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Stresses On Inclined Sections: P4 Stress and Strain Dr. A.B. Zavatsky
Stresses On Inclined Sections: P4 Stress and Strain Dr. A.B. Zavatsky
Zavatsky
MT07
Lecture 4
Stresses on Inclined Sections
1
Shear stress
Shear stress acts tangential to the surface of a material.
Top view
Side view
d
t
d
P t
3
P Forces applied to the bolt by the plates
P
These forces must be balanced by a shear force in the bolt.
4
Bolts in “Double shear”
P
P/2 P/2
V (P / 2)
τ= =
A (π d 2 / 4 )
P P/2 P/2
5
Example of bearing stress and shear stress
(based on Example 1-5, page 36, Gere, 6th ed. 2004)
(Gere 2004)
(a) bearing stress between strut and pin
P
σ= = 125 MPa
2(t d pin )
P/2 S P/2
(b) shear stress in pin
(Gere 2004)
pin
P/2 G G P/2
( P / 2)
τ= = 79.6 MPa
(π d pin / 4)
2
7
(c) bearing stress between pin and gussets
P
σ= = 83.3 MPa
2 (tG d pin )
(Gere 2004)
(d) bearing stress between anchor bolts
and base plate
P cos θ
σ= = 79.8 MPa
4 (t B d bolt )
( P cos θ / 4)
τ= = 84.7 MPa
(π d bolt / 4)
2
8
These are examples of “direct shear” -- the shear stresses
are a result of the direct action of a shear force trying to cut
through the material.
X-section τ
M
V
τmax = 3V / 2A
Shear force diagram
b τ1
τ3
a
c
τ4
Forces Vertical direction: τ1 (bc) = τ3 (bc)
Horizontal direction: τ2 (ac) = τ4 (ac)
So τ1 = τ3 and τ2 = τ4
10
τ2 (ac)
τ3 (bc) b
τ1 (bc)
τ4 (ac)
Moments about [ τ1 (bc) ] (a) = [ τ2 (ac) ] (b)
about [ τ3 (bc) ] (a) = [ τ4 (ac) ] (b)
So τ1 = τ2 and τ3 = τ4
11
Shear strain
Shear stresses have no tendency to elongate or shorten;
instead they produce a change in shape.
τ
γ/2
γ γ
γ/2
12
Hooke’s Law in shear
τ=Gγ
G is the shear modulus of elasticity (or “modulus of rigidity”).
Units are N / m2 = Pa.
It can be shown that the elastic constants E and G are related by:
E
G=
2 (1+ ν )
13
Normal and shear stresses on inclined sections
P P
Because the stresses are the same throughout the entire bar, the
stresses on the sections are uniformly distributed.
Inclined Normal
P section
P section
14
2D view of the normal section
(but don’t forget the thickness perpendicular to the page)
P x σx = P / A
Area A
P P
15
Specify the orientation of the inclined section pq by the angle θ
between the x axis and the normal to the plane.
p n
y
θ
P x m P
q
“Normal section” θ = 0° Left face θ = 180°
Top face θ = 90° Bottom face θ = 270° or -90°
y N θ
P x P
V
Force N P cos θ P
σθ = = = = cos 2θ
Area Area A / cos θ A
σx
σ θ = σ x cos 2θ = (1+ cos 2θ )
2
Force −V − P sin θ P
τθ = = = = − sin θ cos θ
Area Area A / cos θ A
σx
τ θ = −σ x sin θ cos θ = − (sin 2θ )
2
17
Sign convention
Normal stresses σθ positive for tension.
y σθ
τθ
θ Shear stresses τθ positive when they
x tend to produce counterclockwise
rotation of the material.
18
Plot σθ and τθ versus θ.
σθ = σx at θ = 0° This is σmax.
σθ = σx/2 at θ = ± 45°
σθ = 0 at θ = ± 90° No normal stresses on sections cut
parallel to the longitudinal axis.
τθ = 0 at θ = 0°, 90°
τθ = τmax = ± σx/2 at θ = -/+ 45° |τmax| = |σx/2|
19
Example of stresses on inclined sections
(based on Example 2-11, page 114, Gere, 6th ed. 2004)
(Gere 2004)
21
Values of σx based on allowable stresses in the glued joint:
y p σθ
τθ
θ (P/A)
x
θ = -50º
q α = 40º
σx
σθ =
σx
(1 + cos 2θ ) τθ = − (sin 2θ )
2 2
2σ θ 2τ θ
σx = σx = −
1 + cos 2θ sin 2θ
2(−5.2) 2(−3.4)
σx = σx = −
1 + cos 2(−50) sin 2(−50)
σ x = −12.6 MPa σ x = −6.9 MPa
22
Smallest σx = -6.9 MPa (shearing of glue joint)
b = P /σ x
(−36 × 103 )
b=
(−6.9 × 106 )
b = 0.0722 m
b = 72.2 mm
(Gere 2004)
23
Introduction to stress elements
Stress elements are a useful way to represent stresses acting at some
point on a body. Isolate a small element and show stresses acting on all
faces. Dimensions are “infinitesimal”, but are drawn to a large scale.
y
P x σx = P / A
Area A
y y
σx σx = P/A σx σx = P/A
x x
24
Maximum stresses on a bar in tension
P P
a b
σx σx = σmax = P / A
a
No shear stresses
25
P P
a b
σx/2
Angle σθ τθ
θ = 45°
θ = 45° σx/2 -σx/2
θ = 135° σx/2 σx/2
τmax = σx/2 θ = -45° σx/2 σx/2
θ = 225° σx/2 -σx/2
σx/2
b
In case b (θ = 45°), the normal stresses on all four faces are the
same, and all four shear stresses have equal and maximum
magnitude.
26
If the bar is loaded in compression, σx will have a negative value
and stresses will be in the opposite directions.
−σx/2
−σx −σx = -P / A
|τmax| = |σx/2|
a −σx/2
b
27
Examples
Mild steel loaded in tension. Visible “slip bands” (Lüders bands) appear
on the sides of the bar at approximately 45° to the axis of loading when
the yield stress is reached. These indicate that the material is failing in
shear along planes of maximum shear stress (cup-and-cone failure).