Bulletin of the Institute of Mathematics, 2020, №3, ISSN-2181-9483 98

Matematika Instituti Byulleteni

2020,№3, 98-107 b.

Bulletin of the Institute of Mathematics

2020,№3, pp.98-107

Бюллетень Института математики

2020,№3, стp.98-107

A quadratic stochastic operator with variable coefficients

1 2
Usmonov J. B. Kodirova M. A.

Koeffitsiyentlari o’zgaruvchi kvadratik stoxastik operator

Maqolada bir o’lchovli bo’lakli-uzluksiz, a va b parametrli
funksiya orqali aniqlangan dinamik sistemaning qo’zg’almas
nuqtalari topilgan, 2 davriy nuqtalar mavjud emasligi
ko’rsatilgan va 3 davriy nuqtalar mavjud bo’lishi uchun a va
b parametrlarga mos shartlar keltirilib chiqarilgan.
Kalit so’zlar: Evolyutsion operator; Volterra KSO; qo’zg’almas
nuqta; davriy nuqtalar.

Квадратичный стохастический оператор с переменными ко-

эффициентами
В статье найдены неподвижные точки динамической систе-
мы, заданной одномерной кусочно-непрерывной функцией с
параметрами a и b, показано, что 2 периодических точек не
существует, и условия существование 3 периодические точки
задаются в соответствии с параметрами.
Ключевые слова: Эволюционный оператор; Вольтерровы
КСО; неподвижная точка; периодические точки.

MSC 2010: 37E05

Keywords: Evolution operator, Volterra QSO, fixed point, periodic points.

Introduction
The history of quadratic stochastic operators can be traced back to Bernsteins work [1]. Quadratic stochastic
operators (QSO) are frequently found in many models of mathematical genetics, namely, in the theory of
heredity. Quadratic stochastic operators are usually used to present the time evolution of species in biology,
which arises as follows. We consider a population consisting of m species 1, 2, ..., m. We denote a set of all species
(0) (0) (0)
by I = {1, 2, ..., m}. Let x(0) = (x1 , x2 , ..., xm ) be a probability distribution of species at an initial state and
pij,k be a probability that individuals in the ith and jth species interbreed to produce an individual from kth
(1) (1) (1)
species. Then a probability distribution x(1) = (x1 , x2 , ..., xm ) of the spices in the first generation can be
found as a total probability, i.e.,
m
(1) (0) (0)
X
xk = pij,k xi xj , k = 1, 2, ..., m.
i,j=1

This means that the association x(0) ∈ S m−1 → x(1) ∈ S m−1 defines a map V called the evolution operator.
1 V.I.Romanovskiy Institute of Mathematics, Uzbekistan. E-mail: javohir0107@mail.ru
2 Namangan State University, Namangan, Uzbekistan. E-mail: malika.kodirova24@gmail.com
 Usmonov J. B., Kodirova M. A. A quadratic stochastic operator with variable coefficients 99

We give the states of the population described by the following discrete-time dynamical system

x(0) , x(1) = V (x(0) ), x(2) = V 2 (x(0) ), x(3) = V 3 (x(0) ), ..., x(n) = V n (x(0) ), ...

where V n (x) = V (V (...V (x)...)) means the n times iteration of V to x. The main problem is to describe the
| {z }
n
asymptotic behavior of the trajectories of QSOs.
Thus in this paper we consider one of such example, which arise in population biology as an evolution
operator.
The paper is organized as follows. In Section 2 we give necessary definitions and an evolution operator of
the population with two parameters. In Section 3 we reduce the evolution operator to a function (with unique
discontinuity point 1/2) defined on [0, 1] and we study its fixed and 3-periodic points.

Definitions
Let us give some necessary definitions (see chapter 1 of [7]). In order to define a discrete-time dynamical system
we consider a function f : X → X.
For x ∈ X denote by f n (x) the n−fold composition of f with itself, i.e., n time iteration of f to x:

f n (x) = f (f (...(f (x))...)) .

| {z }
n

Definition 1. For arbitrary given x0 ∈ X and f : X → X the discrete-time dynamical system (also called
forward orbit or trajectory of x0 ) is the sequence of points

x0 , x1 = f (x0 ), x2 = f 2 (x0 ), x3 = f 3 (x0 ), ...

Definition 2. A point x ∈ X is called a fixed point for f : X → X if f (x) = x.The point x is a periodic
point of period p if f p (x) = x. The least positive p for which f p (x) = x is called the prime period of x.
Definition 3. A fixed point x∗ ∈ X is called hyperbolic if |f 0 (x∗ )| =
6 1.
Theorem 1. (see chapter 1 of [7]) Let X ⊂ R and f be continuously differentiable on X. Let x ∈ X be a
hyperbolic fixed point of f .
If |f 0 (x∗)| < 1, then x∗ is attracting.
If |f 0 (x∗)| > 1, then x∗ is repelling.
Fixed points are very important, because they describe all equilibrium states of biological systems.
Recall that a quadratic stochastic operator is a mapping of the simplex
m
X
S m−1 = {x = (x1 , ..., xm ) ∈ Rm : xi ≥ 0, xi = 1}, (1)
i=1

into itself and has the following form

m
X
V : x0k = pij,k xi xj , k = 1, ..., m (2)
i,j=1

where pij,k are coefficients of heredity and satisfy the following conditions
m
X
pij,k ≥ 0, pij,k = pji,k , pij,k = 1. (i, j, k = 1, ..., m) (3)
k=1

We denote sets of fixed points and p-periodic points of V : S m−1 → S m−1 by F ix(V ) and P erp (V ),
respectively.
The main problem is to describe the set of limit points of trajectories. This problem was mainly solved
for Volterra QSO (see [2]-[4]) which is defined by (2), (3) and the additional assumption

pij,k = 0, if k ∈
/ {i, j}. (4)
In fact the corresponding asymptotic behaviour of their trajectories has been analysed in [2] using the theory
of Lyapunov functions and tournaments.
 Bulletin of the Institute of Mathematics, 2020, №3, ISSN-2181-9483 100

In [6], infinite dimensional Volterra operators and their dynamics have been studied. The known results
are mainly shown that the corresponding to a QSO population has behavior to make a dichotomy between
extinction and exponential growth.
In [5] a QSO with variable coefficients (with two values) is constructed and it is shown that this QSO defines
an evolution of a population which does not have such behavior.
In this note we consider another type of quadratic stochastic operator whose coefficients are variable having
also two values.
The model. Consider a population consisting of two species, i.e. m = 2. Denote the set of species by E =
{1, 2}.
For a parameter a ∈ [0, 1] define the operator Va : S 1 → S 1 as
 0
x = ax2 + 2xy + y 2 ,
Va :
y 0 = (1 − a)x2 .
For a parameter b ∈ [−1, 1] we define the operator Vb : S 1 → S 1 as
 0
x = x(1 + by),
Vb :
y 0 = y(1 − bx).
Define an evolution operator, Va,b : z = (x, y) ∈ S 1 → z 0 = (x0 , y 0 ) ∈ S 1 by

Va (z), if x ≤ 1/2,
(
Va,b (z) =
Vb (z), if x > 1/2.

A dynamical system of the evolution operator Va,b

We consider the dynamical system generated by the evolution operator Va,b . Using the equality x + y = 1,
Va , Vb , Va,b operators can be reduced suitability to the functions fa (x) : [0, 1] → [0, 1], fb (x) : [0, 1] →
[0, 1], fa,b (x) : [0, 1] → [0, 1] defined by
fa (x) = (a − 1)x2 + 1, (5)

fb (x) = x(1 + b − bx), (6)

(
fa (x), if x ≤ 1/2,
f (x) = fa,b (x) = (7)
fb (x), if x > 1/2,
where a ∈ [0, 1], b ∈ [−1, 1].
The following three cases are possible
(i) 0 ≤ a ≤ 1, 0 < b ≤ 1;
(ii) 0 ≤ a ≤ 1, b = 0;
(iii) 0 ≤ a ≤ 1, −1 ≤ b < 0.
I. The case 0 ≤ a ≤ 1 and 0 < b ≤ 1. In this case, we have the following theorem.
Theorem 2. For the dynamical system generated by function (7) the followings hold:
1) f has unique fixed point x = 1.
2) For any initial point x(0) the trajectory x(n) has the following limit lim x(n) = 1.
n→∞
Proof.
1) This proof follows from a simple analysis of the equation f (x) = x.
Moreover, we can easily see the following inequality holds:

|f 0 (1)| = 1 − b < 1

Thus it is an attracting point.

2) The function f (x) has some properties: f (x) > x and a+3 1
4 ≤ f (x) ≤ 1 for any point x ≤ 2 . Indeed, if
1 2 1 a+3 2 a+3
x ∈ [0, 2 ] ⇒ x ∈ [0, 4 ] and a ∈ [0, 1] ⇒ a − 1 ≤ 0, then 4 ≤ (a − 1)x + 1 ≤ 1, i.e we have 4 ≤ f (x) ≤ 1. It
is easy to see that the second iteration consists of f 2 (x) = x(1 + b − bx) and the orbit f n (x), n ≥ 2 converges
to the fixed point x = 1(see Figure 1). Because fb (x) is increasing and bounded.
 Usmonov J. B., Kodirova M. A. A quadratic stochastic operator with variable coefficients 101

Рис. 1: The graph and graphical analysis of (7) with a = 0.4, b = 0.4

Theorem is proved. 2
II. The case 0 ≤ a ≤ 1 and b = 0 . Then the function has the following form
(
fa (x), if x ≤ 1/2,
f (x) = (8)
x, if x > 1/2.

Theorem 3. The dynamical system generated by the function (8) has the following properties:
1) F ix(f ) = ( 12 , 1].
2) If x0 ∈ [0, 12 ], then f (n) (x0 ) = f (x0 ) for any n ∈ N.
Proof.
1) The proof follows from a simple analysis of the equation f (x) = x.
2) By proof of part 2 of Theorem 2, we have that f (x) > x and 12 < a+3 1
4 ≤ f (x) ≤ 1 for any point x ≤ 2 . So,
1
by part 1 of this Theorem f (x ) is a fixed point for function f for all x ∈ [0, 2 ]. Thus, f (x ) = f (x0 ) for
0 0 (n) 0

any n ∈ N. (see Figure 2) 2

III. The case 0 ≤ a ≤ 1 and −1 ≤ b < 0 . In this case, we have the following.
Theorem 4. For the dynamical system generated by function (7) the followings hold:
a) f has unique fixed point x = 1.
b) if a = 1, then for any initial point x(0) the trajectory x(n) has the following limit

lim x(n) = 1.
n→∞

c) if 0 ≤ a < 1, then f has not a periodic point of period two.

√ √
2b−b2 +2 b4 +2 b2 +1b2 −b2
d) if 0 ≤ a ≤ b2 , then f has periodic points of period three.

Proof.
a) The proof follows from a simple analysis of the equation f (x) = x.
b) The function f (x) has properties: f (x) = 1 at any point x ∈ [0, 21 ] and f (x) < x at any point x ∈ ( 12 , 1].
If f (x) > 21 for x ∈ ( 12 , 1], then f 2 (x) < x. So, for any x ∈ ( 12 , 1] there exists n ∈ N , such that f n (x) < 12 .
That’s, f n+1 (x) = f (f n (x)) = 1. (see Figure 3)
c) Let’s suppose that the function (7) has periodic points of the second prime period, i.e., the following
equation has some solutions:
f (f (x)) − x
= 0. (9)
f (x) − x
 Bulletin of the Institute of Mathematics, 2020, №3, ISSN-2181-9483 102

Рис. 2: The graph and graphical analysis of (8) with a = 0.

Рис. 3: The graph and graphical analysis of the function (7) with a = 1 va b = −0.6
 Usmonov J. B., Kodirova M. A. A quadratic stochastic operator with variable coefficients 103

The second iteration of f (x):



 fa (fa (x)), if x ∈ [0, 0.5], f (x) ∈ [0, 0.5],


 fb (fa (x)), if x ∈ [0, 0.5], f (x) ∈ (0.5, 1],

f (f (x)) =


 fa (fb (x)), if x ∈ (0.5, 1], f (x) ∈ [0, 0.5],


 f (f (x)),
b b if x ∈ (0.5, 1], f (x) ∈ (0.5, 1].

We can write it as follows be easily checking the existence cases of the second iteration:

fb (fa (x)), if x ∈ [0, 0.5],



√


2
f (f (x)) = fa (fb (x)), if x ∈ ( 21 , b+1−2b b +1 ],

 √
2
fb (fb (x)), if x ∈ ( b+1−2b b +1 , 1].


Now we check the existence of the periodic point of period two of the function (7).
Case 1. If the point x belongs to [0, 12 ], then one question is appeared "Does there exist any solutions of
the following equation?"
((a − 1)x2 + 1)(1 + b − b((a − 1)x2 + 1)) − x
=0
x(1 + b − bx) − 1
Let’s denote f (f (x)) by h(x) for any point x ∈ [0, 21 ] and derive it.

h0 (x) = −4b(a − 1)2 x3 + 2(a − 1)(1 − b)x.

Let’s suppose that h0 (x) < 0 for ∀x ∈ [0, 12 ], i.e.

−4b(a − 1)2 x3 + 2(a − 1)(1 − b)x < 0 ⇒

s ! s !
1−b 1−b
x− x+ <0⇒
−2b(1 − a) −2b(1 − a)
s
1−b
x< .
−2b(1 − a)
q
Thus, the inequality h0 (x) < 0 for ∀x ∈ [0, 12 ] is valid if and only if −2b(1−a)
1−b
> 12 . This inequality always
holds for −1 ≤ b < 0 and 0 ≤ a < 1.
Thus, the function h(x) is decreasing at the set [0, 12 ].
Now we find the greatest and least values of the function h(x) at the set [0, 12 ]. h(0) = 1 and h( 21 ) =
− 16 b(a − 1)2 + 14 (a − 1)(1 − b) + 1.
1

If h( 12 ) > 21 , then there does not exist the solution of the equation h(x) = x. Now we check that.
−1 ≤ b < 0,
By using We can obtain the following:
0 ≤ a < 1.
1 1 1 17
< − b(a − 1)2 + (a − 1)(1 − b) + 1 < .
2 16 4 16
Thus, h( 12 ) > 1
2 and there does not exist the solution of the equation (9).
√
2
Case 2. If x ∈ ( 12 , 1+b−2b 1+b ], the second iteration of function (7) is

f (f (x)) = h(x) = (a − 1)(x + bx − bx2 )2 + 1 = b2 (a − 1)x4 − 2b(b + 1)(a − 1)x3 + (b + 1)2 (a − 1)x2 + 1.
√
2
Now we also derive it on the set( 21 , 1+b−2b 1+b ]:

h0 (x) = 4b2 (a − 1)x3 − 6b(b + 1)(a − 1)x2 + 2(b + 1)2 (a − 1)x

√ √ √
2 2 2
The function h(x) is decreasing on the set ( 21 , 1+b−2b 1+b ] and h( 1+b−2b 1+b ) > 1+b−2b 1+b are shown as Case
√
2
1, i.e. there does not exist the solution of the equation (9), on the set ( 12 , 1+b−2b 1+b ].
 Bulletin of the Institute of Mathematics, 2020, №3, ISSN-2181-9483 104

√
2
Case 3. Now we try to solve the equation (9) at the set ( 1+b−2b 1+b , 1].

f (f (x)) − x (x + bx − bx2 )(1 + b − b(x + bx − bx2 ) − x

= =0⇒
f (x) − x x + bx − bx2 − x
x2 − x − 2b x + b+2
b2 = 0. The discriminant of the last equation is D = 1 − 4
b2 < 0.
√
1+b− 1+b2
Thus, there does not exist the equation (9) on the set ( 2b , 1]. According
to the cases above there
does not exist periodic points of the second prime period of the function f (x) with parameters 0 ≤ a < 1 and
−1 ≤ b < 0.
d) In order to exist periodic points of the third prime period of the function (7) on the sets 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 and
0 ≤ a < 1 the following equation must have solutions:

f (f (f (x))) − x
= 0. (10)
f (x) − x

The third iteration of f (x):

if x ∈ [0, 0.5], f (x) ∈ [0, 0.5], f (f (x)) ∈ [0, 0.5],


 fa (fa (fa (x))),


fb (fa (fa (x))), if x ∈ [0, 0.5], f (x) ∈ [0, 0.5], f (f (x)) ∈ (0.5, 1],






fa (fb (fa (x))), if x ∈ [0, 0.5], f (x) ∈ (0.5, 1], f (f (x)) ∈ [0, 0.5],






fb (fb (fa (x))), if x ∈ [0, 0.5], f (x) ∈ (0.5, 1], f (f (x)) ∈ (0.5, 1],



f (f (f (x))) =

 fa (fa (fb (x))), if x ∈ (0.5, 1], f (x) ∈ [0, 0.5], f (f (x)) ∈ [0, 0.5],


fb (fa (fb (x))), if x ∈ (0.5, 1], f (x) ∈ [0, 0.5], f (f (x)) ∈ (0.5, 1],









 fa (fb (fb (x))), if x ∈ (0.5, 1], f (x) ∈ (0.5, 1], f (f (x)) ∈ [0, 0.5],



 fb (fb (fb (x))), if x ∈ (0.5, 1], f (x) ∈ (0.5, 1], f (f (x)) ∈ (0.5, 1].

We can write it as follows be easily checking the existence cases of the third iteration:

 fb (fb (fa (x))), if x ∈ [0, 0.5],

√


 f (f (f (x))), if x ∈ (0.5, b+1− b2 +1 ],

 b a b
 2b
f (f (f (x))) = √ √ √
b+1− b 2 +1 b+1− b2 −1+2 b2 +1


 f (f
a b b (f (x))), if x ∈ ( 2b , 2b ],


 √ √
2 b2 +1
fb (fb (fb (x))), if x ∈ ( b+1− b −1+2

, 1].

2b

Now we check the periodic points of the function (7), i.e. the cases of the equation (10).
Since cases 1, 2 and 3 are combinations for each other, it is enough to consider one of them.
Let us consider the first case at the set x ∈ [0, 0.5]:

fb (fb (fa (x))) − x

= 0.
f (x) − x

If we find the conditions that f 3 (0) − 0 > 0 and f 3 ( 21 ) − 12 ≤ 0 then there is at least one root of the equation
3
f (x) − x = 0.
Let us denote

fb (fb (fa (x))) = ((a − 1)x2 + 1)(1 + b − b((a − 1)x2 + 1))(1 + b − b(((a − 1)x2 + 1)(1 + b − b((a − 1)x2 + 1))))

by k(x).
k(0) = 1 and k(0) > 0.
         
1 a+3 a+3 a+3 a+3 1
k = 1+b−b 1+b−b 1+b−b ≤ ⇒
2 4 4 4 4 2
−a4 b3 − 4a3 b3 + 8a3 b2 + 2a2 b3 + 24a2 b2 + 12ab3 − 32a2 b − 8ab2 − 9b3 −
 Usmonov J. B., Kodirova M. A. A quadratic stochastic operator with variable coefficients 105

−64ab − 24b2 + 64a + 96b + 64 ≤ 0 ⇒

8a3 24a2 32a2 8a 64a 24 64a 96 64
a4 + 4a3 − − 2a2 − − 12a + 2 + +9+ 2 + − 3 − 2 − 3 ≤0⇒
b b b b b b b b b
4 2 2
8 a − 1 + 2b
 

2 2 96 48
a−1+ −8 a−1+ + 16 + − 2 − 4 ≤0⇒
b b b2 b b

2 !2 √ !2
8 b2 + 1
 
2 4
a−1+ + −4 − ≤0⇒
b b2 b2
p √ ! p √ !
2 2 b4 + 2 b2 + 1b2 − b2 2 2 b4 + 2 b2 + 1b2 − b2
a+1− + a+1− − ·
b b2 b b2
p √ ! p √ !
2 2 b4 − 2 b2 + 1b2 − b2 2 2 b4 − 2 b2 + 1b2 − b2
· a+1− + a+1− − ≤0⇒
b b2 b b2
p √
2b − b2 + 2 b4 + 2 b2 + 1b2 − b2
a≤ .
b2
And also p √
2b − b2 + 2 b4 + 2 b2 + 1b2 − b2
0≤a≤ .
b2
This is shown in Figure 4.
Case 4. The function fb (fb (fb (x))) is increasing on the set 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, and this function is also increasing
on the set p √
b + 1 − b2 − 1 + 2 b2 + 1
( , 1].
2b
Since the great value of the function is fb (fb (fb (1))) = 1, the following inequality holds all the points except
x = 1: fb (fb (fb (1))) < x.

2 2
Proposition. Let 0 ≤ a < 1 and −1 ≤ b < 0 . Then f (A) ⊂ A, where A = 21 + 4b , (a − 1) 21 + 4b + 1 .
Proof.  
1 b 2
+ 4b , 12 or x ∈ 12 , (a − 1) 1


We prove f (x) ∈ A for all x ∈ A we have x ∈ 2 2+ 1 . In both cases we
+ 4

2
prove that f (x) ∈ A. Let’s suppose, x ∈ 12 + 4b , 21 . It is easy to check that, f ( 12 + 4b ) = (a − 1) 12 + 4b + 1


and f ( 21 ) ∈ A. Then f (x) ∈ 12 + 4b , 12 because f (x) is monotonically decreasing (fa0 (x) = 2x(a − 1) < 0). For

2

the second case, i.e. x ∈ 12 , (a − 1) 12 + 4b + 1 we can check easily that, f ( 21 ) ∈ A and f (x) < x. Then



2 
f (x) ∈ 12 , (a − 1) 12 + 4b + 1 because f (x) is monotonically increasing (fb0 (x) = 1 − b > 0). Therefore,
f (A) ⊂ A.
2
Example. Let a = 0.2 and b = −0.8. Then the function f (x) has the following form:
(
−0.8x2 + 1, if x ∈ [0, 0.5],
f (x) =
x(0.2 + 0.8x), if x ∈ (0.5, 1],

Now we consider the second iteration of this function:

(−0.8x2 + 1)(0.2 + 0.8(−0.8x2 + 1)), if x ∈ [0, 0.5],



√


f (f (x)) = −0.8(x(0.2 + 0.8x))2 + 1, if x ∈ (0.5, 0.2−
−1.6
1.64
],

 √
x(0.2 + 0.8x)(0.2 + 0.8x(0.2 + 0.8x)), if x ∈ ( 0.2− 1.64

−1.6 , 1].

It is easy to see that there don’t exist periodic points of period two for this function. (see Figure 5)
 Bulletin of the Institute of Mathematics, 2020, №3, ISSN-2181-9483 106

Рис. 4: The field which depends parameters a and b. The function (7) has periodic points of period three.

Рис. 5: The graph the second iteration of f (x) with a = 0.2 and b = −0.8.

Рис. 6: Graph the third iteration and periodic points of period three of f (x) for a = 0.2 and b = −0.8.
 Usmonov J. B., Kodirova M. A. A quadratic stochastic operator with variable coefficients 107

The third iteration of this function is the following:

(−0.8x2 + 1)(0.2 + 0.8(−0.8x2 + 1))(0.2 + 0.8(−0.8x2 + 1)(0.2+





+0.8(−0.8x2 + 1))), if x ∈ [0, 0.5],






(−0.8(x(0.2 + 0.8x))2 + 1)(0.2 + 0.8(−0.8(x(0.2 + 0.8x))2 + 1)),





 √
 0.2− 1.64
 if x ∈ (0.5, −1.6 ],


f (f (f (x))) = −0.8((0.2x + 0.8x2 )(0.2 + 0.8(0.2x + 0.8x2 )))2 + 1,



 √ √ √
0.2− 1.64 0.2− −0.36+2 1.64

if x ∈ ( , ,




 −1.6 −1.6

x(0.2 + 0.8x)(0.2 + 0.8x(0.2 + 0.8x))(0.2 + 0.8x(0.2 + 0.8x)(0.2+



√



 √
+0.8x(0.2 + 0.8x))), if x ∈ ( 0.2− −0.36+2 1.64

−1.6 , 1].

It is possible to see that there exist periodic points of period three for f (x).The set of periodic points of
period three for f (x) is the following(see Figure 6):

P er3 f (x) = {0.49827398 . . . , 0.80137843 . . . , 0.67404159 . . .}.

References
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Statis., 13, 1942, 53-61.

2. Ganikhodzhaev R. N. Quadratic stochastic operators, Lyapunov functions and tournaments. Russian Acad.
Sci. Sbornik Math., 76, 1993, 489-506.
3. Ganikhodzhaev R. N. , Mukhamedov F. M. , Rozikov U. A. Quadratic stochastic operators and processes:
results and open problems. Inf. Dim. Anal. Quant. Prob. Rel. Fields., 14(2), 2011, 279-335.

4. Lyubich Y. I. Mathematical structures in population genetics. Berlin, Springer-Verlag, 1992.

5. Rozikov U. A. , Usmonov J. B. Dynamics of a population with two equal dominated species.
arXiv:19909.07106v1.
6. Mukhamedov F., Akin H. and Temir S. On infinite dimensional quadratic Volterra operators. J. Math.
Anal. Appl., 310, 2005, 533-556.
7. Rozikov U. A. An introduction to mathematical billiards. World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.,
Hackensack, NJ, 2019.

Received: 30/05/2020

Accepted: 28/07/2020