New Class of 2-Partition Poisson

Quadratic Stochastic Operators with

Three Different Parameters
Siti Nurlaili Karim1, Nur Zatul Akmar Hamzah1, Nurfazatul Hazirah
A Rahman1,Muhammad Fairuz Zulkefli1, Nasir Ganikhodjaev2
1International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia

2Institute of Mathematics, Tashkent, Uzbekistan

Presenter: Siti Nurlaili Karim

Presented for: 7th International Conference on Advancement in Science and Technology (iCAST2021)
 OUTLINE
INTRODUCTION
1 Research Background

METHODOLOGY
2 Poisson Quadratic Stochastic Operators Generated by 2-Partition with Three Different
Parameters

RESULT
3 Regularity of Poisson Quadratic Stochastic Operators Generated by 2-Partition of Singleton
and Two Points with Three Different Parameters

CONCLUSION
4
INTRODUCTION What is quadratic stochastic operator (QSO)?
RESEARCH BACKGROUND

• Introduced by Bernstein in 1920s as the mathematical solution to the problems arise from the
evolution theory by Charles Darwin (Bernstein, 1924)

• Suppose that 𝑋 = 1,2, … , 𝑚 be the 𝑚 type of species in a population. We denote 𝐱 0 =

𝑥10 , 𝑥20 , … , 𝑥𝑚0 as the probability distribution of the species in an early state of the population. Then,
the probability of an individual in the 𝑖𝑡ℎ species and 𝑗𝑡ℎ species to cross-fertilize and produce an individual
from 𝑘 𝑡ℎ species is denoted as 𝑃𝑖𝑗,𝑘 . Given 𝐱 0 , we can find the probability distribution 𝐱 1 =
𝑥11 , 𝑥21 , … , 𝑥𝑚1 of the first generation 𝐱 0 by using the following total of probability,

𝑚
1 0 0
𝑥𝑘 = ෍ 𝑃𝑖𝑗,𝑘 𝑥𝑖 𝑥𝑗 , 𝑘 ∈ 1,2, … , 𝑚
𝑖,𝑗=1

• Discrete dynamical system that represents the states of the population is as follows:

0 1 0 2 1
𝐱 ,𝐱 =𝑉 𝐱 ,𝐱 =𝑉 𝐱 = 𝑉2 𝐱 0
,…
INTRODUCTION
RESEARCH BACKGROUND

QSO defined on

countable state space continuous state space

V  ( A ) =   P ( i, j , A )  ( i )  ( j ) (1) (V  )( A) =   P ( i, j , A ) d  ( i ) d  ( j ) (2)
i X j X X X

Ganikhodjaev & Hamzah [11], [14]

Ganikhodjaev & Hamzah [12], [13]
Ganikhodjaev, Muhitdinov & Saburov [18]
Hamzah & Ganikhodjaev [16]

𝑉: 𝑆 𝑋, 𝐹 → 𝑆 𝑋, 𝐹 Set of all probability measures

on measurable space 𝑿, 𝑭
state space 𝝈-algebra on 𝑿

P ( x, y, A) : i, j  X , A  F probability measures, and P ( x, y, A) = P ( y, x, A)

INTRODUCTION
RESEARCH BACKGROUND
What is the trajectory behavior of a Poisson QSO if
Problem Statement
we consider partitions on the state space?
Definition 1 A QSO, 𝑉 in equation (1) is called a Poisson quadratic stochastic operator, if, for any 𝑖, 𝑗 ∈ ℤ∗,
the probability measure 𝑃 𝑖, 𝑗,∙ , is the Poisson distribution, 𝑃𝜆 𝑖,𝑗 , with a positive real parameter 𝜆 𝑖, 𝑗 = 𝜆 𝑗, 𝑖 .

𝑋 = ℤ∗ is the set of all nonnegative integers 𝑒 −𝜆 𝜆𝑘

𝑃𝜆 =
𝑘!

Definition 2 A probability measure 𝜇 on 𝑋, 𝐹 is said to be discrete, there exist finitely many elements
𝑥1 , … , 𝑥𝑛 ⊂ 𝑋, such that 𝜇 𝑥𝑖 = 𝑝𝑖 for 𝑖 = 1, … , 𝑛, with σ𝑛𝑖=1 𝑝𝑖 = 1. Then, 𝜇 𝑋\ 𝑥1 , … , 𝑥𝑛 =0
and for any 𝐴 ∈ 𝐹, 𝜇 𝐴 = σ𝑥𝑖 ∈𝐴 𝜇 𝑥𝑖 .

• To construct a Poisson QSO generated by 2-partition on countable

Research Objectives state space with three different parameters

• To investigate their trajectory behavior computationally and analytically

METHODOLOGY
POISSON QSO GENERATED BY 2-PARTITION

• Let 𝜉 = 𝐴1 , 𝐴2 be a measurable 2-partition of the state space 𝑋 = ℤ∗, where

𝐴1 ⊂ ℤ∗ , 𝐴2 = ℤ∗ ∖ 𝐴1 , and 𝜁 = 𝐵1 , 𝐵2 , 𝐵3 be a corresponding partition of
ℤ∗ × ℤ∗ , where 𝐵1 = 𝐴1 × 𝐴1 , 𝐵2 = 𝐴2 × 𝐴2 , and 𝐵3 = 𝐴1 × 𝐴2 ∪ 𝐴2 × 𝐴2

• We define the family 𝑃 𝑖, 𝑗,∙ : 𝑖, 𝑗 ∈ ℤ∗ of a discrete probability measure on mk

P ( i, j , k ) = e − m (3)
ℤ∗ , 𝐹 as follows: k!

for 𝑖, 𝑗 ∈ 𝐵𝑚 , 𝑚 = 1,2,3, and 𝑘 ∈ ℤ∗

POISSON QSO GENERATED BY 2-PARTITION

singleton two points

𝐴1 = 𝑥1 𝐴1 = 𝑥1 , 𝑥2
METHODOLOGY
POISSON QSO GENERATED BY 2-PARTITION OF SINGLETON WITH THREE DIFFERENT PARAMETERS
• We consider a Poisson QSO as defined by the family of functions in (3). Then, for any initial measure 𝜇 ∈ 𝑆 ℤ∗ , 𝐹
 
Vμ ( k ) =  Pij , k μ ( i ) μ ( j )
i =0 j =0

=   Pij , k μ ( i ) μ ( j ) +   P μ ( i ) μ ( j ) +   P μ (i ) μ ( j ) +   P μ (i ) μ ( j )
ij , k ij , k ij , k
i A1 j A1 i A2 j A2 i A1 j A2 i A2 j A1

λ1k λk λk
( μ ( x1 ) ) + e − λ2 2 (1 − μ ( x1 ) ) + e − λ3 3  2 μ ( x1 )  (1 − μ ( x1 ) ) 
2 2
= e − λ1
k! k! k!
 
V 2 μ ( k ) =  Pij , kVμ ( i )Vμ ( j )
i =0 j =0

=   Pij , kVμ ( i )Vμ ( j ) +  P ij , k Vμ ( i )Vμ ( j ) +   Pij , kVμ ( i )Vμ ( j ) +   Pij , kVμ ( i )Vμ ( j )
i A1 j A1 i A2 j A2 i A1 j A2 i A2 j A1

λ1k λk λk
(Vμ ( x1 ) ) + e − λ2 2 (1 − Vμ ( x1 ) ) + e − λ3 3  2Vμ ( x1 )  (1 − Vμ ( x1 ) ) 
2 2
= e − λ1
k! k! k!

1k 2 k 3k
V n +1  ( k ) = e − 1 (V  ( x ) ) (1 − V  ( x ) )  2V n  ( x1 )  (1 − V n  ( x1 ) ) 
2 2
By mathematical induction n
+ e − 2 n
+ e − 3 (4)
k!  
1 1
k! k!

1x 2 x 3 x
(V  ( x ) ) (1 − V  ( x ) )  2V n  ( x1 )  (1 − V n  ( x1 ) ) 
1 1 1

V n +1  ( x1 ) = e − 1
2 2
with
n
+ e − 2 n
+ e − 3 (5)
x1 !  
1 1
x!
1 x!
1
METHODOLOGY
POISSON QSO GENERATED BY 2-PARTITION OF TWO POINTS WITH THREE DIFFERENT PARAMETERS
• We consider a Poisson QSO as defined by the family of functions in (3). Then, for any initial measure 𝜇 ∈ 𝑆 ℤ∗ , 𝐹
 
Vμ ( k ) =  Pij , k μ ( i ) μ ( j )
i =0 j =0

=   Pij , k μ ( i ) μ ( j ) +   P μ ( i ) μ ( j ) +   P μ (i ) μ ( j ) +   P μ (i ) μ ( j )
ij , k ij , k ij , k
i A1 j A1 i A2 j A2 i A1 j A2 i A2 j A1

λ1k λk
( (
μ ( x1 ) + μ ( x2 ) ) + e − λ2 2 1 − ( μ ( x1 ) + μ ( x2 ) ) )
2 2
= e − λ1
k! k!
λ3k
+ e − λ3
k! 
(
 2 ( μ ( x1 ) + μ ( x2 ) )  1 − ( μ ( x1 ) + μ ( x2 ) ) 
 )
 
V 2 μ ( k ) =  Pij , kVμ ( i )Vμ ( j )
i =0 j =0

=   Pij , kVμ ( i )Vμ ( j ) +  P ij , k Vμ ( i )Vμ ( j ) +   Pij , kVμ ( i )Vμ ( j ) +   Pij , kVμ ( i )Vμ ( j )
i A1 j A1 i A2 j A2 i A1 j A2 i A2 j A1

λ1k λk
( (
Vμ ( x1 ) + Vμ ( x2 ) ) + e − λ2 2 1 − (Vμ ( x1 ) + Vμ ( x2 ) ) )
2 2
= e − λ1
k! k!
λ3k
+ e − λ3
k! 
(
 2 (Vμ ( x1 ) + Vμ ( x2 ) )  1 − (Vμ ( x1 ) + Vμ ( x2 ) ) 
 )
METHODOLOGY
POISSON QSO GENERATED BY 2-PARTITION OF TWO POINTS WITH THREE DIFFERENT PARAMETERS

1k 2 k
V n +1  ( k ) = e− 1 (V  ( x ) + V  ( x )) (1 − (V  ( x1 ) + V n  ( x2 ) ) )
2 2
n n
+ e − 2 n
By mathematical induction k!
1 2
k!
3k 
(6)
+e − 3

k! 
(
2 (V n  ( x1 ) + V n  ( x2 ) )  1 − (V n  ( x1 ) + V n  ( x2 ) )  , )

1x 2 x
(V  ( x ) + V  ( x ) ) (1 − (V  ( x1 ) + V n  ( x2 ) ) )
1 1

V n +1  ( x1 ) = e − 1
2 2
n
1
n
2 + e − 2 n

x!
1 x!
1

3 x 
(
2 (V n  ( x1 ) + V n  ( x2 ) )  1 − (V n  ( x1 ) + V n  ( x2 ) )  , )
1

+ e− 3
x1 ! 
with (7)
1x 2 x
(V  ( x ) + V  ( x ) ) (1 − (V  ( x1 ) + V n  ( x2 ) ) )
2 2

V n +1  ( x2 ) = e − 1
2 2
n
1
n
2 + e − 2 n

x2 ! x2 !
3 x 
(
2 (V n  ( x1 ) + V n  ( x2 ) )  1 − (V n  ( x1 ) + V n  ( x2 ) )  , )
2

+ e− 3
x2 ! 
RESULT
REGULARITY OF POISSON QSO GENERATED BY 2-PARTITION OF SINGLETON
AND TWO POINTS WITH THREE DIFFERENT PARAMETERS

As defined in Definition 2, we denote 𝐴 𝜇 = σ𝑖∈𝐴1 𝜇 𝑖 and 𝐵 𝜇 = σ𝑖∈𝐴2 𝜇 𝑖 where

𝐴 𝜇 + 𝐵 𝜇 = 1.
 λi λ2i 2 n λi 
A (V n +1 μ ) =  e − λ1 1 A2 (V n μ ) + e − λ2 B (V μ ) + e − λ3 3  2 A (V n μ ) B (V n μ )  ,
By mathematical induction i A1  i! i! i!  (8)
 λi λ2 2 n
i
λ i

B (V n +1 μ ) =  e− λ1 1 A2 (V n μ ) + e − λ2 B (V μ ) + e − λ3 3  2 A (V n μ ) B (V n μ )  
i A2  i! i! i! 

( ) ( )
x = A Pλ1 x 2 + A Pλ2 y 2 + 2 A Pλ3 xy , ( )
(9)
y = B ( P ) xλ1
2
+ B(P ) y λ2
2
+ 2 B ( P ) xy
λ3

Since 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 1 ( ) ( ) ( )
x =  A P1 + A P2 − 2 A P3  x 2 − 2  A P2 − A P3  x + A P2
    ( ) ( ) ( ) (10)
RESULT
GEOMETRIC ANALYSIS

(a) Graph 1.1 (b) Graph 1.2

1 = 3.5, 2 = 0.1, 3 = 0.05, x1 = 0 1 = 0.05, 2 = 1.75, 3 = 2.25, x1 = 3

FIGURE 1 Graph of the equation in (10) for some fixed values 𝜆1 , 𝜆2 , 𝜆3 where 𝐴1 = 𝑥1
RESULT
GEOMETRIC ANALYSIS

(a) Graph 2.1 (b) Graph 2.2

1 = 4.25, 2 = 0.25, 3 = 3.5, x1 = 0, x2 = 1 1 = 3.75, 2 = 0.5, 3 = 2.25, x1 = 1, x2 = 3

FIGURE 2 Graph of the equation in (10) for some fixed values 𝜆1 , 𝜆2 , 𝜆3 where 𝐴1 = 𝑥1 , 𝑥2
RESULT
ORBIT ANALYSIS

(a) Cobweb of Graph 1.1 (b) Cobweb of Graph 1.2

FIGURE 3 Orbit analysis of Graph 1.1 and Graph 1.2

RESULT
ORBIT ANALYSIS

(a) Cobweb of Graph 2.1 (b) Cobweb of Graph 2.2

FIGURE 3 Orbit analysis of Graph 2.1 and Graph 2.2

RESULT
ANALYTICAL ANALYSIS
x = ax 2 + by 2 + 2cxy,
Recurrent equations in (9) can be rewritten as follows: (11)
y = (1 − a ) x2 + (1 − b ) y 2 + 2 (1 − c ) xy.

The operator in this one-dimensional setting has been successfully studied by Lyubich [21]. Hence, Lyubich proved the
following theorem.

Theorem 1 If 0 < Δ < 4, then a one-dimensional QSO (11) is a regular, and if 4 < Δ < 5, then there exists a
cycle of second-order and all trajectories tend to this cycle except the stationary trajectory starting with fixed point.

As shown based on the graph of functions previously, we have the following:

Graph Value of Δ
1.1 4.3245
1.2 0.9806
2.1 4.1327
2.2 0.9067
CONCLUSION

• The trajectory behavior of a Poisson quadratic stochastic operator generated

by a 2-partition 𝜉 of singleton and two points with three different parameters
as defined by the family of functions in (4) is either converging to an
attracting unique fixed point or has a cycle of second-order.

• Hence, such behavior suggests that the operator can be either regular or
nonregular for some values of parameters, 𝜆1 , 𝜆2 , and 𝜆3 .
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This research was financially supported by an FRGS grant by the Minister of

Education Malaysia, project code FRGS/1/2019/STG06/UIAM/03/1 with project
ID FRGS19-122-0731.
REFERENCES

1. S. N. Bernstein, Uchn Zap. NI Kaf Ukr Otd Mat 1, 83–115 (1924).

2. R. N. Ganikhodjaev, Russ. Acad. Sci. Sb. Math 76, 489–506 (1993).
3. R. Ganikhodzhaev, F. Mukhamedov, and U. Rozikov, Infin. Dimens. Anal. Quantum Probab. Relat. Top.
14(2), 279–335 (2011).
4. Y. I. Lyubich, Mathematical structures in population genetics (Springer, Berlin, 1992).
5. N. N. Ganikhodzhaev and D. V. Zanin, Russ. Math. Surv. 59(3), 161–162 (2004).
6. F. Mukhamedov, M. Saburov, and A. H. Mohd Jamal, Int. J. Mod. Phys. Conf. Ser. 9, 299–307 (2012).
7. F. Mukhamedov, I. Qaralleh, and W. N. F. A. Wan Rozali, Sains Malaysiana 43(8), 1275–1281 (2014).
8. F. Mukhamedov and A. F. Embong, J. Inequalities Appl. 2015(1), (2015).
9. M. Saburov and N. A. Yusof, Methods Funct. Anal. Topol. 24(3), 255–264 (2018).
10. F. Mukhamedov, Russ. Math. Surv. 55(6), 1161–1162 (2000).
REFERENCES
11. N. Ganikhodjaev and N. Z. A. Hamzah, “On Gaussian Nonlinear Transformations,”
AIP Conference Proceedings 1682, 040009 (2015).
12. N. Ganikhodjaev and N. Z. A. Hamzah, “Geometric quadratic stochastic operator on countable infinite set,”
AIP Conference Proceedings 1643, 706-712 (2015).
13. N. Ganikhodjaev and N. Z. A. Hamzah, The Scientific World Journal, USA: Hindawi Publisher, 2014.
14. N. Ganikhodjaev and N. Z. A. Hamzah, “On Volterra quadratic stochastic operators with continual
state space,” AIP Conference Proceedings 1660, 050025 (2015).
15. N. Ganikhodjaev and N. Z. A. Hamzah, J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 819, (2017).
16. N. Z. A. Hamzah and N. Ganikhodjaev, “On non-ergodic Gaussian quadratic stochastic operators,”
AIP Conference Proceedings 1974, (2018).
17. N. Ganikhodjaev and N. Z. A. Hamzah, Indian J. Sci. Technol. 8(30), (2015).
18. N. Ganikhodjaev, R. Muhitdinov, and M. Saburov, Bull. Korean Math. Soc. 54(2), 607–618 (2017).
19. S. N. Karim, N. Z. A. Hamzah, and N. Ganikhodjaev, Malaysian J. Fundam. Appl. Sci. 15(6), 872-877 (2019).
20. S. N. Karim, N. Z. A. Hamzah, and N. Ganikhodjaev, Malaysian J. Fundam. Appl. Sci. 16(3), 281–285 (2020).
21. Y. I. Lyubich, in Mathematical Economics and Functional Analysis (Nauka, Moscow, 1974), pp. 109–138.
Thank you
for your attention and
cooperation