A Class of Geometric

Quadratic Stochastic Operators Gen

erated by 3-Measurable Partition
Siti Nurlaili Karim1, Nur Zatul Akmar Hamzah 1, Nasir Ganikhodjaev2
1
International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
2
Institute of Mathematics, Tashkent, Uzbekistan

Presenter: Siti Nurlaili Karim

Presented for: IIUM Research Day (IRD 2021)

 OUTLINE
INTRODUCTION
1 Research Background

METHODOLOGY
2 Geometric Quadratic Stochastic Operators Generated by 3-Measurable
Partition

RESULT
3 Regularity of Geometric Quadratic Stochastic Operators Generated by 3-
Partition with Three Different Parameters

CONCLUSION
4
INTRODUCTION What is quadratic stochastic operator (QSO)?
RESEARCH BACKGROUND

• Introduced by Bernstein in 1920s as the mathematical solution to the problems

arise from the evolution theory by Charles Darwin (Bernstein, 1924)

•  Suppose that be the type of species in a population. We denote as the probability

distribution of the species in an early state of the population. Then,
the probability of an individual in the species and species to cross-fertilize and produce
an individual
from species is denoted as . Given , we can find the probability distribution of the first
generation by using the following total of probability,
𝑚
𝑥  𝑘 = ∑ 𝑃 𝑖𝑗, 𝑘 𝑥𝑖 𝑥 𝑗 , 𝑘 ∈ {1,2 , … , 𝑚 }
( 1) ( 0) ( 0 )

𝑖, 𝑗 =1
• Discrete dynamical system that represents the states of the population is as
follows:
  ,, , …
INTRODUCTION
RESEARCH BACKGROUND

QSO defined on

countable state continuous state

space space
V   A     P  i, j , A    i    j  (1)  V    A     P  i, j , A  d   i  d   j  (2)
i X j X X X

Ganikhodjaev & Hamzah [11], [14]

Ganikhodjaev & Hamzah [12], [13]
Ganikhodjaev, Muhitdinov &
Saburov [18]
Hamzah & Ganikhodjaev [16]
𝑉  :𝑆 ( 𝑋 , 𝐹 ) → 𝑆 ( 𝑋 , 𝐹 )   Set ofmeasures
all probability
on
state space measurable space
 -algebra on
 P  i, j , A  : i , j  X , A  F  probability measures, P  i, j , A   P  j , i, A 
and
INTRODUCTION
RESEARCH BACKGROUND
What is the trajectory behavior of a
Problem Statement
Geometric QSO if we consider partitions
on the state space?
Definition
  1 A QSO, in equation (1) is called a Geometric quadratic stochastic operator, if, for any
,
the probability measure , is the Geometric distribution, , with a parameter, and
. 𝑘
  is the set of all nonnegative integers
 𝐺 𝑟 ( 𝑘 ) = ( 1 − 𝑟 ) 𝑟 , 𝑘 ∈ 𝑋
Definition
  2 A probability measure on is said to be discrete, there exist finitely many
elements , such that for , with . Then, and for any , .

• To construct a Geometric QSO generated by 3-partition

Research Objectives on countable state space

• To investigate their trajectory behavior computationally and

analytically
METHODOLOGY
GEOMETRIC QSO GENERATED BY 3-MEASURABLE PARTITION

•  Let be a measurable 2-partition of the state space , where , , and be a

corresponding partition of , where
  , , and

•  We define the family of a discrete probability measure on as follows: mk

P  i, j , k   e  m
(3)
k!

for
  , , and
POISSON QSO GENERATED
BY 2-PARTITION
singleton two points
  𝐴 1 = { 𝑥1 }   𝐴 1 = { 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 }
METHODOLOGY
POISSON QSO GENERATED BY 2-PARTITION OF SINGLETON WITH THREE DIFFERENT
PARAMETERS
 • We consider a Poisson QSO as defined by the family of functions in (3). Then, for any initial
measure  
Vμ  k    Pij , k μ  i  μ  j 
i 0 j 0

   Pij , k μ  i  μ  j     P μ  i μ  j    P μ  i μ  j    P μ  i μ  j
ij , k ij , k ij , k
i A1 j A1 i A2 j A2 i A1 j A2 i A2 j A1

λ1k λk λk
 μ  x1    e  λ2 2  1  μ  x1    e λ3 3  2 μ  x1    1  μ  x1   
2 2
 e  λ1
k! k! k!
 
V 2 μ  k    Pij , kVμ  i  Vμ  j 
i 0 j 0

   Pij , kVμ  i  Vμ  j    P ij , k Vμ  i  Vμ  j     Pij , kVμ  i  Vμ  j     Pij , kVμ  i  Vμ  j 

i A1 j A1 i A2 j A2 i A1 j A2 i A2 j A1

λ1k λk λk
 Vμ  x1    e  λ2 2  1  Vμ  x1    e  λ3 3  2Vμ  x1    1  Vμ  x1   
2 2
 e  λ1
k! k! k!

1k n  2 2
k
 3 3
k

 1   1 
 2V n   x1    1  V n   x1   
2 2
By mathematical V n 1   k   e  1 V   x   e 1  V n
  x   e (4)
k! k! k!  
induction
1x1 n  x1  x1
V n 1   x1   e  1  V   x1    e  2 2  1  V n   x1    e  3 3  2V n  x1    1  V n  x 1    (5)
2 2
with x1 ! x1 ! x1 !
METHODOLOGY
POISSON QSO GENERATED BY 2-PARTITION OF TWO POINTS WITH THREE DIFFERENT
PARAMETERS
 • We consider a Poisson QSO as defined by the family of functions in (3). Then, for any initial
measure  
Vμ  k    Pij , k μ  i  μ  j 
i 0 j 0

   Pij , k μ  i  μ  j     P μ  i μ  j    P μ  i μ  j    P μ i μ j
ij , k ij , k ij , k
i A1 j A1 i A2 j A2 i A1 j A2 i A2 j A1

λ1k λk
 
μ  x1   μ  x2    e  λ2 2 1   μ  x1   μ  x2   
2 2
 e  λ1
k! k!
λ3k 
 e  λ3
k! 

2  μ  x1   μ  x2    1   μ  x1   μ  x2   
 
 
V 2 μ  k    Pij , kVμ  i  Vμ  j 
i 0 j 0

   Pij , kVμ  i  Vμ  j    P ij , k Vμ  i  Vμ  j     Pij , kVμ  i  Vμ  j     Pij , kVμ  i  Vμ  j 

i A1 j A1 i A2 j A2 i A1 j A2 i A2 j A1

λ1k λk
 
Vμ  x1   Vμ  x2    e  λ2 2 1   Vμ  x1   Vμ  x2   
2 2
 e  λ1
k! k!
λ3k 
 e  λ3
k! 

2  Vμ  x1   Vμ  x2    1   Vμ  x1   Vμ  x2   
 
METHODOLOGY
POISSON QSO GENERATED BY 2-PARTITION OF TWO POINTS WITH THREE DIFFERENT
PARAMETERS

1k n  2 2
k

 2   1   V n   x1   V n   x2   
2
V n 1   k   e 1    
2
V  x  V n
 x  e
By mathematical k!
1
k!
induction 3 k 
(6)
 e 3
k! 
 
2  V n   x1   V n   x2    1   V n   x1   V n   x2    ,


1x1 n  x1
 
V   x1   V n   x2    e 2 2 1   V n   x1   V n   x2   
2
V n 1   x1   e  1
2

x1 ! x1 !
3 x1 
 e  3
x1 ! 
  
2  V n   x1   V n   x2    1   V n   x1   V n   x2    ,
with (7)
1x2 n  x2
 
V   x1   V n   x2    e  2 2 1   V n   x1   V n   x2   
2
V n 1   x2   e 1
2

x2 ! x2 !
3 x2 
 e  3
x2 ! 
  
2  V n   x1   V n   x2    1   V n   x1   V n   x2    ,
RESULT
REGULARITY OF POISSON QSO GENERATED BY 2-PARTITION
OF SINGLETON AND TWO POINTS WITH THREE DIFFERENT
PARAMETERS
As
  defined in Definition 2, we denote and where .
 λ1i 2 n λi λi 
A  V n 1 μ    e  λ1 A  V μ   e  λ2 2 B 2  V n μ   e  λ3 3  2 A  V n μ  B  V n μ   ,
By mathematical i A1  i! i! i!  (8)
induction  i
λ 2 n λ i
λ i

B  V n 1 μ    e  λ1 1
A  V μ   e  λ2 2 B 2  V n μ   e  λ3 3  2 A  V n μ  B  V n μ   
i A2  i! i! i! 

   
x   A Pλ1 x 2  A Pλ2 y 2  2 A Pλ3 xy ,  
(9)
y  B  P  x λ1
2
 B P  y λ2
2
 2 B  P  xy
λ3

  Since     
   
x   A P1  A P2  2 A P3  x 2  2  A P2  A P3  x  A P2
       (10)
RESULT
GRAPHICAL ANALYSIS

(a) Graph 1.1 (b) Graph 1.2

1  3.5, 2  0.1, 3  0.05, x1  0 1  0.05, 2  1.75, 3  2.25, x1  3

  FIGURE 1 Graph of the equation in (10) for some fixed values where
RESULT
GRAPHICAL ANALYSIS

(a) Graph 2.1 (b) Graph 2.2

1  4.25, 2  0.25, 3  3.5, x1  0, x2  1 1  3.75, 2  0.5, 3  2.25, x1  1, x2  3

FIGURE 2 Graph of the equation in (10) for some fixed values where
 
RESULT
ORBIT ANALYSIS

(a) Cobweb of (b) Cobweb of

Graph 1.1 Graph 1.2

FIGURE 3 Orbit analysis of Graph 1.1 and Graph 1.2

RESULT
ORBIT ANALYSIS

(a) Cobweb of (b) Cobweb of

Graph 2.1 Graph 2.2

FIGURE 3 Orbit analysis of Graph 2.1 and Graph 2.2

RESULT
ANALYTICAL ANALYSIS
x   ax 2  2bxy  cy 2 ,
Recurrent equations in (9) can be rewritten as (11)
y    1  a  x 2  2  1  b  xy   1  c  y 2 .
follows:
𝑓  ( 𝑥)= ( 𝑎 −2 𝑏+𝑐 ) 𝑎 𝑥 2+ ( 2 𝑏 −2 𝑐 −1 ) 𝑥+𝑐 (12)
The operator in this one-dimensional setting has been successfully studied by Lyubich [21].
Hence, Lyubich proved the following theorem.
Theorem
  1 If , then a one-dimensional QSO (11) is a regular, and if , then there exists a cycle of
second-order and all trajectories tend to this cycle except the stationary trajectory starting with
fixed point.
  is the discriminant of the function in (12).
As shown on the graph of functions previously, we have the
following:
Graph Value of
1.1 4.3245
1.2 0.9806
2.1 4.1327
2.2 0.9067
CONCLUSION

 • The trajectory behavior of a Poisson quadratic stochastic

operator generated by a 2-partition of singleton and two points
with three different parameters as defined by the family of
functions in (4) is either converging to an
attracting unique fixed point or has a cycle of second-order.

 • Hence, such behavior suggests that the operator can be either

regular or
nonregular for some values of parameters, , , and .
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This research was financially supported by an FRGS grant by the

Minister of
Education Malaysia, project code
FRGS/1/2019/STG06/UIAM/03/1 with project
ID FRGS19-122-0731.
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