Linear Transformation - Exercise

Govt.
Science College-Autonomous, Hassan

Department of Mathematics
VI Sem B.Sc.
Exercise-2:
1) Find 𝑇 2 𝑥, 𝑦 of the transformation 𝑇: 𝑉2 ℝ ⟶ 𝑉2 ℝ defined by

𝑇 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑦, −𝑥 .
𝑇 𝑥, 𝑦 = −𝑦, 𝑥 .
𝑇 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑦, 𝑦 .
𝑇 𝑥, 𝑦 = −𝑦, 𝑥 + 𝑦 .
𝑇 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 𝑦, 𝑦 .
6) If 𝑇: 𝑉2 ℝ ⟶ 𝑉2 ℝ is a linear transformation defined by
𝑇 𝑎, 𝑏 = 𝑏, 𝑎 , 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑇 3 𝑎, 𝑏 .
𝑇 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑦, −𝑥 .
𝑇 𝑥, 𝑦 = −𝑦, 𝑥 .
9) Find 𝑇 2 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 of the transformation 𝑇: 𝑉3 ℝ ⟶ 𝑉3 ℝ defined by
𝑇 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = −𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑥 .
𝑇 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝑧, −𝑥, 𝑦 .
𝑇 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = −𝑧, 𝑦, −𝑥 .
12) If 𝑇1 : 𝑉3 ℝ ⟶ 𝑉2 ℝ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇2 : 𝑉3 ℝ ⟶ 𝑉2 ℝ defined by
𝑇1 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝑦, 𝑥 + 𝑧 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇2 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 2𝑧, 𝑥 − 𝑦 , 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑇1 + 𝑇2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 3𝑇1 − 2𝑇2
Sudhakar K. B. Page 1
Govt. Science College-Autonomous, Hassan
VI Sem B.Sc.
Exercise-3:
1) Find the linear transformation 𝑇: ℝ2 ⟶ ℝ2 such that

𝑇 1,0 = 1,1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇 0,1 = −1,2 .
2) If 𝑇: 𝑉2 ℝ ⟶ 𝑉2 ℝ defined by 𝑇 1,0 = 2,3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇 0,1 = 4,5 , determine T.
𝑇 1,1 = 0,1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇 −1,1 = 3,2 .
4) Find the linear transformation 𝑇: 𝑉2 ℝ ⟶ 𝑉2 ℝ such that
𝑇 1,2 = 3,0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇 2,1 = 1,2 .
𝑇 1,1 = 0,1,2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇 −1,1 = 2,1,0 .
𝑇 −1,1 = −1,0,2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇 2,1 = 1,2,1 .
𝑇 2,1 = 3,4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇 −3,4 = 0,5 .
𝑇 1,0,0 = −1,0 , 𝑇 0,1,0 = 1,1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇 0,0,1 = 0, −1 .
9) Find the 𝑇 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 where 𝑇: ℝ3 ⟶ ℝ2 such that
𝑇 1,1,3 = 3, 𝑇 0,1, −2 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇 0,0,1 = −2 .
10) If 𝑇: 𝑉2 ℝ ⟶ ℝ defined by 𝑇 1,0 = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇 1,1 = 0. Find
𝑇 2,3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇 0,1 .
𝑇 1,1,1 = 1,1,1 , 𝑇 1,2,3 = −1 − 2, , −3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇 1,1,2 = 2,2,4 .
𝑇 1,1,1 = 1,1,1 , 𝑇 2,2,3 = 3,3,5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇 1,1,2 = 2,2,4 .
13) If 𝑇: 𝑉3 ℝ ⟶ 𝑉2 ℝ is a linear transformation defined by
VI Sem B.Sc.
𝑇 1,1,1 = 1,0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇 1,1,0 = 2, −1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇 1,0,0 = 4,3 , determine T and find
𝑇 2, −3,5 .
Matrix of Linear Transformation
Exercise-4:
1) Find a matrix of linear transformation 𝑇: 𝑉2 ℝ ⟶ 𝑉2 ℝ defined by
𝑇 𝑥, 𝑦 = −𝑦, 𝑥 w. r. t. the standard basis.
𝑇 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥, −𝑦 w. r. t. the standard basis.
𝑇 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑦, 𝑦 + 𝑧 w. r. t. the standard basis.
𝑇 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝑧 − 2𝑦, 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧 w. r. t. the standard basis.
5) Find the linear transformation and the matrix of linear transformation
𝑇: 𝑉2 ℝ ⟶ 𝑉2 ℝ defined by 𝑇 1,1 = 0,1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇 −1,1 = 3,2 .
6) Find the linear transformation and the matrix of linear transformation
𝑇: 𝑉2 ℝ ⟶ 𝑉3 ℝ defined by 𝑇 1,1 = 0,1,2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇 −1,1 = 2,1,0 .
7) Find the matrix of linear transformation 𝑇: 𝑉2 ℝ ⟶ 𝑉3 ℝ defined by
𝑇 −1,1 = 2,1,0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇 1,1 = 0,1,2 .
VI Sem B.Sc.
𝑇 −1,1 = −1,0,2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇 2,1 = 1,2,1 w. r. t the standard basis.
𝑇 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥, 𝑦 − 𝑥 w. r. t the basis 1,0 , 1,1 .
𝑇 𝑥, 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 3𝑦, 𝑥 + 𝑦 w. r. t the basis 1,2 , 2,3 .
𝑇 𝑥, 𝑦 = −𝑥 + 2𝑦, 𝑦, −3𝑥 + 3𝑦 w. r. t the bases 𝐵1 = 1,1 , −1,1 and
𝐵2 = 1,1,1 , 1, −1,1 , 0,0,1 .
𝑇 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑦, 𝑥, 3𝑥 − 𝑦 w. r. t the bases 𝐵1 = 1,1 , 3,1 and
𝐵2 = 1,1,1 , 1,1,0 , 1,0,0 .
𝑇 𝑥, 𝑦 = −𝑥 + 2𝑦, 𝑦 − 3𝑥, −3𝑥 + 𝑦 w. r. t the bases 𝐵1 = 1,2 , −2,1 and
𝐵2 = −1,0,2 , 1,2,3 , 1, −1, −1 .
1 3
14) Find the linear transformation of the matrix −2 1 w. r. t the standard basis.
2 0
1 3
15) Find the linear transformation of the matrix −1 1 w. r. t the standard basis.
2 0
VI Sem B.Sc.
1 −1 2
16) Find the linear transformation of the matrix w. r. t the standard
3 1 0
basis.
2 −3
17) Find the linear transformation of the matrix relative to the basis
1 1
𝐵= 1,1 , 1, −1 .
1 2
3 4
1,0 , 1,1 .
1 1
1 1
1,1 , 1, −1 .
0 1 1
20) Find the linear transformation of the matrix 1 0 −1 relative to the
−1 −1 0
basis 𝐵 = 0,1, −1 , 1, −1,1 , −1,1,0 .
−1 0
21) Find the linear transformation of the matrix 2 0 relative to the
1 3
basis 𝐵1 = 1,0, , 2, −1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵2 = 1,2,0, , 0, −1,0 , 1, −1,1 .
VI Sem B.Sc.
Range Space:
Let U and V be any two vector spaces over the same field F and 𝑇: 𝑈 ⟶ 𝑉 be a linear
transformation. Then the range space R (T) is defined as
𝑹 𝑻 = 𝑻 𝜶 |𝜶∈𝑼
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Theorem - 1: Range space is a subspace.
(OR)
If 𝑻: 𝑼 ⟶ 𝑽 is a linear transformation from a vector space U into a vector space V

then R(T) is a subspace of V.
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Proof: Given,
𝑇: 𝑈 ⟶ 𝑉 is a linear transformation.
Also, 𝑹 𝑻 = 𝑻 𝜶 | 𝜶 ∈ 𝑼 .
T. P. T. 𝑹 𝑻 is a subspace of V
We have, ∀ 𝛼 ∈ 𝑈 ⟹ 𝑇 𝛼 ∈ 𝑉.
⟹ 𝑅 𝑇 ⊂ 𝑉.
⟹ 𝑅 𝑇 is a non-empty subset of V.
Let 𝑣1 , 𝑣2 ∈ 𝑅(𝑇).
⟹ 𝑣1 = 𝑇 𝛼 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝛼 ∈ 𝑈
& 𝑣2 = 𝑇 𝛽 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝛽 ∈ 𝑈
1) Now,
𝑣1 + 𝑣2 = 𝑇 𝛼 + 𝑇 𝛽 = 𝑇 𝛼 + 𝛽 ∈ 𝑅 𝑇 ∵ 𝑇 𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 & 𝛼 + 𝛽 ∈ 𝑈
∴ 𝑣1 + 𝑣2 ∈ 𝑅 𝑇 , ∀ 𝑣1 , 𝑣2 ∈ 𝑅(𝑇).
VI Sem B.Sc.
2) Let 𝑐 ∈ 𝐹.
Now,
𝑐𝑣1 = 𝑐 𝑇 𝛼 = 𝑇 𝑐𝛼 ∈ 𝑅 𝑇 ∵ 𝑇 𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 & 𝑐𝛼 ∈ 𝑈
∴ 𝑐𝑣1 ∈ 𝑅 𝑇 , ∀𝑐 ∈ 𝐹, ∀ 𝑣1 ∈ 𝑅(𝑇)
∴ 𝑅 𝑇 is a subspace of V.
Null Space (or) Kernel of a linear transformation:
Let U and V be any two vector spaces over the same field F and 𝑇: 𝑈 ⟶ 𝑉 be a linear
transformation. Then the null space or kernel of T is defined as
𝑵 𝑻 = 𝜶 ∈ 𝑼 | 𝑻 𝜶 = 𝟎′ , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 0′ 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑉
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Theorem - 2: Null space is a subspace.
(OR)
If 𝑻: 𝑼 ⟶ 𝑽 is a linear transformation from a vector space U into a vector space V

then N(T) is a subspace of U.
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Proof: Given,
Also,
𝑵 𝑻 = 𝜶 ∈ 𝑼 | 𝑻 𝜶 = 𝟎′ , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 0′ 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑉 .
T. P. T. 𝑵 𝑻 is a subspace of U
Since , 𝑇 0 = 0′ , 0 ∈ 𝑁(𝑇).
⟹ 𝑁 𝑇 ≠ ∅.
⟹ 𝑁 𝑇 is a non-empty subset of U.
VI Sem B.Sc.
Let 𝛼, 𝛽 ∈ 𝑁(𝑇).
⟹ 𝑇 𝛼 = 0′ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇 𝛽 = 0′
1) Now,
𝑇 𝛼 + 𝛽 = 𝑇 𝛼 + 𝑇 𝛽 = 0′ + 0′ = 0′ ∵ 𝑇 𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟
⟹ 𝛼 + 𝛽 ∈ 𝑁 𝑇 , ∀ 𝛼, 𝛽 ∈ 𝑁(𝑇).
2) Let 𝑐 ∈ 𝐹.
Now,
𝑇 𝑐𝛼 = 𝑐 𝑇 𝛼 = 𝑐 0′ = 0′ ∵ 𝑇 𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟
∴ 𝑐𝛼 ∈ 𝑁 𝑇 , ∀𝑐 ∈ 𝐹 , ∀ 𝛼 ∈ 𝑁(𝑇)
∴ 𝑁 𝑇 is a subspace of V.
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Theorem - 3: If 𝑻: 𝑼 ⟶ 𝑽 is a linear transformation from a vector space U into
a vector space V then T is one-one if and only if N(T) = {0}, where 0 is the zero
vector of U.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Proof: Given,
Suppose, T is one-one.
T. P. T. 𝑵 𝑻 = 𝟎
Let 𝛼 ∈ 𝑁(𝑇).
⟹ 𝑇 𝛼 = 0′
⟹ 𝑇 𝛼 = 𝑇(0)
⟹ 𝛼 = 0 ∵ 𝑇 𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟
∵𝑁 𝑇 = 0
Conversely, suppose 𝑁 𝑇 = 0
VI Sem B.Sc.
T. P. T. T is one-one
Consider,
𝑇 𝛼 = 𝑇(𝛽)
⟹ 𝑇 𝛼 − 𝑇 𝛽 = 0′
⟹ 𝑇 𝛼 − 𝛽 = 0′
⟹ 𝛼 − 𝛽 ∈ 𝑁(𝑇)
⟹ 𝛼−𝛽 = 0 ∵ 𝑁 𝑇 = 0
⟹ 𝛼=𝛽
∴ 𝑇 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑛𝑒 − 𝑜𝑛𝑒
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Rank:
The dimension of the range space is called the rank of T and is denoted by
𝜌 𝑇 𝑜𝑟 dim 𝑅(𝑇).
Nullity:
The dimension of the null space is called the nullity of T and is denoted by
𝜈 𝑇 𝑜𝑟 dim 𝑁(𝑇).
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Rank – Nullity Theorem
Statement: If U is a finite dimensional vector space and 𝑇: 𝑈 ⟶ 𝑉 is a linear

transformation, then
dim R(T) + dim N(T) = dim U
(or) 𝝆 𝑻 + 𝝂 𝑻 = 𝐝𝐢𝐦 𝑼
VI Sem B.Sc.
(or) Rank + Nullity = dim (domain)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Proof: Given, U is a finite dimensional vector space
and 𝑇: 𝑈 ⟶ 𝑉 is a linear transformation.
Let dim U = m and dim N(T) = n. Since N(T) is a subspace of U, 𝑛 ≤ 𝑚.
Let 𝐵1 = 𝛼1 , 𝛼2 , ⋯ , 𝛼𝑛 be a basis of N(T). Since 𝐵1 is linearly independent in N(T), so

is in U. We shall extend this set 𝐵1 to a basis of U.
Let 𝐵2 = 𝛼1 , 𝛼2 , ⋯ , 𝛼𝑛 , 𝛽1 , 𝛽2 , ⋯ , 𝛽𝑟 be a basis of U.
Clearly, 𝑛 + 𝑟 = 𝑚 --------------- (1)
Now,
𝑇 𝛼1 , 𝑇 𝛼2 , ⋯ , 𝑇 𝛼𝑛 , 𝑇 𝛽1 , 𝑇 𝛽2 , ⋯ , 𝑇 𝛽𝑟 ∈ 𝑅(𝑇)
Since, 𝛼1 , 𝛼2 , ⋯ , 𝛼𝑛 ∈ 𝑁 𝑇 , 𝑇 𝛼1 = 𝑇 𝛼2 = ⋯ = 𝑇 𝛼1 = 0.
Let 𝑆 = 𝑇 𝛽1 , 𝑇 𝛽2 , ⋯ , 𝑇 𝛽𝑟 .
T. P. T. S is a basis of R(T)
First we shall P. T. S spans R(T)
Since 𝐵2 is a basis of U, it spans U.
Hence, 𝑇 𝛼1 , 𝑇 𝛼2 , ⋯ , 𝑇 𝛼𝑛 , 𝑇 𝛽1 , 𝑇 𝛽2 , ⋯ , 𝑇 𝛽𝑟 spans R(T).
But 𝑇 𝛼1 = 𝑇 𝛼2 = ⋯ = 𝑇 𝛼𝑛 = 0.
∴ 𝑆 = 𝑇 𝛽1 , 𝑇 𝛽2 , ⋯ , 𝑇 𝛽𝑟 spans R(T).
T. P. T. S is linearly independent
Consider,
𝑐1 𝑇 𝛽1 + 𝑐2 𝑇 𝛽2 + ⋯ + 𝑐𝑟 𝑇 𝛽𝑟 = 0, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑐1 , 𝑐2 , ⋯ , 𝑐𝑟 ∈ 𝐹
VI Sem B.Sc.
⟹ 𝑇 𝑐1 𝛽1 + 𝑐2 𝛽2 + ⋯ + 𝑐𝑟 𝛽𝑟 = 0 ∵ 𝑇 𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟
⟹ 𝑐1 𝛽1 + 𝑐2 𝛽2 + ⋯ + 𝑐𝑟 𝛽𝑟 ∈ 𝑁(𝑇)
⟹ 𝑐1 𝛽1 + 𝑐2 𝛽2 + ⋯ + 𝑐𝑟 𝛽𝑟 = 𝑑1 𝛼1 + 𝑑2 𝛼2 + ⋯ + 𝑑𝑛 𝛼𝑛 ∵ 𝐵1 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑁(𝑇)
⟹ 𝑐1 𝛽1 + 𝑐2 𝛽2 + ⋯ + 𝑐𝑟 𝛽𝑟 − 𝑑1 𝛼1 − 𝑑2 𝛼2 − ⋯ − 𝑑𝑛 𝛼𝑛 = 0
Since, 𝐵2 = 𝛼1 , 𝛼2 , ⋯ , 𝛼𝑛 , 𝛽1 , 𝛽2 , ⋯ , 𝛽𝑟 is a basis,
𝑐1 = 𝑐2 = ⋯ = 𝑐𝑟 = 𝑑1 = 𝑑2 = ⋯ = 𝑑𝑟 = 0
∴ 𝑐1 𝑇(𝛽1 ) + 𝑐2 𝑇(𝛽2 ) + ⋯ + 𝑐𝑟 𝑇(𝛽𝑟 ) = 0
⟹ 𝑐1 = 𝑐2 = ⋯ = 𝑐𝑟 = 0
∴ 𝑆 𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡
Hence, S is a basis of R(T).
∵ 𝑑𝑖𝑚 𝑅 𝑇 = 𝑟
∵ 𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 1 , 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒
𝑛+𝑟 =𝑚
i.e., dim R(T) + dim N(T) = dim U
Exercise-5:
Find the range space, null space or kernel, rank and nullity of the following. Also
verify rank-nullity theorem.
1) 𝑇: 𝑉2 ℝ ⟶ 𝑉2 ℝ defined by 𝑇 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑦, 𝑥 .
2) 𝑇: ℝ3 ⟶ ℝ3 defined by 𝑇 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑦, 𝑥 − 𝑦, 2𝑥 + 𝑧 .
3) 𝑇: 𝑉2 ℝ ⟶ 𝑉3 ℝ defined by 𝑇 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥, 𝑥 + 𝑦, 𝑦 .
VI Sem B.Sc.
4) 𝑇: ℝ3 ⟶ ℝ2 defined by 𝑇 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑦, 𝑦 + 𝑧 .
5) 𝑇: ℝ3 ⟶ ℝ2 defined by 𝑇 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝑦 − 𝑥, 𝑦 − 𝑧 .
6) 𝑇: ℝ3 ⟶ ℝ3 defined by 𝑇 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑦, 𝑥 + 𝑦, 𝑦 + 𝑧 .
7) 𝑇: ℝ3 ⟶ ℝ3 defined by 𝑇 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 2𝑦, 𝑦 − 𝑧, 𝑥 + 2𝑧 .
8) 𝑇: ℝ3 ⟶ ℝ3 defined by 𝑇 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝑥, 3𝑦, 3𝑧 .
9) 𝑇: ℝ3 ⟶ ℝ2 defined by 𝑇 𝑒1 = 2, 1 , 𝑇 𝑒2 = 0, 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇 𝑒3 = 1, 1 .
10) 𝑇: ℝ3 ⟶ ℝ3 defined by
𝑇 𝑒1 = 1, 1, 2 , 𝑇 𝑒2 = 1, −1, 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇 𝑒3 = 0, 0, 1 .
𝑇 𝑒1 = 1, 1, 0 , 𝑇 𝑒2 = 0,1, 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇 𝑒3 = 1, 2, 1 .
𝑇 𝑒1 = 0, 1, 0, 2 , 𝑇 𝑒2 = 0, 1, 1, 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇 𝑒3 = 0,1, −1, 4 .
VI Sem B.Sc.
Isomorphism:
Let U and V be any two vector spaces over the same field F. A linear transformation
𝑇: 𝑈 ⟶ 𝑉 is said to be an isomorphism of U onto V if it is one-one & onto (or bijective).
We say that U and V are isomorphic and it is written as 𝑈 ≃ 𝑉.
Automorphism:
Let U be a vector space over the same field F. A linear transformation 𝑇: 𝑈 ⟶ 𝑈 is said to
be an automorphism if it is an isomorphism.
(or) An isomorphism T from a vector space U onto itself is called an automorphism.
Exercise-6:
1) S. T. the correspondence 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 ⟶ −𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 is an automorphism of
𝑉3 ℝ . Find its order.
2) S. T. the correspondence 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 ⟶ 𝑦, −𝑥, −𝑧 is an automorphism of
3) S. T. the correspondence 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 ⟶ 𝑦, −𝑥, 𝑧 is an automorphism of
4) S. T. the correspondence 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 ⟶ −𝑦, 𝑥, 𝑧 is an automorphism of
5) S. T. the correspondence 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 ⟶ 𝑥, 𝑦, −𝑧 is an automorphism of
VI Sem B.Sc.
6) S. T. the correspondence 𝑥, 𝑦 ⟶ −𝑦, 𝑥 − 𝑦 is an automorphism of
Eigen Values and Eigen Vectors
Let 𝑇: 𝑉 ⟶ 𝑉 be a linear operator on a vector space V over the field F. A scalar 𝜆 ∈ 𝐹 is

called an Eigen value of T if there exists a non-zero vector 𝛼 ∈ 𝑉 such that 𝑇 𝛼 = 𝜆𝛼.
Any vector satisfying this relation is said to be an Eigen vector of T corresponding to the
Eigen value 𝜆.
The set 𝐸𝜆 𝑜𝑟 𝑉𝜆 of all Eigen vectors associated with the Eigen value 𝜆 is called Eigen space
of 𝜆.
Exercise-7:
Find the Eigen values and Eigen vectors of the following linear transformation.
1) 𝑇: 𝑉2 ℝ ⟶ 𝑉2 ℝ defined by 𝑇 𝑥, 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 5𝑦, 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 .
2) 𝑇: 𝑉2 ℝ ⟶ 𝑉2 ℝ defined by 𝑇 𝑥, 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 𝑦, 6𝑥 + 2𝑦 .
3) 𝑇: 𝑉2 ℝ ⟶ 𝑉2 ℝ defined by 𝑇 𝑥, 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 3𝑦, 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 .
4) 𝑇: 𝑉3 ℝ ⟶ 𝑉3 ℝ defined by 𝑇 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧, 2𝑦 + 𝑧, 2𝑦 + 3𝑧

Linear Transformation - Exercise

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Linear Transformation - Exercise

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Govt.

Science College-Autonomous, Hassan

1) Find 𝑇 2 𝑥, 𝑦 of the transformation 𝑇: 𝑉2 ℝ ⟶ 𝑉2 ℝ defined by

1) Find the linear transformation 𝑇: ℝ2 ⟶ ℝ2 such that

Matrix of Linear Transformation

1) Find a matrix of linear transformation 𝑇: 𝑉2 ℝ ⟶ 𝑉2 ℝ defined by

𝑇 𝑥, 𝑦 = −𝑦, 𝑥 w. r. t. the standard basis.

2) Find a matrix of linear transformation 𝑇: 𝑉2 ℝ ⟶ 𝑉2 ℝ defined by

𝑇 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥, −𝑦 w. r. t. the standard basis.

3) Find a matrix of linear transformation 𝑇: 𝑉3 ℝ ⟶ 𝑉2 ℝ defined by

𝑇 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑦, 𝑦 + 𝑧 w. r. t. the standard basis.

4) Find a matrix of linear transformation 𝑇: 𝑉3 ℝ ⟶ 𝑉2 ℝ defined by

𝑇 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝑧 − 2𝑦, 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧 w. r. t. the standard basis.

5) Find the linear transformation and the matrix of linear transformation

𝑇: 𝑉2 ℝ ⟶ 𝑉2 ℝ defined by 𝑇 1,1 = 0,1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇 −1,1 = 3,2 .

6) Find the linear transformation and the matrix of linear transformation

𝑇: 𝑉2 ℝ ⟶ 𝑉3 ℝ defined by 𝑇 1,1 = 0,1,2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇 −1,1 = 2,1,0 .

7) Find the matrix of linear transformation 𝑇: 𝑉2 ℝ ⟶ 𝑉3 ℝ defined by

𝑇 −1,1 = 2,1,0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇 1,1 = 0,1,2 .

8) Find the matrix of linear transformation 𝑇: 𝑉2 ℝ ⟶ 𝑉3 ℝ defined by

𝑇 −1,1 = −1,0,2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇 2,1 = 1,2,1 w. r. t the standard basis.

9) Find the matrix of linear transformation 𝑇: 𝑉2 ℝ ⟶ 𝑉2 ℝ defined by

𝑇 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥, 𝑦 − 𝑥 w. r. t the basis 1,0 , 1,1 .

10) Find the matrix of linear transformation 𝑇: 𝑉2 ℝ ⟶ 𝑉2 ℝ defined by

𝑇 𝑥, 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 3𝑦, 𝑥 + 𝑦 w. r. t the basis 1,2 , 2,3 .

11) Find the matrix of linear transformation 𝑇: 𝑉2 ℝ ⟶ 𝑉3 ℝ defined by

𝑇 𝑥, 𝑦 = −𝑥 + 2𝑦, 𝑦, −3𝑥 + 3𝑦 w. r. t the bases 𝐵1 = 1,1 , −1,1 and

𝐵2 = 1,1,1 , 1, −1,1 , 0,0,1 .

12) Find the matrix of linear transformation 𝑇: 𝑉2 ℝ ⟶ 𝑉3 ℝ defined by

𝑇 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑦, 𝑥, 3𝑥 − 𝑦 w. r. t the bases 𝐵1 = 1,1 , 3,1 and

𝐵2 = 1,1,1 , 1,1,0 , 1,0,0 .

13) Find the matrix of linear transformation 𝑇: 𝑉2 ℝ ⟶ 𝑉3 ℝ defined by

𝑇 𝑥, 𝑦 = −𝑥 + 2𝑦, 𝑦 − 3𝑥, −3𝑥 + 𝑦 w. r. t the bases 𝐵1 = 1,2 , −2,1 and

𝐵2 = −1,0,2 , 1,2,3 , 1, −1, −1 .

basis 𝐵 = 0,1, −1 , 1, −1,1 , −1,1,0 .

basis 𝐵1 = 1,0, , 2, −1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵2 = 1,2,0, , 0, −1,0 , 1, −1,1 .

If 𝑻: 𝑼 ⟶ 𝑽 is a linear transformation from a vector space U into a vector space V

Null Space (or) Kernel of a linear transformation:

𝑵 𝑻 = 𝜶 ∈ 𝑼 | 𝑻 𝜶 = 𝟎′ , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 0′ 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑉

If 𝑻: 𝑼 ⟶ 𝑽 is a linear transformation from a vector space U into a vector space V

Statement: If U is a finite dimensional vector space and 𝑇: 𝑈 ⟶ 𝑉 is a linear

dim R(T) + dim N(T) = dim U

(or) Rank + Nullity = dim (domain)

Proof: Given, U is a finite dimensional vector space

and 𝑇: 𝑈 ⟶ 𝑉 is a linear transformation.

Let dim U = m and dim N(T) = n. Since N(T) is a subspace of U, 𝑛 ≤ 𝑚.

Let 𝐵1 = 𝛼1 , 𝛼2 , ⋯ , 𝛼𝑛 be a basis of N(T). Since 𝐵1 is linearly independent in N(T), so

Clearly, 𝑛 + 𝑟 = 𝑚 --------------- (1)

First we shall P. T. S spans R(T)

Since 𝐵2 is a basis of U, it spans U.

Hence, 𝑇 𝛼1 , 𝑇 𝛼2 , ⋯ , 𝑇 𝛼𝑛 , 𝑇 𝛽1 , 𝑇 𝛽2 , ⋯ , 𝑇 𝛽𝑟 spans R(T).

∴ 𝑐1 𝑇(𝛽1 ) + 𝑐2 𝑇(𝛽2 ) + ⋯ + 𝑐𝑟 𝑇(𝛽𝑟 ) = 0

Hence, S is a basis of R(T).

i.e., dim R(T) + dim N(T) = dim U

𝑇 𝑒1 = 0, 1, 0, 2 , 𝑇 𝑒2 = 0, 1, 1, 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇 𝑒3 = 0,1, −1, 4 .

We say that U and V are isomorphic and it is written as 𝑈 ≃ 𝑉.

(or) An isomorphism T from a vector space U onto itself is called an automorphism.

1) S. T. the correspondence 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 ⟶ −𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 is an automorphism of

𝑉3 ℝ . Find its order.

2) S. T. the correspondence 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 ⟶ 𝑦, −𝑥, −𝑧 is an automorphism of

𝑉3 ℝ . Find its order.

3) S. T. the correspondence 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 ⟶ 𝑦, −𝑥, 𝑧 is an automorphism of