International Seminar on Mathematics in Industry 2021

New Class of Lebesgue Quadratic

Stochastic Operator Generated by
2-Measurable Partition

Presented by: Siti Nurlaili Karim

 CO-AUTHORS
Nur Zatul Akmar Hamzah Nasir Ganikhodjaev
Department of Computational & Institute of Mathematics,
Theoretical Sciences, Kulliyyah of Uzbekistan Academy of Science
Science, International Islamic
University Malaysia.

Muhammad Azrin Ahmad Nurarida Abd Rani

Centre for Mathematical Sciences, Department of Mathematics,
College of Computing & Applied Faculty of Computational &
Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Mathematical Sciences, Universiti
Pahang Teknologi MARA
01 Introduction
• Research Background

• Literature Review

02 Methodology
• Lebesgue Quadratic Stochastic Operator

• Construction of New Class of Lebesgue Quadratic

Stochastic Operator Generated by 2-Partition

03 Result
• Regularity of New Class of Lebesgue Quadratic
Stochastic Operator Generated by 2-Partition

04 Conclusion
 RESEARCH BACKGROUND
Quadratic stochastic operator (QSO) Central problem of QSO
is a mapping of the simplex The asymptotic behavior of their
trajectories
 m

S m −1
= x = ( x1 ,..., xm )  m
: xi  0,  xi = 1
 i =1 

into itself of the form

Research objectives
m
V : xk =  Pij ,k xi x j , ( k = 1,..., m ) (1) • To construct a new class of Lebesgue
i , j =1 QSO generated by 2-partition defined
m Coefficients of heredity on the continual state space
Pij ,k  0,  ij ,k ( i, j, k = 1,..., m )
P = 1, • To study their trajectory behavior by
k =1
reducing its variables into a one-
dimensional setting
Quadratic stochastic operator (QSO)
as an evolutionary operator
is frequently arises in many models of
mathematical genetics
 LITERATURE REVIEW
Citation Title Conclusions
Mukhamedov, Qaralleh, On ξa -Quadratic stochastic operators on A new class of QSO namely, ξa-QSO defined on 2D-
and Wan Rozali (2014) 2-D simplex simplex is constructed and classed into two conjugate
classes. The dynamics of these classes of such
operators is investigated in which one can find the fixed
point for each operator.
Ganikhodjaev and On Poisson Nonlinear Transformations A family of Poisson QSO defined on a sample space of
Hamzah (2014) nonnegative integers with less than or equal to three
parameters is proven to be regular.
Ganikhodjaev and On Gaussian Nonlinear Transformations A Gaussian QSO with three different pairs of parameters
Hamzah (2015) is a regular with respect to strong convergences for
some values of parameters or nonregular for some
values of parameters.
Quadratic Stochastic Operators on A limit behavior of quadratic stochastic operator V
Segment [0,1] and Their Limit Behavior defined on continual state space [0,1] generated by
arbitrary 2-partition ξ is the regular transformation.
Geometric quadratic stochastic operator A family of Geometric QSO defined on a sample space of
on countable infinite set nonnegative integers with less than or equal to three
parameters is proven to be regular.
On Volterra quadratic stochastic A family of quadratic stochastic operator on continual
operators with continual state space state space is defined and it is proven that such
operator is regular where the limit measure is a Dirac
measure.
Hamzah and Nonhomogeneous Poisson Nonlinear A family of nonhomogeneous Poisson QSO is
Ganikhodjaev (2016) Transformations on Countable Infinite Set constructed and it is shown that such operator is a
regular transformation.
 LITERATURE REVIEW
Citation Title Conclusions
Ganikhodjaev, On Lebesgue nonlinear transformations The dynamics of Lebesgue QSO on the set of all
Muhitdinov and Saburov probability measures of a measurable space is studied
(2017) and it is proven that such operator is regular.

Ganikhodjaev and On (3,3)-Gaussian Quadratic Stochastic A (n, k)-Gaussian quadratic stochastic operators is
Hamzah (2017) Operators defined and the trajectory behaviour of (3,3)-Gaussian
quadratic stochastic operators is investigated. The
necessary and sufficient conditions for regularity of these
operators is established.
Hamzah and On non-ergodic Gaussian quadratic The authors consider a Gaussian QSO with six different
Ganikhodjaev (2018) stochastic operators pairs of parameters and show that there exist
parameters such that the corresponding QSO is non-
ergodic.
Hardin and A Quasi-strictly Non-Volterra Quadratic A four-parameter family of non-Volterra operators
Rozikov (2019) Stochastic Operator defined on the two-dimensional simplex has a unique
fixed point except for a case. Depending on the
parameters, the type of this fixed point is established. The
set of limit points for each trajectory can be a single point
or can contain a 2-periodic trajectory.
Karim, Hamzah and A Class of Geometric Quadratic A family of Geometric QSO generated by 2-partition of
Ganikhodjaev (2019) Stochastic Operator on Countable State singleton with two different parameters is a regular
Space and Its Regularity transformation.
Karim, Hamzah and Regularity of Geometric quadratic A family of Geometric QSO generated by 2-partition of
Ganikhodjaev (2020) stochastic operator generated by 2- infinite points with two different parameters is a regular
partition of infinite points transformation.
 LEBESGUE QUADRATIC STOCHASTIC OPERATOR
Nonlinear transformation Let  =  A1 , A2 ,..., Am  be a measurable 𝑚-
partition of the set 𝑋 and  = Bij : i, j = 1, 2,..., m
V :S(X,F) → S(X,F) set of all be a corresponding partition of the
probability Cartesian square of 𝑋 × 𝑋 , where
state space 𝜎-algebra of 𝑋 measures on Bii = Ai  Ai for i = 1, 2,..., m and
measurable Bij = ( Ai  Aj )  ( Aj  Ai ) if i  j
defined as follows: space 𝑋, 𝐹
Define the probability measure 𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝐴
(V  )( A) =   P ( x, y, A ) d  ( x ) d  ( y ) (2)
X X
as follows:
 S (X,F) A F P ( x, y, A) = ij ( A) if ( x, y )  Bij
A family of
 ij : i, j = 1,..., m

(V  )( A) =   P ( x, y, A ) d  ( x ) d  ( y ) By mathematical
(V  ) ( A ) =   P ( x, y, A ) dV n  ( x ) dV n  ( y )
n +1

X X X X
m induction m
=     ( A)  d  ( x ) d  ( y )
ij
=     ( A)  dV  ( x ) dV  ( y )
i , j =1 Ai A j
ij
n n

i , j =1 Ai A j

  ( A) (V  ) ( A ) (V  ) ( A )
m

 ij ( A)  ( Ai )  ( Aj )
m
= = ij
n
i
n
j
i , j =1
i , j =1 with

(V n+1 ) ( Ak ) =   ( A ) (V  ) ( A ) (V  ) ( A )
m
n n
ij k i j (3)
i , j =1
For a measurable space 𝑋, 𝐹 a
sequence 𝜇𝑛 is said to converge strongly lim n ( A) =  ( A)
n →
to a limit 𝜇 if

Definition 1 A QSO 𝑉 is called a regular (weak regular), for any initial measure
𝜆 ∈ 𝑆 𝑋, 𝐹 , where the strong limit (respectively weak limit) lim 𝑉 𝑛 𝜆 = 𝜇 exists
𝑛→∞

𝑛
Assume 𝑥𝑘 = 𝑉 𝑛 𝜆 𝐴𝑘 and 𝑃𝑖𝑗,𝑘 = 𝜇𝑖𝑗 𝐴𝑘 . m
Then, the system of equations in (2) can be (Wx )k =  Pij ,k xi x j (4)
rewritten as follows: i , j =1

One can approximate a QSO 𝑉 by a finite-dimensional QSO 𝑊 in (4)

Definition 2 A transformation 𝑉 given by (2) is called a Lebesgue QSO, if 𝑋 = 0,1

and 𝐹 is a Borel 𝜎-algebra on 0,1 .
 CONSTRUCTION OF NEW CLASS OF LEBESGUE QUADRATIC
STOCHASTIC OPERATOR GENERATED BY 2-PARTITION
b

Consider a new measure 𝜇𝑠 on 𝑋: s ( ( a, b ) ) = ( s + 1)  x s dm ( x ) (5)

a

s 0  +
usual Lebesgue measure

Let 𝜉 be a measurable 2-partition on 𝑋.  sij : i, j = 1, 2, and sij  0  +


Then, we select a family of probability
measure of the new measure (5) with and
s11 = s1 , s22 = s2 , s12 = s3 as follows:
P ( x, y, A ) =  sij ( A ) if ( x, y )  Bij , i, j = 1, 2
A =  a, b   F

Let any continuous initial measure 𝜆 ∈ 𝑆 𝑋, 𝐹 be a continuous probability measure,

A =  a, b  F , A  0,1 , A1 = 0,  ) , A2 =  ,1
where s11 = s1 , s22 = s2 , s12 = s3 for 𝑛 ∈ ℕ

Consider two cases:

i. Two parameters s1 = s2  s3
ii. Three parameters s1  s2  s3
 1 1
  ( A ) =   P ( x, y , A ) d  ( x ) d  ( y )
0 0

=    ( A) d  ( x ) d  ( y ) +    ( A) d  ( x ) d  ( y )
A1 A1
s1
A1 A2
s3

+    s3 ( A ) d  ( x ) d  ( y ) +    ( A) d  ( x ) d  ( y )
s2
A2 A1 A2 A2

=  s1 ( A )  2 ( A1 ) + 2 s3 ( A )  ( A1 )  ( A2 ) +  s2 ( A )  2 ( A2 )
=  s1 ( a, b )  2 ( 0,  ) ) + 2 s3 ( a, b )  ( 0,  ) )  ( ,1) +  s2 ( a, b )  2 ( ,1) ,

  ( A ) =  s ( A ) (   ( A1 ) ) + 2 s ( A )   ( A1 )   ( A2 ) +  s ( A ) (   ( A2 ) )
2 2
1 3 2

=  s1 ( a, b )   s1 ( 0,  ) )  2 ( 0,  ) ) +  2 ( ,1)  + 2 s3 ( 0,  ) )  ( 0,  ) )  ( ,1) 

2

 
   s ( 0,  ) )  2 ( 0,  ) ) +  2 ( ,1)  + 2 s ( 0,  ) )  ( 0,  ) )  ( ,1)  
 1    
+ 2 s3 ( a, b ) 
3


   s1 ( ,1)  ( 0,  ) ) +  ( ,1)  + 2 s3 ( ,1)  ( 0,  ) )  ( ,1)  
  2 2
 
 
+  s2 ( a, b )   s1 ( ,1)  2 ( 0,  ) ) +  2 ( ,1)  + 2 s3 ( ,1)  ( 0,  ) )  ( ,1)  .
2

 

By mathematical
( A) = s ( A) (  ( A1 ) ) + 2s3 ( A)  ( A1 )  ( A2 ) + s ( A) (  ( A2 ) )
2 2
( n +1) ( n) ( n) ( n) ( n)
induction
 1 2
(6)
The limit behavior of (6) is fully determined by 𝜆 𝑛 𝐴1 and 𝜆 𝑛 𝐴2 with the following form:

( ) (
 ( n +1) ( A1 ) =  s ( A1 )  ( n ) ( A1 ) + 2 s ( A1 )  ( n ) ( A1 )  ( n ) ( A2 ) +  s ( A1 )  ( n ) ( A2 ) )
2 2

1 3 2

( ) (0, ))) + 2 (0, ))  ( ) (0, ))  ( ) ( ,1)

=  s1 ( 0,  ) )  (
2
n n n
s3

+  ( 0,  ) ) (  ( ) ( ,1) ) ,
2
n
s2
(7)
( A ) =  ( A ) (  ( ) ( A ) ) + 2 ( A )  ( ) ( A )  ( ) ( A ) +  ( A ) (  ( ) ( A ) )
2 2
( n +1
)
 2 s1 2
n
1 s3 2
n
1
n
2 s2 2
n
2

=  ( ,1) (  ( ) ( 0,  ) ) ) + 2 ( ,1)  ( ) ( 0,  ) )  ( ) ( ,1)

2
n n n
s1 s3

+  ( ,1) (  ( ) ( ,1) ) ,

2
n
s2

The recurrent equations in (7) can be written as a QSO 𝑊 on 𝑆1 as follows:

(Wx )1 = ax12 + 2bx1 x2 + cx2 2 ,

(8)
(Wx )2 = (1 − a ) x12 + 2 (1 − b ) x1 x2 + (1 − c ) x2 2 ,
a =  s1 ( A1 ) , b =  s3 ( A1 ) , c =  s2 ( A1 )
REGULARITY OF NEW CLASS OF LEBESGUE QUADRATIC
STOCHASTIC OPERATOR GENERATED BY 2-PARTITION
Assuming 𝑥1 = 𝑥 and 𝑥1′ = 𝑦, and excepting the second coordinate 𝑥2 = 1 − 𝑥1 , we have the
following quadratic function:

y = ax 2 + 2bx (1 − x ) + c (1 − x ) = ( a − 2b + c ) x 2 + 2 (b − c ) x + c
2
(9)

Theorem 1 A fixed point of the transformation in (9) is unique and belongs to 0,1 .

Discriminant of function (9):  = 4 (1 − a ) c + (1 − 2b )

2
0<Δ<5

i. If 𝑎 = 𝑐, then 0 < Δ < 4

ii. If 𝑎 ≠ 𝑐, then 4 < Δ < 5

Theorem 2 If 0 < Δ < 4, then a fixed point is attractive, and if 4 < Δ < 5, then a
fixed point is repelling .

Let 𝑦 ′ = 𝑓 ′ 𝛾 , where 𝛾 is a fixed point and 𝑓 𝑥 is a right-hand side of the equation in (9)
and 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 is its derivative.
 Let 𝜑 = 𝑓 ′ 𝛾 = 2 𝑎 − 2𝑏 + 𝑐 𝛾 + 2 𝑏 − 𝑐 𝜑 =1− Δ

Theorem 3 If 0 < Δ < 4, then a one-dimensional QSO (8) is a regular, and if

4 < Δ < 5, then there is a cycle of second-order. All trajectories tend to this
cycle except the stationary trajectory starting with a fixed point.

(a) Diagram when

s3 = 0, A1 = 0,0.05) , A2 = 0.05,1
 (b) Diagram when
s2 = 1, A1 =  0, 0.75 ) , A2 =  0.75,1

Blue colors correspond to the convergence of the trajectory to a

unique fixed point

Red colors represent the existence of a cycle of second-order

• We have introduced and constructed a new class of
Lebesgue QSO generated by a 2-measurable partition with
𝑚 parameters, where 𝑚 ≤ 3.

• We have presented two cases that represent the

nonhomogeneous family of Lebesgue QSO with a new
measure and investigated the limit behavior of such
operator.

• The main result of this research is given in Theorem 3 which

shows that such operator is either regular or nonregular.

• Such operator is said to be regular if the trajectory

converges to a stable unique fixed point. On the other hand,
the existence of a second-order cycle indicates that such
operator is nonregular.
This research was financially supported by UMP-IIUM-UiTM Sustainable
Research Collaboration 2020 with project ID SRCG20-035-0035 and
FRGS grant by the Minister of Education Malaysia, project code
FRGS/1/2019/STG06/UIAM/03/1 with project ID FRGS19-122-0731.
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