LINEAR FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS

SOURAV DASH
Roll No.-11818V154047

P.G. Department of Mathematics

Utkal University, Vani Vihar
Bhubaneswar

7th APRIL

SOURAV DASHRoll No.-11818V154047 (P.G. Department

LINEAR FUNCTIONAL
of MathematicsANALYSIS
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 Outline

1 Introduction

2 Metric Space

3 Linear Functionals

4 Continuous Linear Transformation

5 Properties

6 Application

7 References

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 Introduction

To a certain extent, functional analysis can be described as

infinite-dimensional linear algebra combined with analysis, in order to make
sense of ideas such as convergence and continuity. It follows that we will
make extensive use of these topics, so in this chapter we briefly recall and
summarize the various ideas and results which are fundamental to the
study of linear functional analysis. We must stress, however, that this
chapter only attempts to review the material and establish the notation
that we will use.

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 Metric Space

Definition
A metric space (M,d) is complete if every Cauchy sequence in (M,d) is
convergent. Furthermore, a set A ⊂ M is complete in (M,d) if every
Cauchy sequence in A converges to an element of A.

Definition
Let (M,d) be a metric space. A set A ⊂ M is compact if every sequence in
A contains a subsequence converging to an element of A. A set A ⊂ M is
relatively compact if A is compact.

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 Linear Functional
In linear algebra, a linear functional or linear form (also called a one-form
or covector) is a linear map from a vector space to its field of scalars. In
Rn , if vectors are represented as column vectors, then linear functionals are
represented as row vectors, and their action on vectors is given by the dot
product, or the matrix product with the row vector on the left and the
column vector on the right. In general, if V is a vector space over a field k,
then a linear functional f is a function from V to k that is linear:

~ ) = f (~v ) + f (~
f (~v + w ~ ∈V
w ) for all ~v , w

f (a~v ) = af (~v ) for all ~v ∈ V , a ∈ k.

The set of all linear functionals forms a vector space over k with the
addition of the operations of addition and scalar multiplication (defined
pointwise). This space is called the dual space of V, or sometimes the
algebraic dual space, to distinguish it from the continuous dual space. It is
often written V ∗ or V 0 when the field k is understood.
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 Visualisation Of Linear Functional
In finite dimensions, a linear functional can be visualized in terms of its
level sets. In three dimensions, the level sets of a linear functional are a
family of mutually parallel planes; in higher dimensions, they are parallel
hyperplanes. This method of visualizing linear functionals is sometimes
introduced in general relativity texts, such as gravitation.

Geometric interpretation of a 1-form α as a stack of hyperplanes of

constant value, each corresponding to those vectors that α maps to a
given scalar value shown next to it along with the sense of increase. The
zero plane is through the origin.
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7th APRIL
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 Continuous Linear Transformation

Definition
Let X and Y be normed linear spaces. Then the set of all continuous linear
transformations from X to Y is denoted B(X,Y). Elements of this set are
called bounded linear operators (or sometimes just operators).

Theorem
Let X and Y be normed linear spaces and T : X → Y be a linear
transformation. Then the following are equivalent:
(i) T is uniformly continuous;
(ii) T is continuous;
(iii) T is continuous at 0;
(iv) there exists a real number k > 0 such that kT (x)k ≤ k whenever x ∈
X and kxk ≤ 1;
(v) there exists a real number k > 0 such that kT (x)k ≤ kxk for all x ∈ X.

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7th APRIL
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 Properties

• Any linear functional L is either trivial (equal to 0 everywhere) or

surjective onto the scalar field. Indeed, this follows since just as the image
of a vector subspace under a linear transformation is a subspace, so is the
image of V under L. however, the only subspaces (i.e., k-subspaces) of k
are {0} and k itself.
• A linear functional is continuous if and only if its kernel is closed.
• Linear functionals with the same kernel are proportional.
• The absolute value of any linear functional is a seminorm on its vector
space.

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 Application
• Application to Quadrature:
The integration functional I defined above defines a linear functional on
the subspace Pn of polynomials of degree ≤ n. If x0 , ....., xn are n+1
distinct points in [a,b], then there are coefficients a0 , ....., an for which
I (f ) = a0 f (x0 ) + a1 f (x1 ) + · · · + an f (xn )
for all f ∈ Pn . This forms the foundation of the theory of numerical
quadrature.
• Linear functionals in quantum mechanics:
Linear functionals are particularly important in quantum mechanics.
Quantum mechanical systems are represented by Hilbert spaces, which are
anti–isomorphic to their own dual spaces. A state of a quantum
mechanical system can be identified with a linear functional.
• Distributions:
In the theory of generalized functions, certain kinds of generalized
functions called distributions can be realized as linear functionals on spaces
of test functions.
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 References

C. W. Curtis, Linear Algebra, an Introductory Approach, Springer, New York,

1984.
J. D. Pryce, Basic Methods of Linear Functional Analysis, Hutchinson, London,
1973.
R. Kress, Linear Integral Equations, Springer, New York, 1989.

V. Hutson and J. S. Pym, Applications of Functional Analysis and Operator

Theory, Academic Press, New York, 1980.

W. Rudin, Functional Analysis, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1973.

SOURAV DASHRoll No.-11818V154047 (P.G. Department

LINEAR FUNCTIONAL
of MathematicsANALYSIS
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SOURAV DASHRoll No.-11818V154047 (P.G. Department
LINEAR FUNCTIONAL
of MathematicsANALYSIS
Utkal University, Vani Vihar Bhubaneswar
7th APRIL
) 11 / 11