Received 26 April 2022; Revised 6 June 2022; Accepted 6 June 2022

DOI: xxx/xxxx

ARTICLE

Propagation of electroelastic waves in a continuously

inhomogeneous piezoceramic solid cylinder†

Alexander Grigorenko*1 | Igor Loza2 | Svetlana Sperkach3 | Anna Bezuglaya3

1 S.P.Timoshenko Institute of Mechanics,

NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine Summary
2 Theoretical and Applied Mechanics

Department, National Transport Univercity,

Kyiv, Ukraine
3 Technical center, NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv,
Ukraine
Correspondence
*Alexander Grigorenko, S.P. Timoshenko
Institute of Mechanics of NAS of Ukraine,
Nesterova str, 3, Kyiv, Ukraine. Email:
ayagrigorenko1991@gmail.com
The propagation of axisymmetric electroelastic waves in solid inhomogeneous piezo-
ceramic cylinders based on 3D electroelasticity are considered. The surface of the
cylinder are free of loads and covered with thin electrodes. A resolving system of
differential equations in partial derivatives with variable coefficients is presented.
An efficient numerical-analytical method to solving this problem is proposed. Com-
ponents of the elasticity tensor, of the mechanical and electric displacement vector,
the electrostatic potential and of the components of the stress tensor are presented
by running waves in an axial direction. The three-dimensional system of resolving
equation is reduced to a boundary-value problem described by a system of differen-
tial equations. The spectral characteristics of running waves in the solid cylinders for
homogeneous and continuously heterogeneous piezoceramic materials are presented
and comparative analysis is carried out.

KEYWORDS:
3D electroasticity theory, wave propagation, solid heterogeneous piezoceramic cylinder, numerical
method

1 INTRODUCTION

The circular cylindrical piezoceramic waveguides are widely used in acoustoelectronics. Due to their property to transform
mechanical energy into electrical one and vice-Versa, they find an application in the following areas: emitters and antennas
in hydroacoustics; frequency stabilizers in radio-engineering facilities and timing references; electric filters and delay lines
in radio and telephone communications; measuring transducers for accelerations, vibration levels, and acoustic emission in
nondestructive inspection; piezotransformers. To increase the durability of waveguide performance in many cases, they have a
heterogeneous structure. Recently, continuously inhomogeneous piezoceramic are increasingly for the design of the cylindrical
waveguides was used. The physical and mechanical characteristics of the of the such material are variable values. In this case,
using of analytical and numerical methods for study of the dynamic processes in cylindrical piezoceramic bodies is very difficult.
It is known that, the analytic solution for such problems can only be obtained from certain kinds of symmetry of the material
of the cylinder. The studies in the case of axial polarization of piezoceramic for longitudinal waves (axisymmetric [1,2] and
nonaxisymmetric problem [2,3,4] and circular polarization for torsion waves [5] based on the application of the Bessel functions
are carried out. In the case of continuously inhomogeneous material of a piezoceramic cylinder, it is not possible to use a Bessel-
functions based on the approach. A more general method of the studying of the considered problems is based on the development
of the components of the solving vector to the power series [6,7,8,9,10] . The difficulties in implementing this method in the case of
the heterogeneous material of the cylinder structure make it a little effective.

† In memory of all people of Ukraine, were killed as result of Russian aggression

2 ALEXANDER GRIGORENKO ET AL

FIGURE 1 Cylindrical coordinates system

An efficient numerical–analytical approach to solving this problem for the continuously inhomogeneous material of a
piezoceramic hollow cylinder is proposed [11,12,13,14] .
In the article, this approach to the study of the wave processes in the continuously inhomogeneous piezoceramic solid cylinder
based on the 3D electroelasticity theory was applied.

2 BASIC RELATION

The closed system of equations describing the nonaxisymmetric free vibrations the piezoceramic cylinder of the finite length
in cylindrical coordinates system (𝑟, 𝜃, 𝑧). A nonaxisymmetric acoustoelectric wave propagates along the axis of the cylinder.
The closed system of equations describing this problem in cylindrical coordinates system (𝑟, 𝜃, 𝑧) (Fig. 1 ) consists of:

• equations of motion are:

( )
𝜕𝑇1 1 𝜕𝑇6 𝜕𝑇 𝜕2𝑢
+ + 𝑇1 − 𝑇2 + 5 = 𝜌 21 ,
𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑡
( )
𝜕𝑇6 1 𝜕𝑇2 𝜕𝑇4 𝜕 2 𝑢2
+ + 2𝑇6 + =𝜌 2 , (1)
𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑡
( )
𝜕𝑇5 1 𝜕𝑇4 𝜕𝑇3 𝜕 2 𝑢3
+ + 𝑇5 + =𝜌 2 ,
𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑡
• equations of electrostatics are:
( )
𝜕Φ 1 𝜕Φ 𝜕Φ 𝜕𝐷1 1 𝜕𝐷2 𝜕𝐷3
𝐸1 = − ,𝐸 = − ,𝐸 = − , + + 𝐷1 + = 0, (2)
𝜕𝑟 2 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 3 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧
• kinematic relations are:

𝜕𝑢1 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑆1 = − , 𝑆2 = 2 + 𝑢1 𝑟, 𝑆3 = − 3 ,
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑢2 𝜕𝑢3 𝜕𝑢3 𝜕𝑢1 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 2
2𝑆4 = + , 2𝑆5 = + , 2𝑆6 = 2 + 1 − 𝑢2 . (3)
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝑟
ALEXANDER GRIGORENKO ET AL 3

Where 𝑇𝑖𝑗 are the components of the stress tensor, 𝜌 is the density of the material, 𝜔 is the circular frequency, 𝑢𝑖 are the
components of the displacement vector, 𝐷𝑖 are the components of the electric-flux density, 𝐸𝑖 are the components of the electric
field strength, Φ is the electrostatic potential, and 𝜀𝑖𝑗 are the components of the strain tensor.
The relations presented should be supplemented with polarized piezoceramics state equations, which depend on the direction
of preliminary polarization.
The constitutive equations for the different of preliminary polarization are described in the case of axially polarization as:

𝑇1 = 𝑐11 𝑆1 + 𝑐12 𝑆2 + 𝑐13 𝑆3 − 𝑒13 𝐸3 ; 𝑇2 = 𝑐12 𝑆1 + 𝑐11 𝑆2 + 𝑐13 𝑆3 − 𝑒31 𝐸3 ;

𝑇3 = 𝑐13 𝑆1 + 𝑐13 𝑆2 + 𝑐33 𝑆3 − 𝑒33 𝐸3 ;
𝑇6 = 2𝑐66 𝑆6 ; 𝑇5 = 2𝑐55 𝑆5 − 𝑒15 𝐸1 ; 𝑇4 = 2𝑐55 𝑆4 − 𝑒15 𝐸2 ;
𝐷1 = 2𝑒15 𝑆5 + 𝜀11 𝐸1 ; 𝐷2 = 2𝑒15 𝑆4 + 𝜀11 𝐸2 ; 𝐷3 = 𝑒13 𝑆1 + 𝑒13 𝑆2 + 𝑒33 𝑆3 + 𝜀33 𝐸3 . (4)
where 𝑐𝑖𝑗 are the components of the tensor of the elastic moduli, 𝑒𝑖𝑗 are the components of the piezomodules tensor, 𝜀𝑖𝑗 are the
components of the permittivity tensor. The above components are functions of the radial coordinate in the case of a continuously
inhomogeneous piezoceramic materials.
𝜕𝑢1 𝜕𝑢3
When studying an axisymmetric problem (𝑢2 = 0; = = 0) about the longitudinal harmonic vibrations of the
𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃
piezoceramic cylinder the basic relationships (1) - (4) take the following form:
• equations of motion are:

𝜕𝑇1 1 ( ) 𝜕𝑇 𝜕 2 𝑢 𝜕𝑇5 1 𝜕𝑇 𝜕2𝑢

+ 𝑇1 − 𝑇2 + 5 = 𝜌 21 ; + 𝑇5 + 3 = 𝜌 23 ; (5)
𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑡
• equations of electrostatics are:

𝜕𝐷1 1 𝜕𝐷3 ̃
𝜕Φ ̃
𝜕Φ
+ 𝐷1 + = 0; 𝐸1 = − ;𝐸 = − . (6)
𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑟 3 𝜕𝑧
• kinematic relations are:

𝜕𝑢1 1 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑆1 = ; 𝑆2 = 𝑢1 ; 𝑆3 = 3 ; 𝑆5 = 3 + 1 . (7)
𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑧
The constitutive equations for the different directions of the preliminary axially polarization of the piezoceramics assume the
form

𝑇1 = 𝑐11 𝑆1 + 𝑐12 𝑆2 + 𝑐13 𝑆3 − 𝑒13 𝐸3 ; 𝑇2 = 𝑐12 𝑆1 + 𝑐11 𝑆2 + 𝑐13 𝑆3 − 𝑒13 𝐸3 ; 𝑇3 = 𝑐13 𝑆1 + 𝑐13 𝑆2 + 𝑐33 𝑆3 − 𝑒33 𝐸3 ;
𝑇5 = 2𝑐55 𝑆5 − 𝑒15 𝐸1 ; 𝐷1 = 2𝑒15 𝑆5 + 𝜀11 𝐸1 ; 𝐷3 = 𝑒13 𝑆1 + 𝑒13 𝑆2 + 𝑒33 𝑆3 + 𝜀33 𝐸3 , (8)
The resolving vector of the mixed type is:
{ }𝑇
𝑅 = 𝑇1 , 𝑇5 , Φ, 𝑢1 , 𝑢3 , 𝐷1 . (9)
By resolving the system (5) − (8) for the vector and performing some transformations, we obtain:
( ) ( )
𝜕𝑇1 1 𝑐12 𝜕𝑇 Δ 𝜕Φ Δ 𝜕2 Δ 𝜕𝑢
= − 1 𝑇1 + 5 − 1 − 2 2 + 𝜌 2 𝑢1 − 3 3 ,
𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝑐11 𝜕𝑧 𝑟𝑐11 𝜕𝑧 𝑟𝑐 𝜕𝑡 𝑟𝑐11 𝜕𝑧
( 11 2 )
𝜕𝑇5 𝑐13 𝜕𝑇1 1 Δ4 𝜕 2 Φ Δ3 Δ5 𝜕 𝜕 2
= − 𝑇5 + + 𝑢 − − 𝜌 2 𝑢3 ,
𝜕𝑟 𝑐11 𝜕𝑧 𝑟 𝑐11 𝜕𝑧2 𝑟𝑐11 1 𝑐11 𝜕𝑧2 𝜕𝑡
𝜕Φ 𝑒15 𝑐 𝜕𝑢 1 𝑒 𝜕Φ 𝑐 𝑐
= 𝑇5 − 55 𝐷1 , 1 = 𝑇1 + 13 − 12 𝑢1 + 13 𝑢3 ,
𝜕𝑟 Δ Δ 𝜕𝑟 𝑐11 𝑐11 𝜕𝑧 𝑟𝑐11 𝑐11
𝜕𝑢3 𝜀11 𝜕𝑢1 𝑒15
= 𝑇 + + 𝐷,
𝜕𝑟 Δ 5 𝜕𝑧 Δ 1
𝜕𝐷1 𝑒13 𝜕𝑇1 Δ6 𝜕 2 Φ Δ1 𝜕𝑢1 Δ4 𝜕 2 𝑢3 𝐷1
= + + + − . (10)
𝜕𝑟 𝑐11 𝜕𝑧 𝑐11 𝜕𝑧2 𝑟𝑐11 𝜕𝑧 𝑐11 𝜕𝑧2 𝑟
4 ALEXANDER GRIGORENKO ET AL

( ) ( )
here the designations are introduced: Δ = 𝑐55 𝜀11 + 𝑒215 , Δ1 = 𝑒13 𝑐11 − 𝑐12 , Δ2 = 𝑐11
2 2
− 𝑐12 , Δ3 = 𝑐13 𝑐11 − 𝑐12 , Δ4 =
𝑐13 𝑒13 − 𝑐11 𝑒33 , Δ5 = 𝑐13
2
− 𝑐11 𝑐33 , Δ6 = 𝑐11 𝜀33 + 𝑒213 .

3 METHOD FOR SOLVING PROBLEM

3.1 Reducing the system of differential equations in partial derivatives to one-dimensional

problems
To solve the problem, we will employ an efficient the analytical - numerical approach. At the first step, we apply the method
of separating variables Let us represent the components of the stress tensors and the vectors of displacements, electric-flux
density, and electrostatic potential as standing circumferential waves and traveling axial waves. As a result, the original three-
dimensional problem of electroelasticity for partial differential equations is reduced to a boundary-value eigenvalue problem for
ordinary differential equations.
Let us search for the problem solution in the form of waves running in the axial direction:

{ } ∑∞
{ }
𝑇1 , 𝑇5 , Φ, 𝑢1 , 𝑢3 , 𝐷1 = 𝑖𝑇1 (𝑟) , 𝑇5 (𝑟) , Φ (𝑟) , 𝑖𝑢1 (𝑟) , 𝑢3 (𝑟) , 𝐷1 (𝑟) 𝑒𝑖(𝑘𝑧−𝜔𝑡) . (11)
𝑛=1
With (11) the original two-dimensional problem of electroelasticity in the partial derivatives can be reduced to the system of
a boundary-value problem in the ordinary differential equations:
( ) ( )
𝑑𝑇1 1 𝑐12 𝑘Δ1 Δ2 2 𝑘Δ3
= − 1 𝑇1 + 𝑘𝑇5 − Φ− 2 + 𝜌𝜔 𝑢1 − 𝑢;
𝑑𝑟 𝑟 𝑐11 𝑟𝑐11 𝑟 𝑐11 𝑟𝑐11 3
( 2 )
𝑑𝑇5 𝑘𝑐 1 𝑘2 Δ4 𝑘Δ3 𝑘 Δ5
= − 13 𝑇1 − 𝑇5 − Φ− 𝑢1 − + 𝜌𝜔2 𝑢3 ;
𝑑𝑟 𝑐11 𝑟 𝑐11 𝑟𝑐11 𝑐11
𝑑Φ 𝑒15 𝑐55
= 𝑇 − 𝐷;
𝑑𝑟 Δ 5 Δ 1
𝑑𝑢1 1 𝑘𝑒 𝑐 𝑘𝑐
= 𝑇 + 13 Φ − 12 𝑢1 + 13 𝑢3 ;
𝑑𝑟 𝑐11 1 𝑐11 𝑟𝑐11 𝑐11
𝑑𝑢3 𝜀11 𝑒15
= 𝑇 − 𝑘𝑢1 + 𝐷;
𝑑𝑟 Δ 5 Δ 1
𝑑𝐷1 𝑘𝑒 𝑘2 Δ6 𝑘Δ1 𝑢1 𝑘2 Δ4 𝐷
= − 13 𝑇1 − Φ+ − 𝑢 − 1. (12)
𝑑𝑟 𝑐11 𝑐11 𝑐11 𝑟 𝑐11 3 𝑟
To solve the boundary-value problem (12) in the interval 0 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 𝑅, it is also necessary to impose boundary conditions at
singular point 𝑟 = 0.
Some terms in Eqs. (12) that become infinite when 𝑟 = 0. Since some unknown functions tend to zero together with the
denominator, we have an indeterminate form. To evaluate it, we will use the following limiting expressions ( Lopital Bernulia
rule applied here) [15] :
𝑇1 𝑑𝑇1 𝑇5 𝑑𝑇5 𝑢1 𝑑𝑢 𝐷 𝑑𝐷1
→ , → , → 1, 1 → . (13)
𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑟 𝑑𝑟
Thus the system of equations (12) at the point 𝑟 = 0 takes the form:
ALEXANDER GRIGORENKO ET AL 5

( )
𝑑𝑇1 𝑐12 𝑑𝑇1 𝑘Δ1 𝑑Φ Δ2 1 𝑑𝑢1 𝑘Δ3 𝑑𝑢3
= −1 + 𝑘𝑇5 − − − 𝜌𝜔2 𝑢1 − ;
𝑑𝑟 𝑐11 𝑑𝑟 𝑐11 𝑑𝑟 𝑐11 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑟𝑐11 𝑑𝑟
( 2 )
𝑑𝑇5 𝑘𝑐13 𝑑𝑇5 𝑘2 Δ4 𝑘Δ3 𝑑𝑢1 𝑘 Δ5 2
=− 𝑇 − − Φ− − + 𝜌𝜔 𝑢3 ;
𝑑𝑟 𝑐11 1 𝑑𝑟 𝑐11 𝑐11 𝑑𝑟 𝑐11
𝑑Φ 𝑒 𝑐
= 15 𝑇5 − 55 𝐷1 ;
𝑑𝑟 Δ Δ
𝑑𝑢1 1 𝑘𝑒13 𝑐 𝑑𝑢 𝑘𝑐
= 𝑇1 + Φ − 12 1 + 13 𝑢3 ;
𝑑𝑟 𝑐11 𝑐11 𝑐11 𝑑𝑟 𝑐11
𝑑𝑢3 𝜀11 𝑒15
= 𝑇 − 𝑘𝑢1 + 𝐷;
𝑑𝑟 Δ 5 Δ 1
2
𝑑𝐷1 𝑘𝑒 𝑘 Δ6 𝑘Δ1 𝑑𝑢1 𝑘2 Δ4 𝑑𝐷1
= − 13 𝑇1 − Φ+ − 𝑢3 − . (14)
𝑑𝑟 𝑐11 𝑐11 𝑐11 𝑑𝑟 𝑐11 𝑑𝑟
After a set of the transformations, we get a resolving system of the equations at r the point 𝑟 = 0 :

𝑑𝑇1
= 0;
𝜕𝑟 ( ) ( ( ) )
2
𝜕𝑇5 𝑘𝑐13 𝑘2 2𝑐12 𝑐13 𝑒13 𝑘2 2𝑐13 Ω2
=− 𝑇 − 𝑒33 − ( ) Φ− 𝑐33 − + 𝑢3 ;
𝜕𝑟 𝑐11 + 𝑐12 1 2 𝑐11 𝑐11 + 𝑐12 2 𝑐11 + 𝑐12 2
𝑑Φ 𝑑𝑢 1 [ ( )] 𝑑𝑢
= 0; 1 = 𝑇1 + 𝑘 𝑒13 Φ + 𝑐13 𝑢3 ; 3 = 0;
𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑐11 + 𝑐12 𝑑𝑟
( ) ( )
𝜕𝐷1 𝑘𝑒13 𝑘 2 𝑒13 Δ1 𝑘2 𝑒13 2𝑐12 𝑐13
=− ( ) 𝑇1 + Δ6 − Φ+ 1− ( ) 𝑢3 . (15)
𝜕𝑟 𝑐11 𝑐11 + 𝑐12 2𝑐11 𝑐11 + 𝑐12 2 𝑐11 𝑐11 + 𝑐12
As a result, we get the systems of the ordinary differential equations (12) in the interval 0 < 𝑟 ≤ 𝑅 and the systems (15) – at
the point 𝑟 = 0.
On the lateral surface of the cylinder we will consider the following boundary conditions: the lateral surface is free from
mechanical loads 𝑇1 ||𝑟=𝑅 = 0, 𝑇5 ||𝑟=𝑅 = 0 and covered with a thin solid electrode. That is, the lateral surface is equipotential
Φ|𝑟=𝑅 = 𝐶, where 𝐶 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡. For certainty, choose 𝐶 = 0. That is, on the lateral surface of the cylinder we have Φ|𝑟=𝑅 = 0.
Introduce the dimensionless values:
√
𝜌 𝑐𝑖𝑗 𝑒𝑖𝑗 𝜀𝑖𝑗 𝑟
Ω = 𝜔𝑅 ; 𝑐̃𝑖𝑗 = ; 𝑒̃𝑖𝑗 = √ ; 𝜀̃𝑖𝑗 = ; 𝑥 = ; 𝜁 = 𝑘𝑅.
𝜆 𝜆 𝜀0 𝜆 𝜀 0 𝑅
𝑅 – radius of the cylinder; 𝜌 – density of the material of the cylinder; 𝜀0 – vacuum permittivity; 𝜆 = 1010 mN2
Finally, we get to the boundary value problem in ordinary differential equations of the form:

d𝑅
= 𝐴 (𝑥, Ω) 𝑅 (16)
d𝑥
where 𝑅 = {𝑇1 , 𝑇5 , Φ, 𝑢1 , 𝑢3 , 𝐷1 }.
Matrix 𝐴 has the form 𝑥 = 0:
‖ 0 0 0 0 0 0‖
‖ ( ) ( ( ) ) ‖
‖ 2𝐴213 𝐴13 𝑒13 ‖
‖ − 𝐴13 𝜁 0 − 𝜁2
2
𝑒33 −
2𝐴12 𝐴13 𝑒13
0− 𝜁2
𝐴33 − + Ω
0‖
‖ 𝑐11 (𝐴11 +𝐴12 ) 𝑐11 (𝐴11 +𝐴12 ) ‖
‖ 𝐴11 +𝐴12 2 2 ‖
‖ 0 0 0 0 0 0‖
‖ ‖
𝐴=‖ 1 𝜁 𝑒13 𝜁 𝑐13 ‖ (17)
‖ 0 0 0‖
‖ 𝐴11 +𝐴12 𝐴11 +𝐴12 𝐴11 +𝐴12 ‖
‖ 0‖
‖ 0 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) ‖
‖ ‖
‖− 𝜁 𝑒13 𝜁2 Δ6 −𝑒13 Δ5 𝜁 2 𝑒13 2𝑐12 𝑐13
0‖
‖ 𝑐 (𝐴 +𝐴 ) 0 0 1− ‖
‖ 11 11 12 2𝑐11 𝐴11 +𝐴12 2 𝑐11 (𝐴11 +𝐴12 ) ‖
Matrix𝐴 has the form 𝑥 ∈ (0, 1]:
6 ALEXANDER GRIGORENKO ET AL

( ) ( )
‖ 1 𝑐̃12 − 1 𝜁Δ Δ2
0 ‖
‖ 𝑥 𝑐̃ 𝜁 − 𝑥̃𝑐 1 − + Ω2 0 ‖
‖ 𝑥2 𝑐̃11 ‖
‖ 11 11
𝜁 2 Δ4 𝜁 Δ3 𝜁 2 Δ5 ‖
‖ − 𝜁 𝑐̃13 − 𝑥1 − − 𝑥̃𝑐 − Ω 2
0 ‖
‖ 𝑐̃11 𝑐̃11 𝑐̃11 ‖
‖ 11
𝑐̃55 ‖
‖ 0
𝑒̃15
0 0 0 −Δ ‖
𝐴=‖ ‖ 1
Δ
𝜁 𝑒̃13 𝑐̃ 𝜁 𝑐̃13
‖
‖ (18)
‖ 0 − 𝑥̃𝑐12 0 ‖
‖ 𝑐̃11 𝑐̃11 𝑐̃11 ‖
‖ 𝜀̃11
11
𝑒̃15 ‖
‖ 0 0 −𝜁 0 ‖
‖ Δ Δ ‖
‖ 𝜁 𝑒̃13 𝜁 2Δ 𝜁 Δ1 𝜁 2 Δ4 1 ‖
‖ − 0 − 𝑐̃ 6 − 𝑐̃ −𝑥 ‖
‖ 𝑐̃11 11 𝑥̃𝑐11 11 ‖
Boundary conditions have the form:

𝐵𝑅 (1) =0, (19)

where
‖1 0 0‖
‖ ‖
‖ ‖
𝐵= ‖ 0 1 0 ‖ .
‖ ‖
‖0 0 1‖
‖ ‖
To solve problem (16) - (19), we use the stable discrete-orthogonalization method in combination with the step-by-step search
method [11,12,13,14] .
When 𝑘 = 0, the system (12) splits into two independent groups of equations
( ) ( )
𝑑𝑇1 1 𝑐12 Δ2 2
= − 1 𝑇1 − 2 + 𝜌𝜔 𝑢1 ;
𝑑𝑟 𝑟 𝑐11 𝑟 𝑐11
𝑑𝑢1 1 𝑐
= 𝑇1 − 12 𝑢1 ; (20)
𝑑𝑟 𝑐11 𝑟𝑐11
with boundary conditions
𝑢1 ||𝑟=0 = 0 and 𝑇1 ||𝑟=𝑅 = 0 (21)
and

𝑑𝑇5 1
= − 𝑇5 − 𝜌𝜔2 𝑢3 ;
𝑑𝑟 𝑟
𝑑Φ 𝑒15 𝑐
= 𝑇 − 55 𝐷1 ;
𝑑𝑟 Δ 5 Δ
𝑑𝑢3 𝜀11 𝑒15
= 𝑇 + 𝐷;
𝑑𝑟 Δ 5 Δ 1
𝑑𝐷1 𝐷
= − 1, (22)
𝑑𝑟 𝑟
with boundary conditions

𝑇5 ||𝑟=0 = 0, 𝐷1 ||𝑟=0 = 0 and 𝑇5 ||𝑟=𝑅 = 0, Φ|𝑟=𝑅 = 0. (23)

The first boundary value problem (20), (21) describe by the elastic radial vibrations, and the second value problem (22), (23)
– electroelastic longitudinal vibrations. After set transformations of the equations of the system (20) we have:
( 2 )
𝑑 2 𝑢1 1 𝑑𝑢1 𝜌𝜔 1
+ + − 𝑢1 = 0. (24)
𝑑𝑟2 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑐11 𝑟2
√
𝜌
If we introduce a substitution 𝑧 = 𝜔𝑟, we have at the Besel differential equation of the first order:
𝑐11
𝑑 2 𝑢1 1 𝑑𝑢1 ( 1
)
+ + 1 − 𝑢 = 0. (25)
𝑑𝑧2 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝑧2 1
The general solution of this equation is a linear combination of the Bessel functions of the first and second types

𝑢1 = 𝐴𝐽1 (𝜈𝑟) + 𝐵𝑌1 (𝜈𝑟) (26)

ALEXANDER GRIGORENKO ET AL 7

𝜌
where 𝜈 2 = 𝜔2 . We determine the constants in (26) based on the boundary conditions (27):
𝑐11
( )|
𝑑𝑢1 1 |
𝑢1 ||𝑟=0 = 0 and 𝑇1 ||𝑟=𝑅 =
𝑐11 + 𝑐12 𝑢1 | = 0. (27)
𝑑𝑟 𝑟 |
|𝑟=𝑅
When 𝑟 → 0, 𝑌1 → −∞ we have 𝐵 = 0, and therefore 𝑢1 = 𝐴𝐽1 (𝜈𝑟). Substituting this value into the second boundary condition,
we obtain the frequency equation

1
𝑐11 𝜈𝐽0 (𝜈𝑅) + (𝑐12 − 𝑐11 ) 𝐽1 (𝜈𝑅) = 0, (28)
𝑅
Now we find the frequencies of the radial vibrations (symbol 𝑈 (𝑛)):

𝑈 (𝑛) = 2.99244; 7.40409...𝑛 = 0, 1, 2, ... (29)

The first step of the solution of the boundary value problem (22), (23) based on the last equation of the system (22)
𝑑𝐷1 𝐷 1 𝑑 ( ) 𝑑𝐷1 𝐷1 1 𝑑 ( ) 𝐷
= − 1,→ ⋅ 𝑟𝐷1 = + → ⋅ 𝑟𝐷1 = 0 → 𝐷1 = 0 (30)
𝑑𝑟 𝑟 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑟 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑟
𝑑𝑢3 𝑑Φ
where 𝐷0 – arbitrary constant. From the fourth equation of system (8) we have: 𝑇5 = 𝑐55 + 𝑒15 . Substituting the values
𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟
from the second equation of the system (20) and taking into account (30), we have:
( )
𝑒215 𝑑𝑢3 𝑒15 𝐷0
𝑇5 = 𝑐55 + − . (31)
𝜀11 𝑑𝑟 𝜀11 𝑟
Substituting (31) into the first equation of system (20), we have

𝑑 2 𝑢3 1 𝑑𝑢3 𝜌𝜀11 𝜔2
+ + 𝑢3 = 0. (32)
√ 𝑑𝑟2 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 Δ
𝜌𝜀11
Using substitution 𝑦 = 𝜔𝑟, we have the differential Bessel equation of zero order
Δ
𝑑 2 𝑢3 1 𝑑𝑢3
+ + 𝑢3 = 0. (33)
𝑑𝑦2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
The general solution of this equation is a linear combination of the Bessel functions of the first and the second type :

𝑢3 = 𝐽0 (𝜗𝑟) + 𝐷𝑌0 (𝜗𝑟). (34)

𝜌𝜀11
where 𝜗2 = 𝜔2 . Based on the fact that the function must be limited – 𝑢3 =!𝐽0 (𝜗𝑟). From the boundary conditions we find
Δ
the frequencies of longitudinal vibrations 𝑊 (𝑛)

𝑊 (𝑛) = 0; 2.87348; 5.69952; 8.16467...𝑛 = 0, 1, 2, ... (35)

Therefore, the branches of the dispersion equations will be further denoted by the corresponding symbols 𝑈 (𝑛) or 𝑊 (𝑛)
depending on the variant of the vibrations at (𝑘 = 0): elastic radial or electroelastic longitudinal.

3.2 The Discrete-Orthogonalization Method in Combination with the Incremental Search

Here is a variant of the discrete orthogonplantation method for solving edge increments of eigenvalues.
Consider the system ordinary linear homogeneous differential equations with variable coefficients:
d𝑦̄
= 𝐴(𝑥, 𝜆)𝑦̄ (𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏) , (36)
d𝑥
with homogeneous boundary conditions:

̄
̄ = 0,
𝐵1 (𝜆) 𝑦(𝑎) (37)
8 ALEXANDER GRIGORENKO ET AL

̄ = 0,
𝐵2 (𝜆) 𝑦(𝑏) ̄ (38)
where 𝑦̄ = [𝑦1 , 𝑦2 , … , 𝑦𝑛 ] is the column-vector of unknown functions, 𝐴(𝑥, 𝜆) is the square nth-order matrix, 𝐵1 (𝜆) , 𝐵2 (𝜆)
𝑇

are given rectangular 𝑘 × 𝑛 and (𝑛 − 𝑘) × 𝑛(𝑘 < 𝑛) th order matrices, 𝜆is the system parameter. Values of the parameter 𝜆,
at which the nonzero solutions of the system (36) satisfying the homogeneous boundary conditions (37) and (38) exist, are
called eigenvalues (numbers) of a differential operator, while the appropriate solutions of the system are called eigenfunctions.
The totality of all values # forms a discrete operator spectrum. The problem consisting in finding the eigenvalues of 𝜆 and the
appropriate eigenfunctions is called eigenvalue problem for a differential operator.
The application of the discrete-orthogonalization method makes it possible to obtain a stable computational process due to
orthogonalization of the vector-solutions of the Cauchy problems at the finite number of points of the interval within which the
argument varies.
To find the eigenvalues in the problem (36) - (38), we employ the forward discrete-orthogonalization method in combination
with the incremental search method [11] .
For determining the eigenvalues we will use the following algorithm:
Let us give for the parameter 𝜆 some initial approximation and a step with which it varies: 𝜆 = 𝜆0 and ℎ (𝜆).
Calculate the matrices of the boundary conditions 𝐵1 (𝜆) and 𝐵2 (𝜆).
Perform the forward stroke of the discrete-orthogonalization method with the parameter 𝜆 being given.
To do this, we present the searched solution of problem (36) - (38) as follows:

∑
𝑚
𝑦(𝑥)
̄ = 𝑐𝑗 𝑦̄𝑗 (𝑥), (39)
𝑗=1
or

̄
𝑦̄ = 𝑌 𝑇 𝐶, (40)
[ ]
where 𝑌 (𝑥) = 𝑦̄1 (𝑥) 𝑦̄2 (𝑥) ... 𝑦̄𝑚 (𝑥) , 𝑚 = min (𝑘, 𝑛 − 𝑘) (for definiteness let 𝑚 = min (𝑘, 𝑛 − 𝑘)); 𝑦̄𝑗 𝑗 = 1, 𝑚 is the solution
𝑇
{ }𝑇
of the Cauchy problem for system (36) and the boundary conditions (37) at 𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝐶̄ = 𝑐1 , 𝑐2 , ..., 𝑐𝑚 . Let us divide the
segment 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏 into parts by integration points 𝑥𝑠 (𝑠 = 0, 𝑁) between which we chose orthogonalization points 𝑥𝑖 (𝑖 = 0, 𝑀).
The choice of these points is governed by the necessity to enable accuracy to problem solving.
Assume that solutions m of the Cauchy problem at the points𝑥𝑖 (𝑖 = 0, 𝑀) are found with certain numerical method (for,
example, with the Runge-Kutta method). Let us designate the solutions as 𝑢̄ 𝑟 (𝑥𝑖 ) (𝑟 = 1, 𝑚). Next we ortonormalize the vectors
𝑢̄ 1 (𝑥𝑖 ),𝑢̄ 2 (𝑥𝑖 ),. . . 𝑢̄ 𝑚 (𝑥𝑖 ) and notate them in terms of 𝑧̄ 1 (𝑥𝑖 ),𝑧̄ 2 (𝑥𝑖 ),. . . ,𝑧̄ 𝑚 (𝑥𝑖 )). The vectors z are expressed in terms of the vectors
u using the formulas:
( )
1 ∑
𝑟−1
𝑧̄ 𝑟 = 𝑢̄ 𝑟 − 𝜔𝑟𝑗 𝑧̄ 𝑗 (𝑟 = 1, 𝑚), (41)
𝜔𝑟𝑟 𝑗=1
where:
√
√
√ ∑
𝑟−1
𝜔𝑟𝑟 = √(𝑢̄ 𝑟 , 𝑢̄ 𝑟 ) − 𝜔2𝑟𝑗 , 𝜔𝑟𝑗 = (𝑢̄ 𝑟 , 𝑧̄ 𝑗 )(𝑗 < 𝑟, 𝑟 = 1, 𝑚). (42)
𝑗=1
From here it follows:

⎡ 𝑢̄ 1 (𝑥𝑖 ) ⎤ ⎡ 𝑧̄ 1 (𝑥𝑖 ) ⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 𝑢̄ 2 (𝑥𝑖 ) ⎥ = Ω𝑖 ⎢ 𝑧̄ 2 (𝑥𝑖 ) ⎥ , (43)
⎢ ... ⎥ ⎢ ... ⎥
⎢ 𝑢̄ (𝑥 ) ⎥ ⎢ 𝑧̄ (𝑥 ) ⎥
⎣ 𝑚 𝑖 ⎦ ⎣ 𝑚 𝑖 ⎦
or

𝑈𝑖𝑇 = 𝑍𝑖𝑇 Ω𝑇𝑖 , (44)

where
( ) [ ]
𝑈 𝑇 𝑥𝑖 = 𝑈𝑖𝑇 = 𝑢̄ 1 (𝑥𝑖 ) 𝑢̄ 2 (𝑥𝑖 ) ... 𝑢̄ 𝑚 (𝑥𝑖 ) ,
ALEXANDER GRIGORENKO ET AL 9

( ) [ ]
𝑍 𝑇 𝑥𝑖 = 𝑍𝑖𝑇 = 𝑧̄ 1 (𝑥𝑖 ) 𝑧̄ 2 (𝑥𝑖 ) ... 𝑧̄ 𝑚 (𝑥𝑖 ) ,
( )
⎡ 𝜔11 𝑥𝑖 0 ... 0 ⎤
⎢ ( ) ( ) ⎥
( ) 𝜔 𝑥 𝜔22 𝑥𝑖 ... 0
Ω 𝑥𝑖 = Ω𝑖 = ⎢ 21 𝑖 ⎥. (45)
⎢ ... ... ... ... ⎥
⎢ 𝜔 (𝑥 ) 𝜔 (𝑥 ) ... 𝜔 (𝑥 ) ⎥
⎣ 𝑚1 𝑖 𝑚2 𝑖 𝑚𝑚 𝑖 ⎦
The components of the vectors 𝑧̄ 𝑟 (𝑥𝑖 ) are initial values, which are required to find solutions of the Cauchy problems on the
segment [𝑥𝑖 , 𝑥𝑖+1 ].
Thus, the solution of system (45) on the interval 𝑥𝑖 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑥𝑖+1 can be presented as follows:

∑
𝑚
𝑦(𝑥)
̄ = 𝑐𝑗(𝑖) 𝑧̄ 𝑗 (𝑥) (46)
𝑗=1
or by

𝑦̄ (𝑥) = 𝑦̄ = 𝑍 𝑇 𝐶̄ 𝑖 . (47)
The solution of system (36), which satisfies the boundary conditions (37), at each point of orthogonalization 𝑥𝑖 (𝑖 = 0, 𝑀)
takes the form:

∑
𝑚
̄ 𝑖 ) = 𝑦̄𝑖 =
𝑦(𝑥 𝑐𝑗(𝑖) 𝑧̄ 𝑗 (𝑥𝑖 ), (48)
𝑗=1
or
( ) ( )
𝑦̄ 𝑥𝑖 = 𝑍 𝑇 𝑥𝑖 𝐶̄ (𝑖) ⇔ 𝑦̄𝑖 = 𝑍𝑖𝑇 𝐶̄ (𝑖) . (49)
The unknown components 𝑐1(𝑀) , 𝑐2(𝑀) ,. . . ..,𝑐𝑚(𝑀)
of the vector 𝑐̄ (𝑀)
at the point 𝑥 = 𝑥𝑁 = 𝑥𝑀 = 𝑏are calculated provided that
the vector 𝑦(𝑥
̄ 𝑀 ) satisfies the boundary conditions (40):

𝐵2 𝑦̄𝑀 = 0̄ ⇒ 𝐵2 𝑍𝑀
𝑇 ̄ (𝑀)
𝐶 ̄
= 0. (50)
As a result, we get the homogeneous linear system of algebraic equations with respect to the unknown constants 𝐶̄ 𝑀 on the
[ ]
segment 𝑥𝑀−1 , 𝑥𝑀 . It is known that the homogeneous system of equations in the form (49) has nontrivial solutions only in
the case when the determinant of the system is equal to zero. When solving the numerical problem (39), (40) and by discrete
changing of the parameter 𝜆 it is impossible to establish accurate equality to zero of the determinant of system (40) for the given
parameter 𝜆. To determine and localize the search eigenvalue of system (36), we will fixate two sequential values 𝜆𝑘 and 𝜆𝑘+1 ,
at which the determinant of system (41) has opposite signs. The approximate value of the eigennumber 𝜆̃ can be defined with
the given accuracy using the methods of bisection, chords, etc. (but with the required forward run by the method of discrete
orthogonalization).
If the determinants of system (40) for two sequential values 𝜆𝑘 and 𝜆𝑘+1 have the same signs, then increasing 𝜆𝑘+1 by the value
of the step ℎ (𝜆), remembering the previous value 𝜆𝑘 , we will return to the onset of the algorithm outlined until the predesigned
amount of the eigenvalues of problem (36)-(38) becomes defined.
To define the eigenform corresponding to the defined eigenvalue, we will use the forward and backward strokes of the discrete-
orthogonalization methods.
The algorithm of search of the eigenform is the follows:
(i) Using the Gauss method and choosing a main element, we define the determinant of system (50). At the same time we
fixate indexes 𝑝 and 𝑞 corresponding by modulus to element of the matrix 𝐵2 𝑍𝑀 𝑇
.
(ii) Let for the parameter 𝐶̄ (𝑀) in the column-vector be 𝑐𝑞(𝑀) = 1 (instead of 1 it may be any number).
(iii) In the matrix 𝐵2 𝑍𝑀𝑇
the row with index𝑝 is eliminated.
(iv) The column with index 𝑞 is carried out in the right-hand side of equality (50) (with the exception of the element notated
by the indexes 𝑝 and 𝑞.
(v) The linear inhomogeneous system of the (𝑚 − 1)th-order algebraic equations is solved with the Gauss method. The vector
of the constant 𝐶̄ (𝑀) at the point 𝑥𝑀 = 𝑏 can be found with accuracy to arbitrary constant.
10 ALEXANDER GRIGORENKO ET AL

(vi) System (49) is solved on the interval 𝑥𝑖 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑥𝑖+1 by formulas (30), (31). Requiring that the solving be continuous at
( ) ( )
the point 𝑥𝑖 , we get: 𝑦̄ 𝑥𝑖 − 0 = 𝑦̄ 𝑥𝑖 + 0 ⇒𝑌𝑖 𝑇 𝐶̄ (𝑖−1) = 𝑍𝑖𝑇 𝐶̄ (𝑖) . With (43), (44), being taken into account, we obtain

Ω𝑇𝑖 𝐶̄ (𝑖−1) = 𝐶̄ (𝑖) 𝑖 = 𝑀, 𝑀 − 1, ..., 1 (51)

Since the matrix Ω𝑇𝑖 represents an upper triangle matrix, system (51) can be solved having conducted only backward stroke
with the Gauss method.
The value of the eigenfunction at some point can be determined by the formulas (42), (45). It should be noted that in solving
the problems the solution must be found only at certain points, which are the points of the separation of the results. The number
of these points is considerably smaller then the number of those in orthogonalization. At the same time, it is necessary to keep
the matrix 𝑍𝑖𝑇 at points of the separation of the results, and for the matrices Ω𝑇𝑖 to keep their products instead. By using (51),
we get a recurrent formula needed to define constants of integration on spaces between points of separation
[ ]−1
∏
𝑝
𝐶̄ (𝑖−1) = Ω𝑇𝑖+𝑗 𝐶̄ (𝑖+𝑝) (52)
𝑗=1

where 𝑝 = 1, 𝑀 − 𝑗.
This technique makes it possible to define with the predetermined accuracy any number eigenfunctions of problem (36)-(38)
by constructing stable computational process. To do this, the choice of the initial approximation for 𝜆 and step ℎ (𝜆) must be
unobjectionable.

4 NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

At the first stage, the spectral characteristics of the running waves in the piezoceramic homogeneous solid cylinders were
calculated. The physical and mechanical characteristics of the material of the cylinder as follow (PZT-4):
/ / / /
𝜌 = 7.5 ⋅ 103 kg∕m2 ; 𝑐11 = 13.9 ⋅ 1010 N m2 ; 𝑐12 = 7.43 ⋅ 1010 N m2 ; 𝑐13 = 7.78 ⋅ 1010 N m2 ; 𝑐33 = 11.5 ⋅ 1010 N m2 ;
/ / / /
𝑐55 = 2.56 ⋅ 1010 N m2 ; 𝑒13 = −5.2C m2 ; 𝑒15 = 12.7C m2 ; 𝑒33 = 15.1K m2 ; 𝜀11 = 730𝜀0 ; 𝜀33 = 635𝜀0 ; 𝑉0 = 1; 𝜀0 − is
vacuum permittivity.
Comparison with the results obtained in [2] shows a complete coincidence of the results obtained by this method and the results
obtained on the basis of the method using Bessel functions.
We compare the dispersion curves for the case of propagation of axisymmetric electroelastic waves in a homogeneous, suffi-
ciently thick-walled (𝜀 = 0, 5) hollow cylinder and a solid cylinder made of piezoceramics PZT 4. In Fig. 2 as can be seen from
the figure, the main rearrangement of the branches of the dispersion equations in comparison with the hollow cylinder occurs for
the first two branches. The branch 𝑊 (0) goes first on the branch 𝐴𝑊 (0), and then goes to the branch 𝑆𝑈 (0). Letters 𝐴 and 𝑆,
we recall, indicate the antisymmetric and symmetric distribution of displacements relative to the middle surface of the cylinder
at 𝜁 = 0 [7,13] . The rearrangement of the first two branches is due to the fact that in the hollow cylinder the first two branches in
the short-wave region emerge on the "Rayleigh type" wave [7] . In the wave 𝐴𝑊 (0) of displacement and stress are localized near
the inner surface of the cylinder, and in the wave 𝑆𝑈 (0) of displacement and stress are localized near the outer surface of the
cylinder. In a solid cylinder, only one wave 𝑈 (0) in the short-wave region reaches the "Rayleigh-type" wave. The displacements
and stresses are localized near the outer surface of the cylinder.
We study the influence of the couple electric field on the nature of dispersion relations (Fig. 3 ). We compare the corresponding
values for the piezoceramic cylinder PZT 4 and the elastic cylinder (𝑒𝑖𝑗 = 0). For the case of an elastic cylinder, a comparison
with the values obtained in [16] also showed a complete coincidence of results. The thick lines represent the dispersion curves for
the piezoceramic cylinder and the thin lines for the case of the elastic cylinder. The figure shows that the effect of the electric field
is much greater for frequencies generated by coupled electrostrips, this is the branches 𝑊 (𝑛). Moreover, the greatest influence
of the electric field can be seen in the long-wavelength region.
Let us study the phase velocities of acoustoelectric waves in a solid piezoceramic cylinder made of PZT 4 piezoceramics
(Fig. 4 ). The wide lines correspond the phase velocities for a piezoceramic cylinder, the narrow lines correspond the phase
velocities for a elastic cylinder. It can be seen from the Fig. 4 , in the short-wave region the first dispersion curves 𝑊 (0) to the
wave "Rayleigh type", which propagates without dispersion. It should also be noted that the couple electric field has a very small
effect on the phase velocity. The different dispersion curves in the short-wave region also show no dispersion and we have the
very small effect of the couple electric field on the phase velocity.
ALEXANDER GRIGORENKO ET AL 11

FIGURE 2 Dispersion curves for solid and hollow homogeneous piezoceramic cylinders

FIGURE 3 Dispersion curves for solid homogeneous piezoceramic and elasticity (𝑒𝑖𝑗 = 0) cylinders

In the literature, you can find the articles where a solution to the problem of wave propagation in a cylinder made of the
continuously heterogeneous piezoceramic material based on. the special functions approach. In our opinion, this is not entirely
correct. Let’s show this with a simple example. Consider the problem of the radial vibrations of a solid cylinder of continuously
heterogeneous piezoceramic material (FGPM). In this case, equation (24) takes the form
( )
𝑑 2 𝑢1 1 𝑑𝑢1 𝜌𝜔2 1
+ + − 𝑢1 = 0 (53)
𝑑𝑟2 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑐11 (𝑟) 𝑟2
We can see, that relation (53) is not a Bessel equation, Therefore the solution of the equation (53) in the form of a combination
of Bessel functions is impossible.
We will consider the case of continuously heterogeneous piezoceramic material (FGPM). Consider a material consisting of
two components: steel and piezoceramics. The characteristics of the material vary across the thickness as follows:

𝑃 (𝑟) = (𝑃𝑚 − 𝑃𝑝 )𝑉 (𝑟) + 𝑃𝑝 , (54)

where V (z) is the volume fraction of the ceramics, which is described as :
( )
𝑟 − 𝑅0 1 𝑛
𝑉 (𝑟) = + . (55)
2ℎ 2
Here, n is parameter of inhomogeneity.
12 ALEXANDER GRIGORENKO ET AL

FIGURE 4 The phase velocities of propagating waves for solid homogeneous piezoceramic and elasticity cylinders.

FIGURE 5 Investigation of elastic modulus 𝐴11 by cylinder thickness depending on volume component of piezoceramics in
FGPM

Expression (54) is a general formula for the physical and chemical characteristics of the material,, 𝑃𝑝 ,𝑃𝑚 - the corresponding
characteristics of ceramics and metal. The volumetric fraction of ceramics in formula (55) can vary within 0 < 𝑛 < 1000. At
the same time 𝑛 = 0, the structure is completely metallic: if 𝑛 = 0, then piezoceramic.
The change of the physical and the mechanical characteristics along the thickness of the cylinder for the example of the elastic
module 𝑐11 is shown in Fig. 5 .
Let us consider results of the numerical analysis of the boundary-value problem (16) – (19) for the continuously inhomo-
geneous piezoceramic material (Fig. 6 , Fig. 7 ). In the Fig.6, the wide lines correspond the dispersion curves for the solid
piezoceramic cylinder (𝑁 = 5) and the narrow lines correspond the dispersion curves for the solid piezoceramic cylinder
(𝑁 = 10000). It can be seen from the Fig. 6 , the presence of a metal component of the piezoceramic cylinder leads to an
increase of the rigidity of the material, and, as a result, leads to an increase in the values of the natural frequencies. Note the
presence of the existence of the dispersion for the first branch 𝑊 (0) for the continuously inhomogeneous piezoceramic material.
It is known, that the phase velocity of the Rayleigh wave does not depend on frequency not on wavelength. A similar electrome-
chanical effect exists for the dispersion curve 𝑊 (0) in the case of the solid continuously inhomogeneous piezoceramic cylinder
(Fig. 7 ).
ALEXANDER GRIGORENKO ET AL 13

FIGURE 6 The influences of the inhomogeneity material on the branches of the dispersion curves (𝑁 = 5)

FIGURE 7 The influences of the inhomogeneity material on the phase velocities of the propagating waves (𝑁 = 5)

We will consider unlimited piezoceramic space.

√ In this case have two independent waves propagate: an elastic shear wave
𝑐11 m
(SV - wave), which propagates with speed 𝑐𝑠 = = 4305.036 , and a longitudinal electroelastic wave (P - wave), which
√ ( 𝜌 s
√ )
√1 𝑒 2
m
propagates with speed 𝑐𝑝 = √ 𝑐55 + 15 = 1935.51 . The couple electric field increases the speed of longitudinal waves
𝜌 𝜀11 s
𝑒215 m
by the value of the coefficient of electromechanical coupling 𝑘2 = , in our case by 87.989 . It is known that the speed of
𝜀11 s
the Rayleigh wave must be less than the speed of the shear wave and the longitudinal 𝑐𝑃 [17] . In [18] it was investigated how the
𝑐𝑅
ratio changes depending on the Poisson’s ratio. As the Poisson’s ratio 𝜈 increases from (𝜈 = 0) to ( = 0.874). In our case, the
𝑐𝑠
14 ALEXANDER GRIGORENKO ET AL

m
branch for the piezoceramic cylinder made of PZT 4 piezoceramics in the short-wave region reaches the value 𝐶Φ = 1755.175
s
𝑐Φ
that gives the ratio = 0.407703.
𝑐𝑠

5 CONCLUSION

The wave propagation in the solid inhomogeneous piezoceramic cylindrical bodies based on 3D electroelasticity theory are
studied. A resolving system of the differential equations in the partial derivatives with the variable coefficients for the case of
axially polarization of the piezoceramic is presented. The investigation of the problem defined above is connected with large
computational difficulties. The boundary conditions at singular point 𝑟 = 0. of a solid piezoceramic cylinder were formulated.
Components of the elasticity tensor, of the mechanical and electric displacement vector, the electrostatic potential, and of the
components of the stress tensor are presented in the form of standing circumferential waves and by running waves in an axial
direction. The three-dimensional system of resolving equation is reduced to a boundary-value problem described by a system of
the ordinary differential equations with variable coefficients. The discretely continual analytical numerically approach to solve
of the problems of the spatial electroelasticity theory for the wave propagation processes in the continually inhomogeneous
piezoceramic solid cylindrical bodies is proposed. The axisymmetric problems of the propagation the acoustoelectric waves
in an axial direction in the continually the case of the axially polarization inhomogeneous piezoceramic solid cylinder are
considered. The dispersion curve behavior for the solid and the hollow piezoceramic cylinders was compared. The analysis of the
behavior of the dispersion curves and phase velocities at propagation of the electric-elastic waves in the solid in the continually
inhomogeneous piezoceramic cylinder is carried out.

ORCID

Igor Loza https:// orcid.org/0000-0002-2678-6908

References
[1] H.S. Paul, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 1966 40(5), 1077, doi:10.1121/1.1910191.

[2] M. Shatalov, Analysis of Axisymmetric and Non-Axisymmetric Wave Propagation in a Homogeneous Piezoelectric Solid Circular Cylinder of Transversely
Isotropic Material. Wave Propagation in Materials for Modern Applications, Book edited by: Andrey Petrin, INTECH, Croatia, 2010.

[3] M. Shatalov, A. Every, A. Yenwong-Fai, Int. J. Solids Struct. 2009 46(3-4), 837, doi:10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2008.09.022.

[4] V. Puzyrev, Int. J. Solids Struct. 2010 47(16), 2115, doi:10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2010.04.011.

[5] H.S. Paul, Arch. Mech. Stosow. 1962, 5, 127.

[6] A.Y. Grigorenko, I.A. Loza, N.A. Shul’ga, Soviet Appl. Mech. 1984 20(6), 517, doi:10.1007/BF00890550.

[7] A.Y. Grigorenko, I.A. Loza, Int. Appl. Mech. 2017 53(4), 374, doi:10.1007/s10778-017-0821-7.

[8] Loza I.A., Soviet Appl. Mech. 1984 20(12), 1103, doi:10.1007/BF00888958.

[9] Loza I.A., Soviet Appl. Mech. 1985 21(1), 22, doi:10.1007/BF00887877.

[10] Loza I.A., K.V. Medvedev, N.A. Shul’ga, Soviet Appl. Mech. 1987 23(8), 703, doi:10.1007/BF00886654.

[11] A.Ya. Grigorenko, Müller W.H., Ya.M. Grigorenko, G.G. Vlaikov, Recent developments in anisotropic heteroge- neous shell theory. General theory and
applications of classical theory. Vol. I, Springer, Berlin, 2016.

[12] A.Ya. Grigorenko, Müller W.H., Ya.M. Grigorenko, G.G. Vlaikov, Recent developments in anisotropic heteroge- neous shell theory. Applications of
Refined and Three-dimensional Theory. Vol. IIA, Springer, Berlin, 2016.

[13] A.Ya. Grigorenko, Müller W.H., Ya.M. Grigorenko, G.G. Vlaikov, Recent developments in anisotropic heteroge- neous shell theory. Applications of
Refined and Three-dimensional Theory. Vol. IIB, Springer, Berlin, 2016.
ALEXANDER GRIGORENKO ET AL 15

[14] A.Ya. Grigorenko, Müller W.H., Loza I.A., Selected Problems in the Elastodynamics of Piezoceramic Bodies, Springer, Cham, 2021.

[15] Ya.M. Grigorenko, A.Ya. Grigorenko, L.S. Rozhok, Int. Appl. Mech. 2006 42(6), 629, doi:110.1007/s10778-006-0130-z.

[16] I. Mirsky, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 1965 37(6), 2106, doi:10.1121/1.1909508.

[17] V.T. Grinchenko, V.V. Meleshko, Harmonic vibrations and waves in elastic bodies, Naukova Dumka, Kyiv, 1981.

[18] I.A. Viktorov, Physical basics of application of ultrasonic Rayleigh and Lamb waves in technology, Nauka, Moscow, 1966.

AUTHORS BIOGRAPHIES

Alexander Grigorenko He is the head of the numerical methods department of the S.P. Timoshenko Institute of Mechanics
of NAS of Ukraine .He defended PhD thesis in 1980 and Dr. Sci. thesis Phys.-Math.) andin 1993, awarded the title of professor
in 2001.His main achievements are in the field of solid mechanics: wave and vibration processes in elastic and electroelastic
bodies, numerical analysis ofstationary deformation ofanisotropic inhomogeneous shells and elastic bodies. In 2021 he was
elected as a Member-Corresponding of National Academy Sciences of Ukraine

Igor Loza He is head ofdepartment of theoretical and applied mechanics of the National Transport University( Kyiv)
He defended PhD thesis in 1984 and Dr. Sci. thesis Phys.-Math. in2012, awarded the title of professor in 2015.His main
achievements are in the 3D theory of electroelasticity:the stationary and nonstationary dynamical process in electroelastic
inhomogeneous c bodies; development of the numerical methods

Svetlana Sperkach She is the director of the Technical Centre of National Academy Sciences of Ukraine. She defended PhD
thesis Phys.-Math in 2005. Its main achievements are in the study of physical and mechanical processes in modern materials

Anna Bezuglaya She is the engineer of the Technical Centre of National Academy Sciences of Ukraine. Its main
achievements are in the study of the wave propagation in the cylindrical piezoceramic inhomogeneous bodies

How cite this article: Grigorenko A., I. Loza, S. Sperkach, A. Bezuglaya (2022), Propagation of electroelastic waves in a
continuously inhomogeneous piezoceramic solid cylinder, ZAMM, 2022;00:1–6.