agreed method for establishing which members of parties are in fire zone
ASSEMBLY POINTS
Choosing of assembly points for fire parties

Difference between assembly points and site of fire
How an assembly point is indicated
Consideration in choosing suitable assembly points
Communication between assembly points & bridge
ON HEARING ALARMS
Initial & subsequent actions on hearing alarm

Dangers of entering a space which is on fire
Observes restriction on the use of certain fire-fighting media
Resolve conflict between the need for prompt action and prevention of wrong action
Full knowledge of the muster list
WHEN IN DRY DOCK
Procedures which must be observed when a ship is in dry dock for repair
Safety procedure for dry dock personnel
Responsibility for fire fighting
Control of testing
EMERGENCY ORGANIZATION
Basic Structure
Command Center
• Emergency Team
• Back-up Team
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• Technical Team
COMMAND CENTER
Command center will be located on the bridge
Master is in charge
All communications will be performed to the different teams as well as to shore
Log must be maintained of all events
• Master
• 3rd Officer
• Able Seaman
EMERGENCY TEAM
Emergency team - have the front line job of tackling the emergency
Chief officer - leads the team for the emergency on deck (2nd engineer - takes charge for
engine room emergencies
• Ch Officer
• 2nd Engr
• Bosun
• A.B.
• Fitter
BACK UP TEAM
Back up team - to provide first aid & prepare the lifeboats for lowering
Shutting of manual vents and provide additional firefighting equipment
• 2nd Off
• 3rd Engr
• O.S.
• Oiler
• Chief Cook
• Stewards
TECHNICAL TEAM
Technical team - maintains the propulsion & maneuvering capability of the ship & auxiliary
services as far as is possible in the circumstances
• Chief Engineer
• 4th Engr
• Electrician
• Wiper
EMERGENCY ORGANIZATION
All personnel on board should know their place in the emergency organization & their duties
Effectiveness of the emergency organization depends on realistic and periodic training & drills
TRAINING OF SEAFARERS IN FIRE FIGHTING
FAMILIARIZATION
After joining a ship, each crew should receive

instructions on emergency procedures
training in the use of fire appliances & its equipment
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Location & use of mobile fire extinguishers containing

• water, foam, powder, carbon dioxide
Location & use of fixed fire extinguishing appliances
• fire hydrants, hoses & nozzles, water sprinklers, water sprays, foam system, carbon
dioxide system
Location & use of fireman's outfit and in particular
• learning how to don the protective clothing quickly
• knowing where the personal equipment is stowed
• checking and using the approved breathing apparatus
• checking and using the fireproof lifeline and being familiar with the signalling codes
DRILLS COVERAGE strategies and tactics for control of fire
GENERAL FUNCTIONS
Starting the emergency generator
Starting the emergency fire and bilge pump
Selecting the appropriate valves for providing water for fire fighting, flooding holds or pumping
out bilge
Identifying the emergency controls and their function
PERSONAL SAFETY
Improving personal safety by

practice moving & finding the way in spaces with restricted visibility
moving through small apertures finding & removing casualties
using compressed-air breathing apparatus & the fireproof lifeline
ACCOMMODATION & GALLEY
Accommodation spaces, assuming mock fires, e.g.

fire in a cabin due to bedclothes catching fire from a fallen cigarette
fire in crew lounge due to defective electrical connection
Fire in galley, including:

fire on top of stove due to spilled cooking fan
fire In deep-fat fryer
DECK CONTAINER
Fire in deck container

fire due to defect in integral refrigeration unit
fire in cargo spaces
in holds, 'tween' deck or containers
involving dangerous goods
VENTS & ELECTRICAL

ventilation control and smoke extractor
control of fuel and electrical systems
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FIRE PARTIES’ TRAINING

Instruction in the duties of each fire party
Instruction in the duties of each member of a fire party
Exercises to make each fire party proficient, including first aid
LOCATION FAMILIARIZATION
Fixed fire-detection & alarm systems
Manually operated call points
Telephone
Portable fire extinguishers
Hydrants, hoses and nozzles
TRAINING IN MAINTENANCE
Recharge, repair & maintain portable fire extinguishers
TRAINING OF SEAFARERS IN FIRE FIGHTING
FIRE CONTROL PLANS
FIRE PLAN
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FIRE CONTROL PLANS

Must be checked periodically to ensure they are legible & up-to-date
Duplicate set of fire control plan
For the shore side fire fighting personnel
Check to confirm that they are in good condition
ORGANIZATION OF FIRE & ABANDON SHIP DRILLS
ACTUAL EMERGENCY
Drills shall be conducted as if there were an actual emergency
ABANDON SHIP & FIRE DRILL

Crew member shall participate at least one abandon ship drill & one fire drill every month
FIRE DRILLS
Information which central control station requires, including

the time at which the fire alarm was given
the position and nature of the fire
confirmation that fire parties are at their assembly points and that the firefighter's outfits are
available
confirmation that the fire main is pressurized
report on initial attempts to extinguish fire using portable extinguishers
report on effect of fire on services, e.g. lighting
report on persons
Fire drill
should be planned
regular practice in the various emergencies
depends on the type of ship and the cargo
DRILL PROCEDURE
Report to stations
Prepare for the duties described in muster list
Start fire pump, use at least the two required jets of water
Operate & use of fire-extinguishing appliances
Check & use fireman's outfit and other personal rescue equipment
Test relevant communication equipment
Operate of watertight doors, fire doors, fire dampers & ventilations
Check arrangements for abandoning the ship
DRILL FINDINGS
Equipment used during drills – bring back to its fully operational condition
Faults & defects discovered - shall be remedied as soon as possible
ABANDONSHIP DRILLS
List of information which central control station requires, including

the time at which the fire alarm was given
the position and nature of the fire
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confirmation that fire parties are at their assembly points and that the firefighter's outfits are
available
confirmation that the fire main is pressurized
report on initial attempts to extinguish fire using portable extinguishers
report on effect of fire on services, e.g. lighting
report on persons present or trapped in compartments or unaccounted for
CONDUCTING ABANDON SHIP DRILLS

Raise alarm & announce on PA system
Report to muster stations
Passengers & crew are suitably dressed
Lifejackets - correctly donned
Prepare and lower at least one lifeboat
Start and operate the lifeboat engine
ABANDON SHIP DRILLS

Explain liferaft launching procedure
Carry out mock search & rescue of a crew
Demonstrate the use of radio life-saving appliances
Different lifeboats shall be lowered at successive drills
RESCUE BOAT
Rescue boat (other than lifeboats) - shall be launched each month with their assigned crew
aboard
EMERGENCY LIGHTING
Emergency lighting (mustering/abandonship) - tested at each abandon ship drill
STRATEGIES & TACTICS FOR CONTROL OF FIRES
TACTICS & STRATEGIES
CONTINGENCY PLANNING
integrated approach for shipboard emergencies
explains how tactics & strategies for control of fires in various spaces differ
Engine room fires

Tactics and strategies involve management & firefighting techniques of hot oil & exhaust gases
Accommodation fires
May be achieved by confining the fire within the zones bounded by bulkheads & cutting off
ventilation
Cargo space fires (bulk oil, chemical, gas cargoes & dangerous cargoes)
fire fighting is complex
involves special training
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EFFECTIVENESS
Well-developed contingency plan
Composition & organization of fire control parties
Prompt & effective implementation of emergency plans & procedures
FIRE ALARMS & ACTUATING SWITCHES
Fire alarms & actuating switches plan

Available which shows their positions
Have schedule that shows dates of surveys, inspections, maintenance and testing
Record of defects found & repairs
Manufacturer's instruction manuals should be consulted

Cleaning of electrical contacts & switches
Testing of the system and proving that all equipment operates correctly
FIRE DETECTION EQUIPMENT
Fire detection equipment plan

FIRE DETECTOR TESTING
Regular testing
Smoke detectors (ion)
Flame detectors (infrared or ultraviolet rays from the flames)
Heat detectors (thermal contact)
Rate of change of temperature detector
Bursting temperature of sprinkler bulb in a sprinkler system
MAINTENANCE
Clean & check contacts & other components in the control box
Ensure that connection to the fire alarm system operates correctly
FIXED FIRE EXTINGUISHING EQUIPMENT
Fixed fire fighting equipment plan

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SPRINKLER SYSTEM MAINTENANCE

Water level & air pressure are correct
Sprinkler pump starts if pressure is reduced to the correct level
All zone & stop valves are workable & in the correct position for service
All sprinkler bulbs are unobstructed
CO2 LIQUID LEVEL TESTING
CO2 SYSTEM MAINTENANCE

Siren operates correctly (Warning: Opening the ‘control box’ may trip ventilation system & main
engine)
Gas outlets in the spaces protected are unobstructed
WATER SPRAY SYSTEM MAINTENANCE

Nozzles are unobstructed
Valves operate correctly
FOAM SYSTEM MAINTENANCE

Deck monitors operate correctly (on tankers)
Foam outlets & spreaders are clear; the pipes are free of corrosion products (for engine-room
applications)
FIRE MAIN, HYDRANTS, HOSES, NOZZLES & PUMPS
FIRE MAIN & ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT
MAINTENANCE PLAN FOR FIRE MAIN, HYDRANTS, HOSES, NOZZLES & PUMPS
FIRE MAIN SYSTEM MAINTENANCE

Testing the system for leaks
Inspecting the pipes for corrosion
Keeping hydrants & coupling lugs movable
Attending to leaks
Alternative in place when shutting down
Inspecting relief valves
Adequate spares of hand wheels, spindles
Gaskets, coupling lugs, washers & valves
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FIRE HOSES / NOZZLES MAINTENANCE

Hoses pressure-testing
Moving spray nozzles through their operating range
Keeping coupling lugs movable
Checking on washers
Keeping adequate spares for hoses, coupling lugs, washers & nozzles
MEASURES IN ICY CONDITION

Drain all water from pipes
Shut down the pump & close valves as required
Keep checking that the system remains empty of water
Put up warning notices on the bridge that the fire main has been drained of water
PORTABLE & MOBILE FIRE EXTINGUISHING EQUIPMENT
PORTABLE & MOBILE EQUIPMENT
MAINTENANCE PLAN FOR PORTABLE & MOBILE EXTINGUISHER

SERVICING A FIRE EXTINGUISHER
Depress the handle Reassemble

Put the cap & fit
•(ensure no •(use the correct the safety pin
pressure) media & cartridge)
Remove the top Check the

Update records/
cap including operation of the
inspection tag
cartridge trigger valve
Check cylinder Check discharge

internals pipe & nozzle
USED EXTINGUISHER
Partially discharged extinguisher or an empty one should not be placed in its previous position
unless refilled
FIREMAN’S OUTFIT and other personal protective equipment
Maintenance plan for fireman’s outfit

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INSPECTION & MAINTENANCE

All outfits are in their correct stowage positions
Personal equipment is not damaged & complete
Battery of the electric safety lamp (hand lantern) is fully charged
Breathing apparatus is ready for use
Compressed air bottles including spares are kept fully charged
Fireproof lifeline is not damaged
RESCUE & LIFE SUPPORT EQUIPMENT
ADDITIONAL RESCUE EQUIPMENT

During search & rescue of injured persons - carry additional SCBA & resuscitator
‘Guide’ line may be rigged as rescue aid
Thermal protective aid, life jacket & life buoys - can be used as rescue equipment during
abandonship
SALVAGE EQUIPMENT
FIRE & SALVAGE TUGS

Specialized type of tugboat
Used for fire fighting and for salvage (if required)
HELICOPTERS
Used for rescue of persons
Transportation for medical evacuation
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PYROTECHNICS / SART / EPIRB

Sending distress signals
SART detected by 3cm radar
EPIRB - sends ship’s position in distress
OXY-ACETYLENE TORCHES
Emergency repairs
Cutting through steel partitions or obstruction
COLLISION MAT
Canvass treated with sealing agent
Lines attached to each corner
Hauled over a damaged part of the hull to limit the inflow of water
SIGNALING FLAGS
System of flag signals with each flag representing specific
& standard meaning
Signals to or from ships
ROPE LADDER
Assists in disembarkation of personnel to any survival craft or salvage tugs
RESCUE BOAT
Attend a vessel in distress, or its survivors to rescue
crew & passengers
May be rigid, inflatable or combination
SALVAGE PUMPS & EJECTOR PUMPS

Used by salvage tugs in pumping water from flooded vessels
OXYGEN & TOXIC GAS ANALYZERS

Equipment for analyzing oxygen and toxic gases during fire
fighting or salvage operation
26
HIGH-EXPANSION FOAM SYSTEM

Have an expansion ratio over 200–1000
Suitable for enclosed spaces where quick filling is needed
TOWING GEAR
Used for towing disabled ships
Emergency towing procedures for ships – refer to SOLAS
Regulation II-1/3-4
COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT
COMMUNICATION FOR FIREFIGHTING
Internal communications
Communication by voice, messenger & loud hailer
Two-way communications with radio hand sets
Portable radios including rescue boats and lifeboat radio equipment
Public address systems
Intercoms and fixed telephone systems
External communications
DSC on VHF, MF & HF
Inmarsat-A / Inmarsat-C
All other terrestrial & GMDSS systems
Requirements for STATUTORY & CLASSIFICATION SURVEYS
CHAPTER II/2 SOLAS 74

Chapter II/2 SOLAS 74
Statutory requirements for fire prevention, protection, detection & extinction
IMDG CODE
IMDG Code (Emergency Procedures)
Specialized fire-fighting systems, equipment & procedures while carrying dangerous
goods
27
BC CODE
BC Code
Specialized fire-fighting systems, equipment & procedure for the carriage of fire-prone
cargoes in bulk
IBC/BCH CODES
IBC/BCH Codes
Specialized fire-fighting systems, equipment & procedures for the carriage of liquid
chemicals in bulk
IGC/GC CODE
IGC/GC Code
Specialized fire-fighting systems, equipment & procedures for the carriage of liquefied
gases in bulk
FIRE TEST PROCEDURE CODE

Tested as per fire test procedure code
fire protection bulkheads (A-60, B-30 & C/F class materials)
fire proof materials
low flame spread materials
REQUIREMENTS
Administration
Required to follow the minimum IMO requirements & shall also make national rules
Classification societies' rules

Based on IMO requirements & their own particular requirements
SOLAS 74 REQUIREMENTS
Smoke detection and extraction system for passenger space
Helicopter deck
Fixed installation for paint lockers
Fire-fighting arrangement for ro-ro spaces
Jacketing of fuel injection pipe for main and auxiliary engine
Definition of control station
Inerting ventilation and gas measurement for double hull space of oil tankers
Special requirements for ships carrying dangerous goods, location and separation of spaces
FIRE INVESTIGATION & REPORTING
GETTING ALL THE FACTS
INFORMATION REQUIRED
- How the fire was discovered
- Time at which the fire alarm was given
- Time at which the master or other officer was informed
- Position and nature of the fire
- Who was first on the scene
- What actions were taken for the initialattempt to extinguish the fire
- How many firefighter's outfits with compressed air operated breathing apparatus (CABA) were used
- What appliances were used, both portable and fixed
28
- What manpower was used

- What time the fire was extinguished
- Number of casualties, with details of those injured & the nature of injuries
- What damage was caused, including any to the structure and fittings of the ship
- Estimate of what proportion of the damage was caused by the fire extinguishing media
- How long after the fire was extinguished
- Was a fire watch maintained
- To what extent the ship or any part of it
- was immobilized because of the fire
- Analysis of the fire, the materials which were burning, the known or probable source of ignition & the
cause
- Conclusions on the cause of the fire & recommendations for avoiding a recurrence
REPORT ON THE INVESTIGATION details of the fire fighting procedures
DETAILS OF FIRE FIGHTING

Occurrence & timetable of the fire
Fire-extinguishing appliances required & the numbers of each type used
Number of crew & shore firemen (if appropriate) engaged in fighting the fire
Number of firefighter's outfits & CABA used - the damage caused by the fire
Damage caused by the fire-extinguishing media
Extent to which the ship or its services were immobilized by the fire
CONCLUSION FROM THE FACTS ESTABLISHED
THE REPORT
Analysis & discussion of the facts
Conclusions
Recommendations to avoid a recurrence
Recommendations to improve fire fighting procedures
REPORTS OF FIRES ON SHIPS and lessons learned
CONTENT OF THE REPORT

Particulars of a ship and its cargo and how a fire was discovered, the initial action which has to be taken
Results of that action, what further measures, if any, are required
Particulars of the whole incident, how his actions compared with those actually taken on board the ship
concerned
Pride of Canterbury
Fire on ro-ro passenger ferry ‘Pride of Canterbury’ while
berthing in the Port of Calais on 29 September 2014
29
POST INCIDENT PHOTOS
30
Reference:
R1 The International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watch keeping

for Seafarers, 1995 (STCW 1995), 1998 edition (IMO Sales No. 938E)
R2 International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 197 4, as amended (SOLAS
1974) (IMO Sales No. 110E)
R3 IMO/ILO Document for Guidance, 1985 (IMO Sales No. 935E)
R4 Assembly resolution A.602(15) Revised Guidelines for Marine Portable Fire Extinguishers, Adopted 19
November 1987
R5 Emergency Procedures for Ships Carrying Dangerous Goods (Supplement to IMDG Code; IMO Sales
No. 210E)
R6 Code of Safe Practice for Solid Bulk Cargoes (IMO Sales No. 260E)
R7 Assembly resolution A.415(XI) Improved Fire Safety Standards for Ships
R8 Assembly resolution A.437(XI) Training of Crews in Fire-fighting
R9 Assembly resolution A.519(13) Standards for devices to prevent the passage of flame
into cargo tanks
R10 Assembly resolution A.654(16) Graphic symbols for fire control plans
R11 Assembly resolution A.655(16) Use of halons as fire-fighting media on board ships
R12 Assembly resolution A.686(17) Code on alarms and indicators
R13 Assembly resolution A.690(17) Periodical inspections of abandon ship and fire drills on
passenger ships
R14 Assembly resolution A.852(20) Guidelines for a structure of an integrated system of
contingency planning for shipboard emergencies
Textbooks :
T1 Olav BC?J, Basic Safety Course: Fire Safety. (Oslo, Norwegian University Press, 1987)(1SBN 92
8011359 3)
31
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ADVANCED TRAINING IN FIRE

COMPASS Training Center Inc.

INTRODUCTION, SAFETY & PRINCIPLES

TRAINING & DRILLS

CONTINGENCY FOR FIRE EMERGENCY

3 Simple Questions (key questions):

EMERGENCY ESCAPE ROUTES

DANGER OF TOXIC FUMES

AREAS OF FIRE HAZARD

Causes of accommodation includes:

RADIO ROOM or BATTERY ROOM

IN HOLD & IN CONTAINER

POTENTIALLY HAZARDOUS MATERIALS

Potentially hazardous materials:

STORAGE & HANDLING

STRUCTURAL FIRE PROTECTION PROVISIONS

MAIN VERTICAL ZONES

“A” class division

“B” class division

• Class “B-15” 15 minutes

“C” class division

INERT GAS SYSTEM

OTHER STRUCTURAL FIRE PROTECTION

GENERAL FIRE PRECAUTIONS

FIRE FIGHTING EQUIPMENT

DIAMETER OF FIRE MAIN

FIRE MAIN PRESSURE

NUMBER OF FIRE PUMPS

TOTAL FIRE PUMPS CAPACITY

CAPACITY OF EACH FIRE PUMP

EMERGENCY FIRE PUMP

FIRE FIGHTER’S OUTFIT

Danger Of Dry Distillation

ADDING SUBSTANCE TO CHEMICAL

EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL REACTION

DURING FIRE FIGHTING

CAUSING OR EXACERBATING FIRE

Fire in dangerous goods

BOILER UPTAKE EXHAUST FIRE

HAZARDS & DIFFICULTIES

EXTINGUISHING THE FIRE

FIRES IN WATER-TUBE BOILERS

If fire is discovered before the temperature reaches 700°C

TACTICS & PROCEDURE OF FIRE CONTROL while ship is at sea

When Fire Alarm Is Given

TACTICS & PROCEDURE OF FIRE CONTROL while ship is in port

When Fire Alarm Is Given

Dangerous Cargo On Board

While carrying dangerous goods

Oil, Chemical & Gas Tankers

USE OF WATER FOR FIRE EXTINGUISHING

Addition of water in large amounts

WATER IN CARGO HOLDS

COMMUNICATION & COORDINATION during fire-fighting operations

VENTILATION CONTROL including smoke extractor

CONTROL OF FUEL & ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

MAJOR ENGINE ROOM FIRES

DANGEROUS CARGO STOWAGE

MANAGEMENT & CONTROL OF INJURED PERSONS

HAZARDS ARISING FROM FIRES

FIRST AID MEASURES

Putting A Person In The Correct Recovery Position