Basic Structural Analysis

M.
Vable Intermediate Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 3
Basic Structural Analysis

The learning objectives in this chapter are:
• Understand the limitations of basic theory and how complexities may be added to the basic
theories of axial members, torsion of circular shafts, and symmetric bending of beams.
• Understand the concept and use of discontinuity functions in analysis of structural members
subjected to discontinuous loads.
Logic in structural analysis
Displacements
Ki 1
ne
m a ti
cs
External Forces Strains
and
Moments
el s
E qu
M od
4
ilib r
2
e r ia l
iu m
Mat
Static Equivalency
Printed from: http://www.me.mtu.edu/~mavable/MEEM4150/Slidinter_mom_slides.html
Internal Forces Stresses

and
Moments 3
3-1
M. Vable Intermediate Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 3
Preliminaries
Limitations
• The length of the member is significantly greater (approximately 10 times) then the greatest
dimension in the cross-section. Approximation across the cross-section are now possible as
the region of approximation is small.
• We are away from regions of stress concentration, where displacements and stresses can be
three-dimensional.
• The variation of external loads or changes in the cross-sectional area is gradual except in
regions of stress concentration.
• The external loads are such that the axial, torsion and bending problems can be studied indi-
vidually.
Convention
y (v)
ρ θ (φ)
z (w) x (u)
• The displacements u, v, and w will be considered positive in the positive x, y, and z -direction,
respectively.
• The rotation φ of the cross-section will be considered positive counter-clockwise with respect
to the x-axis.
• The external distributed torque per unit length t(x) is positive counter-clockwise with respect
to the x-axis.
• The external distributed force per unit length px(x) and py(x) are considered positive in the
positive x and y direction, respectively.
3-2
Deformations
(a) Axial (b) Bending
Original Grid
Original Grid
Original
y Grid
x
z
Deformed Grid
Deformed Grid
(c) Torsion
Original Grid
Deformed Grid
Axial Bending Torsion

Assumption 1 Deformations are not function of time.
2-A: Plane sections remain 2a-B: Squashing deformation 2a-T: Plane sections perpen-
plane and parallel. is significantly smaller dicular to the axis
than deformation due to remain plane during
bending. deformation.
2b-B: Plane sections before 2b-T: All radials lines rotate
Assumptions deformation remain by equal angle during
plane after deformation. deformation on a cross-
section.
2c-B: Plane perpendicular to
2c-T: Radials lines remain
the beam axis remain
straight during deforma-
nearly perpendicular
tion.
after deformation
u = uo ( x ) (3.1-A) v = v( x) (3.1a-B) φ = φ(x ) (3.1-T)
dv
u = –y (3.1b-B)
dx
3-3
Strains
Assumption 3 The strains are small.
2
du o dv dφ
ε xx = (x) (3.2-A) ε xx = – y (x) (3.2-B) γ xθ = ρ (x) (3.2-T)
dx 2 dx
dx
Stresses
Assumption 4 Material is isotropic.
Assumption 5 There are no inelastic strains.
Assumption 6 Material is elastic.
Assumption 7 Stress and strains are linearly related.
2
Using Hooke’s du o dv dφ
σ xx = E (x) (3.3-A) σ xx = – Ey (x) (3.3-B) τ xθ = Gρ (x) (3.3-T)
law dx 2 dx
dx
Internal Forces and Moments

N = ∫ σxx dA (3.4a-A) N = ∫ σxx dA = 0 (3.4a-B) T = ∫ ρτxθ dA (3.4-T)

A A
A
Static M z = – ∫ yσ xx dA = 0 (3.4b-A) M z = – ∫ yσ xx dA (3.4b-B)
equivalency A
A
M y = – ∫ zσ xx dA = 0 (3.4c-A) Vy = ∫ τxy dA (3.4c-B)
A
A
+σxx +τxy
+τxθ
+Vy
Sign σxx
+N
convention Distribution
Compressive +T
positive y face
Outward normal
+Mz
3-4
Formulas
2
du o d v dφ
Substituting stresses into equations of internal forces and moments and Noting ,
d x d x2
, and dx
are functions of x only while the integration is with respect to y and z.
Origin Location ∫ yE dA = 0 (3.5-A)

∫ yE dA = 0 (3.5-B)
A A
2
du o dφ 2
dx ∫
dv T = Gρ dA (3.6-T)
dx ∫
2
N = E dA (3.6-A) Mz =
dx
2 ∫ Ey dA (3.6-B)
A
A A
Assumption 8 Material is homogenous across the cross-section.
Origin is at the cen-
troid of the cross- ∫ y dA = 0 (3.7-A)
∫ y dA = 0 (3.7-B)
A
section A
2
du o N dv Mz dφ T
= ------- (3.8-A) = ---------- (3.8-B) = ------- (3.8-T)
dx EA 2 EI zz dx GJ
dx
A = Area of cross-section Izz = Second area moment of J= Polar moment of the area.
EA = Axial Rigidity inertia GJ = Torsional rigidity
EIzz = Bending rigidity
Stress formulas
Substituting Equations (3.8-A), (3.8-B), and (3.8-T) into Equations (3.3-A), (3.3-B), and (3.3-T)
N Mz y Tρ
σ xx = ----
A
(3.9-A) σ xx = – ⎛ ----------⎞ (3.9-B) τ xθ = ------ (3.9-T)
⎝ I zz ⎠ J
See section... for shear
stresses in bending.
Deformation formulas
Assumption 9 Material is homogenous between x1 and x2.
Assumption 10 The structural member is not tapered between x1 and x2.
Assumption 11 The external loads do not change with x between x1 and x2.
Integrating Equations (3.8-A) and (3.8-T)
N ( x2 – x1 ) See Section 3.2.4 for beam T ( x2 – x1 )
u 2 – u 1 = -------------------------- (3.10-A) deflection. φ 2 – φ 1 = ------------------------- (3.10-T)
EA GJ
3-5
Equilibrium Equations
N px(x) dx N+dN py(x)dx t(x) dx
T
Mz Mz + dMz
dx
Vy dx Vy +dVy dx
dN dV y dT
= –px ( x ) (3.11-A) = –py ( x ) (3.11a-B) = –t ( x ) (3.11-T)
dx dx dx
dM z
= –Vy (3.11b-B)
dx
Differential Equations
Substituting Equations (3.8-A), (3.8-B), and (3.8-T) into Equations (3.11-A), (3.11a-B), (3.11b-
B), and (3.11-T)
.
d ⎛ du o⎞ 2
d ⎛
2
d v⎞
d ⎛ dφ⎞
GJ = – t ( x ) (3.12-T)
EA = – p x ( x ) (3.12-A) ⎜ EI zz 2 ⎟ = p y ( x )(3.12-B) d x ⎝ d x⎠
dx⎝ d x ⎠ 2
dx ⎝ dx ⎠
3-6
C3.1 Draw the shear stress due to torsion on the stress cubes at points A and B
shown . Is the shear stress positive or negative τxy?
y B
x
T
A B
x
x
3-7
C3.2 Determine the contraction of a column shown in Figure C3.2 due to its
3
own weight. The specific weight is γ = 0.28 lb ⁄ in, the modulus of elasticity is
E = 3, 600 ksi , the length is L = 120 in , and the radius varies as R = 240 – x , where,
R and x are in inches.
L
x R(x)
Figure C3.2
3-8
C3.3 A through crack of 0.07 inch was observed on a plane 22o to the axis of a
bent pipe at point A as shown. The pipe has an outside diameter of 2-in., a wall
thickness of --14- in. and the critical stress intensity factor for the material of 22 ksi in
If a = 16 in., b = 16 in.,and c = 10 in., determine the factor of safety.
Py = 200 lb
Px = 1000 lb
y Pz= 800 lb
c
22o
x A
z a b
3-9
Shear Stress in Thin Symmetric Beams

Separate Beams Glued Beams
No Relative
Relative Sliding Sliding
• Assumption of plane section perpendicular to the axis remain perpendicular during bending
requires the following limitation.
Maximum bending shear stress must be an order of magnitude
less than maximum bending normal stress.
Shear stress direction
3
2
y 1
D 4
C B H3
A 2
1G
4 I
x 5
E 5
F
z
P Normal stress distribution
(a) (b)
␴xx ␴xx d␴xx ␴xx ␶yx ␴xx d␴xx
3 5
␶zx
(c) (d)
x V5 ␶yx(tz ) x
ty
N3 3 N3 dN3 N5 5 N5 dN5
tz
V3 ␶zx(ty) x x
(e) (f)
3-10
Free surface
Free surface y
x Free surface
z 9 1
8 P 2
7 3 s x
1
6 5 4 N dN
2
3
N
t V ␶xs(t) x
(a) (b)
Shear Flow: q = τ xs t
• The units of shear flow ‘q’ are force per unit length.
The shear flow along the center-line of the cross-section is drawn in such a direction as to satisfy
the following rules:
• the resultant force in the y-direction is in the same direction as Vy.

• the resultant force in the z-direction is zero.
• it is symmetric about the y-axis. This requires shear flow will change direction as one crosses
the y-axis on the center-line.
3-11
C3.4 Assuming a positive shear force Vy, (a) sketch the direction of the shear
flow along the center-line on the thin cross-sections shown. (b) At points A, B, C,
and D, determine if the stress component is τxy or τxz and if it is positive or nega-
tive.
y
B D
z
C
A
3-12
Bending Shear Stress Formula

Free surface
Free surface y
x
s*
9 z 1
8 2
s
7 3
6 5 4
As* dx As
(a)
Free surface
Free surface
dx 9
Ns* dNs* dx
8 s* s 1
Ns dNs
7
6 5 4 2
Ns* ␴xx dA 3
As*
Ns ␴xx dA t
As
V* ␶s*x t dx
(b) V ␶sx t dx
(c)
dN s
( N s + dN s ) – N s + τ sx t dx = 0 τ sx t = –
dx
d d ⎛ M z y⎞ d Mz
d x ∫ xx d x ∫ ⎝ I zz ⎠
τ sx t = – σ d A = – ⎜ – ----------⎟ dA = ------- ∫ y dA
dx I zz
As As As
• As is the area between the free surface and the point where shear stress is being evaluated.
d Mz Qz
Define: Q =
z ∫ y dA τ sx t =
---------------
d x I zz
As
Assumption 1 The beam is not tapered.
⎛ Q ⎞ dM ⎛Q V ⎞ ⎛V Q ⎞
⎜ z⎟ z z y y z
q = tτ s x = ⎜ --------⎟ = – ⎜ ---------------⎟ τ sx = τ xs = – ⎜ ---------------⎟
I dx ⎜ I ⎟ ⎜ I t ⎟
⎝ zz⎠ ⎝ zz ⎠ ⎝ zz ⎠
3-13
Calculation of Q z = ∫ y dA
As
• As is the area between the free surface and the point where shear stress is being evaluated.
• Qz is zero at the top surface as the enclosed area As is zero.
• Qz is zero at the bottom surface (As=A) by definition of centroid.
y Centroid of As
As
Qz = As ys
Line along which
Shear stress is ys
being found.
Neutral Axis
z y2
Centroid of A2 Qz = A2 y2
A2
• Qz is maximum at the neutral axis.
Bending shear stress at a section is maximum at the neutral axis.
.
Table 3.2. Stresses and Strains

Symmetric Bending
Axial Torsion
About z-axis About y-axis
Strains
Stresses Strains Stresses Stresses Stresses Strains
N σ xx Mz y My z σ xx
σ xx = ----
A ε xx = -------- σ xx = – ⎛⎝ ----------⎞⎠ σ xx = – ⎛⎝ ----------⎞⎠ ε xx = -------- σ xx = 0 ε xx = 0
E I zz I yy E
νσ xx νσ xx
σ yy = 0 ε yy = – ⎛ -----------⎞ σ yy = 0 σ yy = 0 ε yy = – ⎛ -----------⎞ σ yy = 0 ε yy = 0
⎝ E ⎠ ⎝ E ⎠
σ zz = 0 νσ xx νσ xx
ε zz = – ⎛ -----------⎞ σ zz = 0 σ zz = 0 ε zz = – ⎛ -----------⎞ σ zz = 0 ε zz =
⎝ E ⎠ ⎝ E ⎠
τ xy = 0 γ xy = 0 Vy Qz Vz Qy τ xs Tρ τ xθ
τ xs = – ⎛ -------------⎞ τ xs = – ⎛ -------------⎞ γ xs = ------- τ xθ = ------- γ xθ = -------
τ xz = 0 γ xz = 0 ⎝ I zz t ⎠ ⎝ I yy t ⎠ G J G
γ yz = 0 τ yz = 0 γ yz = 0
τ yz = 0 γ yz = 0 τ yz = 0 τ yz = 0
3-14
C3.5 A positive shear force Vy= 10 kN acts on the thin cross-section shown in
Figure C3.5 (not drawn to scale). The cross-section has a uniform thickness of
10 mm. Determine the equation of shear flow along the center lines and sketch it.
25 mm 25 mm
y
z 100 mm
100 mm
Figure C3.5
3-15
C3.6 A bending moment of Mz = 30 kN-m and a shear force of Vy= 10 kN

acts on a thin cross-section shown in Figure C3.6 (not drawn to scale).The cross-
section has a uniform thickness of 10 mm and the material has a modilus of elastic-
ity of 200 MPa and a Poisson’s ratio of 0.25. Determine the principal strains at
point A which is just below the flange.
25 mm 25 mm
y
A
z 100 mm
100 mm
Figure C3.6
3-16
C3.7 In Timoshenko beams the assumption of planes remaining perpendicular

to the axis of the beam is dropped to account for shear by permiting the cross sec-
tion to rotate by an angle ψ from the vertical. Obtain the differential equations for
vibration of Timoshenko beam by starting with the following displacement field
u = – y ψ ( x, t ) v = v ( x, t )
3-17
Discontinuity Functions
∞
–1
ε ε 〈 x – a〉
--- ---
2 2
x
a
p
a
a x
P=pε ε ε
--- ---
2 2
(a + ε)
x≠a ⎫
= ⎧⎨
–1 0 –1
or 〈 x – a〉
P = lim
p→∞ ε→0
lim ( pε )
⎩∞
⎬
x→a ⎭ ∫ 〈 x – a〉 dx = 1
(a – ε)
–1
Delta Function: 〈 x – a〉
x (a – ε) (a + ε) x
–1 –1 –1 –1
∫ 〈 x – a〉 dx = ∫ 〈 x – a〉 dx + ∫ 〈 x – a〉 dx + ∫ 〈 x – a〉 dx = 1
–∞ –∞ (a – ε) (a + ε)
x
0 –1 ⎧0 x<a ⎫
〈 x – a〉 = ∫ 〈 x – a〉 dx = ⎨
⎩1
⎬
x>a ⎭
–∞
0 1 2
〈 x – a〉 〈 x – a〉 〈 x – a〉
x x x
a a a
n ⎧0 x≤a ⎫
〈 x – a〉 = ⎨ n ⎬
⎩(x – a) x>a ⎭
x
n+1
n 〈 x – a〉
∫ 〈 x – a〉 dx = --------------------------
(n + 1)
n≥0
–∞
3-18
x
x≠a ⎫
= ⎧⎨
Doublet Function: 〈 x – a〉
–2 0 –2 –1
⎩∞
⎬
x→a ⎭ ∫ 〈 x – a〉 dx = 〈 x – a〉
–∞
–1 0
d 〈 x – a〉 –2 d 〈 x – a〉 –1
= 〈 x – a〉 = 〈 x – a〉
dx dx
n
d 〈 x – a〉 n–1
= n 〈 x – a〉 n≥1
dx
–1 –2
• The function delta function 〈 x – a〉 and the doublet function 〈 x – a〉 become infinite at
x = a. Alternatively stated these functions are singular at x = a. and are referred to as singular-
ity functions.
n
• The entire class of functions 〈 x – a〉 for positive and negative ‘n’ are called the discontinuity
functions.
3-19
Axial Displacement
du N dN
= ------- = –px ( x )
dx EA dx
d ⎛ du⎞
Differential Equation: EA
d x ⎝ d x⎠
= –px ( x )
Boundary Conditions u or N
N Template equations
F
0
N = – F 〈 x – a〉
a
–1
x p x = F 〈 x – a〉
Example 3.7
A
2 kips 2 kips
25 in x
60 in 4 kips
4 kips
C
20 in
–1 –1
p x = ( 10 + 4000 〈 x – 25〉 + 8000 〈 x – 85〉 ) lb ⁄ in (E1)
• Differential equation
d ⎛ du⎞ –1 –1
EA = – [ 10 + 4000 〈 x – 25〉 + 8000 〈 x – 85〉 ] (E2)
d x ⎝ d x⎠
• Boundary Conditions
u( 0) = 0 (E3)
u ( 105 ) = 0 (E4)
3-20
Torsional Rotation
dφ T dT
= ------- = –t ( x )
dx GJ dx
d ⎛ dφ⎞
Differential Equation: GJ
d x ⎝ d x⎠
= –t ( x )
Boundary Conditions φ or T
T T Template equations
0
T = – T 〈 x – a〉
a –1
x t = T 〈 x – a〉
3-21
C3.8 The external torque on a drill bit varies as a quadratic function to a maxi-
mum intensity of q in-lb/in as shown Figure C3.8. If the drill bit diameter is d,
its length L, and modulus of rigidity G, determine (a) the maximum shear stress on
the drill bit. (b) the relative rotation of the end of the drill bit with respect to the
chuck. L
x
⎛ x2 ⎞
q ⎜ ------⎟ in – lb ⁄ in
⎝ L 2⎠
Figure C3.8
3-22
C3.9 An aluminum alloy (G = 28 GPa) hollow shaft has a critical stress inten-
sity factor of 22 ksi in . The shaft has a thickness of 1/4 in and an outer diameter of
2 in and is loaded as shown in Figure C3.9. What is the critical crack length at
which the shaft be taken out of service?
T = 60 in-kips
Figure C3.9
A B C
2 ft. 3.5 ft.
3-23
Beam Deflection
2
dv Mz
2nd order differential equation: = ----------
dx
2 EI zz
dV y
= –py ( x )
dx
dM z
= –Vy
dx
2 2
d ⎛ d v⎞
4th order differential Equation: 2
⎜ EI zz 2
⎟ = py ( x )
dx ⎝ dx ⎠
Boundary Conditions
• Group 1 v or Vy
and
dv
• Group 2
dx
or Mz
y Mz y P Mz y w
M Mz
x x x
a Vy a Vy a Vy
x x x
⎧0 ⎫
⎧0 x<a ⎫ ⎧0 x<a ⎫ ⎪ x<a ⎪
Mz = ⎨ ⎬ Mz = ⎨ ⎬ Mz = ⎨ w ( x – a )2 ⎬
⎩ –M x>a ⎭ ⎩ –P ( x – a ) x>a ⎭ ⎪ – ----------------------- x>a ⎪
⎩ 2 ⎭
Template equations Template equations Template equations
2
M z = – M 〈 x – a〉
0
M z = – P 〈 x – a〉
1 〈 x – a〉
M z = – w -------------------
2
–2
p y = – M 〈 x – a〉 p y = – P 〈 x – a〉
–1
p y = – w 〈 x – a〉
0
3-24
C3.10 The displacement of the beam in the y-direction, in section AB of the

beam shown in Figure C3.10 is given by v 1 = 5 ( x 3 – 20x 2 ) ( 10 –6 ) in and in section
BC is given v 2 = 5 ( x 3 – 800x + 8000 ) ( 10 –6 ) in . If the bending rigidity (EI) is
135 (106) lbs-in2, determine the moment MB and the reaction force at B.
y Some complex Loading

MB
A x B C D
Figure C3.10
20 in 20 in 40in
3-25
C3.11 In terms of w, L, E, and I, determine the deflection and slope at x = L of

the beam shown in Figure C3.11.
⎛ x2 ⎞
w ⎜ ------⎟
y ⎝ 2⎠
L
wL2
x B
A
Figure C3.11
L wL
3-26
C3.12 Determine the maximum bending moment and shear force in terms of w
and L for the beam shown in Figure C3.12.
wL kN
x wL2 kN-m D
A B C
w kN/m
Lm Lm Lm
Figure C3.12
3-27
C3.13 Determine the deflection of the beam at point C in terms of E, I, w, and L

for the beam shown in Figure C3.13.
wL kN
x wL2 kN-m D
A B C
w kN/m
Lm Lm Lm
Figure C3.13
3-28

Basic Structural Analysis

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M.

Vable Intermediate Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 3

Basic Structural Analysis

Logic in structural analysis

Internal Forces Stresses

Axial Bending Torsion

Internal Forces and Moments

N = ∫ σxx dA (3.4a-A) N = ∫ σxx dA = 0 (3.4a-B) T = ∫ ρτxθ dA (3.4-T)

Axial Bending Torsion

Origin Location ∫ yE dA = 0 (3.5-A)

Shear Stress in Thin Symmetric Beams

Shear stress direction

␴xx ␴xx d␴xx ␴xx ␶yx ␴xx d␴xx

• the resultant force in the y-direction is in the same direction as Vy.

Bending Shear Stress Formula

Table 3.2. Stresses and Strains

C3.6 A bending moment of Mz = 30 kN-m and a shear force of Vy= 10 kN

C3.7 In Timoshenko beams the assumption of planes remaining perpendicular

C3.10 The displacement of the beam in the y-direction, in section AB of the

y Some complex Loading

C3.11 In terms of w, L, E, and I, determine the deflection and slope at x = L of

C3.13 Determine the deflection of the beam at point C in terms of E, I, w, and L

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