GDE 333 HOMEWORK 1

Problems
1. Let e2=0.006768658, find the value of A correct to number of significant figures:

2. If the mean of a population is 2.456 and its variance is 2.042, what is the peak value for the normal
distribution curve and the points of inflection?
3. The particular line in a survey is measured three times on four separate occasions. The resulting
12 observations in units of meters are
536.191 536.202 536.202 536.196
536.189 536.200 536.201 536.205
536.187 536.203 536.199 536.202

(a) Compute the mean, median, and mode of the data.

(b) Compute the variance and standard deviation of the data.
(c) Using a class width of 0.004 m, plot a histogram of the data and note any abnormalities that
may be present

Identify each of the following errors according to type (Mistake(M), Systematic(S), Random(R)) and
source (natural(N) ,instrumental(I), personal(P)):
_____1. Level rod length.
_____2. Air temperature in an EDM observation.
_____3. Reading a graduation on a level rod.
_____4.Earth curvature in leveling observations.
_____5Horizontal collimation error of an automatic level

B. [10] Identify each of the following errors as either systematic(S) or random(R).

_____1. Reading a level rod.
_____2. Not holding a level rod plumb.
_____3. Reading horizontal angles direct and reverse
_____4. Using a level rod that has one foot removed from the bottom of the rod.
_____5. Tape too long

C. [30] Discussion
1. Explain the difference between systematic and random errors.
2. In your own words, define the difference between precision and accuracy.
3. List three possible mistakes that can be made when measuring an angle with total station .
4. What systematic errors exist in taping the length of a line?
 5. Why do geodetic engineers measure angles in direct and reversed mode?
6. Discuss the importance of making redundant observations in surveying.

D. [50] Problems
1. Angle observation data:
Position Sta. Obs. Tel Obs. Directions Mean Directions Mean Angle
1 Bam D 0-00-00.”4
R 180-00-05.”1 ______________

1 Che D 34-16-51.”6 __________

R 214-16-57.”4 ______________

1 Danga D 135-09-21.”6 __________

R 315-09-30.”2 _______________

Calculate the index error, mean directions, and angle of the observed stations.

2. Assume that the following 25 independent measurements of a distance have been

checked against blunders and corrected for systematic errors.
206.159 206.139 206.143 206.131 206.129
.161 .137 .137 .133 .150
.145 .135 .136 .140 .149
.140 .144 .147 .140 .152
.143 .148 .142 .132 .120

Calculate the sample mean, sample median, sample mode, sample std. deviation, and std.
deviation of the mean.

GDE 416- EXAM 1

Name: ____________________________________________Date:__________

A. [20] Modified True or False

_______1. The true value can be determined by making a series of observations.
_______2. Mistakes can always be expressed by a mathematical formula
_______3. Precision is the closeness between measurements and their true values
_______4. Observations may be precise but not accurate
_______5. Quality of instrument is characterized by its accuracy.
_______6. In distance measurement accuracy is independent of distance.
_______7. Tape is too short if it sags
_______8. Tape is too long if it contracts
_______9. Systematic errors is caused by carelessness of the observer.
______10. Random errors can be completely eliminated.

C. [20] Discussion
1. Explain why we need to measure angles using both faces of a total station (i.e., direct and
reversed)?
2. What systematic errors exist in taping the length of a line supported at both ends on sloping ground?
3. Discuss the importance of making redundant observations in surveying.
4. Indicate on space provided the following errors according to its source (N=natural, I=instrumental,
P= personal):
______(a) Level rod length.
______(b) Air temperature in an EDM observation.
______(c) Reading a graduation on a level rod.
______(d) Earth curvature in leveling observations.
 ______(e) Horizontal collimation error of an automatic level.

D. [60] Problems
1. Given 1/f = 298.257,
a. Calculate correct to significant figures
b. Then find A correct to significant figures

2 The calibrated length of a 30 –m tape is 30.005 m at 20°C . This tape was measured a distance over
terrain of a uniform 3% slope. The temperature was constant at 30°C, the tape was fully supported
throughout, and a tension of 7 kg was applied at each tape length. The observed distances were
30.000 m, and 19.548 m. Calculate the corrected horizontal distance between the points.
Coefficient of thermal expansion of steel is m/°C

3. Angle observation data:

Position Sta. Obs. Tel Obs. Directions Mean Directions Mean Angle
1 Bam D 68-15-06
R 248-15-16
1 Che D 143-50-58
R 323-51-13
2 Bam D 90-01-27
R 270-01-40
2 Che D 165-37-20
R 345-37-33
3 Bam D 111-00-43
R 291-00-59
3 Che D 186-36-39
R 6-36-58
Calculate the mean angle of the three positions...

5 NGE 3521 D
R
Tower D
R

6 NGE 3521 D
R
Tower D
R

1.12 Give an example of compensating systematic errors in a vertical angle observation when the angle
is measured using both faces of the instrument.

. 1.4 List possible systematic and random errors when measuring:

(a) a distance with a tape.
(b) a distance with an EDM.
(c) an angle with a total station.
(d) the difference in elevation using an automatic level.
1.5 List three examples of mistakes that can be made when measuring an angle with total station instruments.

1.6 Identify each of the following errors as either systematic or random.

(a) Reading a level rod.
(b) Not holding a level rod plumb.
(c) Leveling an automatic leveling instrument.
(d) Using a level rod that has one foot removed from the bottom of the rod.

1.9 The calibrated length of a particular line is 400.012 m. A length of 400.015 m is obtained using an EDM.
What is the error in the observation?
1.10 In Problem 1.9, if the length observed is 400.007 m, what is the error in the observation?

C. Problems
1. [20] Give the answers correct to number of decimals or significant figures.

Given a = 6,378,245.0 1/f = 298.3

d.

1. Assume that the following 25 independent measurements of a distance have been

checked against blunders and corrected for systematic errors.
206.159 206.139 206.143 206.131 206.129
.161 .137 .137 .133 .150
.145 .135 .136 .140 .149
.140 .144 .147 .140 .152
.143 .148 .142 .132 .120

a. Calculate the sample mean, sample median, sample mode, sample std. deviation, and std.
deviation of the mean.
b. Calculate the parameters of the normal density curve and calculate f(x) at x =μ, x=σ and
x=2σ.

2. Find the weighted mean of the four sets of measurements and the standard deviation of the mean.
Assume blunders and systematic errors were eliminated.

Set x(mean) 
A 165.864 0.002
B 165.867 0.006
C 165.862 0.007
D 165.864 0.004
2. [20] Three sets of similar precision of leveling as follows:
1 2 3
3.637 3.642 3.651
3.621 3.644 3.632
3.643 3.659 3.661
3.648 3.655 3.624
3.645 3.639 3.623
3.635 3.636 3.628

a. Calculate the weighted mean of the three sets

b. Calculate the standard deviation of the weighted mean

A 5 km. baseline is to be measured having a relative precision of 1/500,000. Calculate the

number of observations needed to achieve this precision if the surveyor uses the ff:

i. tape (RP=1/5000)
 ii.EDM (RP=5mm + 5ppm)
iii. Stadia (RP= 1/300)

a.
2.
3.
4.

2. [25] A 30 m. steel tape was standardized at 29.990 m with 8 kg tension at 20o C. A distance was
measured over a level terrain using standard tension at an average recorded temperature at 30o C and
supported at both ends. The recorded distance was 95.258 m. The weight of the tape is 0.60 kg. with a
cross sectional area of 0.02 cm2 and a coefficient t of thermal expansion of 0.0000116 m/°C. Find the
corrected distance.

1. [25] For a set of angular observations below:

n Angle n Angle n Angle
1 31º 02’ 29.3” 8 31º 02’ 24.1” 15 27.8”
2 24.0” 9 26.2 16 27.2”
3 27.9” 10 30.1 17 28.0”
4 26.8” 11 29.7 18 24.9”
5 26.1” 12 24.1 19 25.7”
6 25.9” 13 26.2 20 25.2”
7 26.1” 14 27.1

Calculate the
a. sample mean, median, midrange
b. standard deviation of the sample and the mean

2. [15] Referring to problem 1, evaluate the frequency f at x=μ, μ + σ, and μ+2σ

based the normal density formula.
 3. [10] Find the weighted mean of the four sets of measurements and the standard deviation of the mean.
Assume blunders and systematic errors were eliminated.

Set x 
A 165.864 0.002
B 165.867 0.006
C 165.862 0.007
D 165.864 0.004

2. [10] Referring to problem #1, establish the Gaussian model of the set of
observations and plot the normal curve.

3. [15] A 3 km. baseline is to be measured having a relative precision of 1/500,000. Calculate

the number of observations needed to achieve this precision if the surveyor uses the ff:

iv. tape (RP=1/5000)

v. EDM (RP=5mm + 5ppm)
vi. Stadia (RP= 1/300)

A. [10] Indicate the type of error of the following situations. Type M for mistake or blunder, S for systematic
error, or R for random error.
________1.Telescope axis and the axis of leveling bubble not parallel.
________2.Readings with telescope direct and reverse differing by few seconds from 180o.
________3.Tape too long due to increase in temperature.
________4.Tape too shot due to spliced tape.
________5.Pull applied to tape not of standard pull.
________6.Using wrong units during taping.
________7.Sighting a wrong station
________8.Measuring a distance several times with slightly different values.
________9.Level line of sight not horizontal.
________10.Telescope along horizontal and vertical circle not zero.
 4. Calculate the formula below and show only significant figures on final answer.
Data: a = 6,378,205.00 b = 478/3

b
1. f  1
a

2.   a2  b2


3. e
a

4. 1  e 2
sin 2 60 o 
32

5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11. Indicate the type of error that the following situations. Type M for mistake or blunder, S for
systematic error, or R for random error. Also provide solution to eliminate or minimize the
error.

________1.Telescope axis and the axis of leveling bubble not parallel.

________2.Taking D/R readings on the horizontal circle and differing by 180 plus a few seconds.
________3.Tape too long.
________4.Tape spliced. Tapemen not informed
________5.Pull applied to tape not of standard pull.
________6.Using wrong units during taping.
________7.Sighting a wrong station
________8.Measuring a distance several times with slightly different values.
________9.Level line of sight not horizontal.
________10.Telescope along horizontal and vertical circle not zero.

B. A third order baseline was measured twice in three segment as follows:

Segment 1st measurement 2nd measurement
A 48.373 48.371
B 39.289 39.286
C 24.102 24.099

a. Calculate the standard deviation of each segment

b. Calculate the relative precision of each segment
c. Calculate the length of the baseline and its standard deviation

C. Several sets of measurements were made on a certain distance:

Set Mean Rel Precision

A 165.864 1: 500
B 165.867 1:2000
C 165.862 1:5000
D 165.864 1:200
E 165.848 1:10000
F 165.867 1:20

Calculate the weighted mean and the standard deviation of the weighted mean.

D. Express the answers to the following problems correct to the number of significant figures.
a. 38.121 +170 +.0748 +20.091=
b. 17.593 / 39.40 =
c. (615)1/4
d. 6
e. 2

GDE 413 - EXAM 1

Name: ____________________________________________Date:__________

A. 1. Describe and give 2 examples of the three types of errors and their influence on survey
measurements.
2. Give five (5) ways of detecting blunders in survey measurements

B.
Assume that the following 25 independent measurements of a distance have been
corrected for systematic errors.
 206.159 206.13 206.14 206.131 206.129
.161 9 3 .133 .150
.145 .137 .137 .140 .149
.140 .135 .136 .140 .152
.143 .144 .147 .132 .120
.148 .142
A. Construct a histogram from these
data.
B. Calculate the μ, σ, σμ at 95% confidence.

C .Several sets of measurements were made on a certain distance:

Set Mean Rel Precision

A 165.864 1: 500
B 165.867 1:2000
C 165.862 1:5000
D 165.864 1:200
E 165.848 1:10000
F 165.867 1:20

Calculate the weighted mean and the standard deviation of the weighted mean.

D.
Field notes for angle SRT observed 12 times with a repeating theodolite having a least count
of 10” and a σs=20”, σp =2” are as follows:

Station From To Rep Circler Reading

R S 0 70-10-30
T 1 170-30-30
T 12 194-11-30

1. Calculate the mean angle and the σμ at 90% confidence.

GDE 413 - EXAM 2

Name: ____________________________________________Date:__________

A. [25 pts] Given the system of equations below:

x + 3y - 2z = 11
4x - 2y + z = -15
3x + 4y - z = 3
1. Convert the system into matrix format.
2. Give the inverse of the coefficient matrix
3. Solve the system using the inverse method.

B. [10 pts] The angles in a simple triangular figure are to be determined with a standard deviation of
5". A 1" theodolite is to be used. The standard deviation in setting and reading the horizontal circle
 is s= 5".The standard deviation in pointing on the targets is estimated to s= 10". Determine the
number of repetitions of the angle required satisfying the specified accuracy.

C. [40 pts] Angle A of the triangle below was determined using the lengths sides of the triangle.

If taping was used to Adetermine the lengths of the sides having a relative precision of 1:500 and
measured lengths are : a = 97.25 m b = 64.32 m c= 101.23 m
Calculate:
1. Angle
c A. b
2. Std deviation of A.
3. Area of the triangle
4. Std deviation of theCarea.
B a
Assume all measurements to be uncorrelated.

D. [25 pts]. Horizontal distance and difference in elevation can be computed from stadia
observations by using the ff. equations:
H = K s cos2 
V = ½ K s sin 2
where: K = stadia interval factor s = stadia interval  = vertical angle

1. Calculate the H and V if K=100, s = 1.376 and =35 23' 16"

2. Construct co-variance matrix of H and V if the estimated standard deviation of the stadia
interval s= 0.010 m and the standard deviation of the vertical angle is = 5".
3. Calculate the co-relation coefficient of H and V
Assume s and  are uncorrelated.

GDE 413 - EXAM 3

Name: ____________________________________________Date:__________

1. The abstract of directions to triangulation stations C,D, and E observed from station A is
Station Direction Estimated 
C 000' 00.0" 06"
D 4432' 00.8" 04"
E 9225'23.3" 02"

1. Calculate angles CAD and CAE from these directions. Form the covariance matrix for angles CAD
and CAE
2. Calculate the correlation coefficient between the two angles.
3. Calculate the mean of the two angles and calculate the  of the combined angle.
 2. Horizontal distance and difference in elevation can be computed from stadia
observations by using the ff. equations:
H = K s cos2 
V = ½ K s sin 2
where: K = stadia interval factor = 100
s = stadia interval = 1.376 m s= 0.010 m
 = vertical angle = 35 23' 16" = 5".
Assume s and  are uncorrelated
1. Calculate the H and V
2. Calculate the co-relation coefficient of H and V
3. Construct the standard error ellipse of H and V
4. Calculate the σc and recalculate the ideal s and .

C. A tract of land has a shape shown below with the following data:

E A,A ;B,B ;C,C ;D,D ;E,E

D c Determine the area in terms of the sides and

A
formulate the standard error of the area.

D. A side and two internal angles of a plane triangle are measured as follows:

Side a = 84.22 m a = 0.03 m

Angle B = 85 B = 1'
Angle C = 32 C = 1'
 Angles B and C are at extremities of side a. The three measurements are uncorrelated.

1. Calculate the third angle and its standard deviation

2. Calculate the area of the triangle and its standard deviation

GDE 413 - Exam 3

Name:____________________________________________Date:__________
1. Differential level :
Station B.S. db h.i. df F.S. Elevation
BM1 3.150 55 235.412
Tp1 2.831 72 60 3.346
Tp2 4.104 44 75 2.725
Tp3 2.654 38 47 3.008
BM2 40 3.208

a. Calculate the hi's and elevation of BM2

b. Assuming all systematic errors have been corrected, and s= 0.1 mm/m. Calculate the
estimated standard deviation in the line of levels.

2. Observation using total station was done with zenith angles between stations A and B are
8657'55" and 9302'55" from B to A.The slope distance from A to B is 2,458.487 m and the
elevation of station A above the datum is 150.500m The heights of the instrument and target
above stations A and B are 1.55 and 1.38 m respectively. Similarly, the heights of the instrument
and target above B and A for observing zenith angle from B are 1.43m. and 1.51m. respectivcely.
a. Compute the elevation of station B.
b. Propagate the error in the elevation of station B. Assume s = 5mm + 5ppm and z = 2" and
estimated standard deviation of all the hi's=0.005 mm

3. Solve the system by any method

x + 3y - 2z = 11
 4x - 2y + z = -15
3x + 4y - z = 3

Geodetic Adjustment 1-Exam 2

Name:____________________________________________Date:_____________

A. Modified True or False

______1.Multiplication of matrices is associative.
______2.All matrices have determinants.
______3.To multiply matrices the rows of the first matrix must be equal to the columns of the
second matrix.
______4. A symmetric matrix has 1 on the main diagonal and the rest zero’s.
______5. The adjoint of a matrix is the transpose of the matrix
______6. The inverse of a matrix is equal to the transpose of the matrix over the determinant
______7. An orthogonal matrix is when its transpose is equal to its determinant
______8. An identity matrix is when all elements are zero.
______9. Division of matrices are defined.
______10.Scalar multiplication is distributive.

B.
1.
 1 6
 1 0   3 4 0
A  B  C   0 3
 2 1  4  1 3  5 2
Calculate the following matrices :
a. E  AB b. F  BC c. G  EC d . H  AC T e. K  F  G

2.
Find the det er min ant
5 3 2 4
11 5 7 6
A
9 2 9 2
 
6 3 2 4

3.
1 2 3 1 0 0
  
A  0  1 2  , B    2 3 0 
0 0  3  1  1  4
Compute :
a. A 1 b. B 1 c. C  AB d . C 1 e. Show that C 1  B 1 A 1

3. Solve the following system of linear equations by any method:

  x1  2 x 2  x3  5
3 x1  2 x3  7
2 x1  5 x 2  x3  1

1 2 3 1 0 0
   Compute: a. C=AB b. ACT
1...A  0  1 2 ,....................B   2 3 0  c. C-1
0 0  3  1  1  4
2. Solve the system by any method
x + 3y - 2z = 11
4x - 2y + z = -15
3x + 4y - z = 3

3. Find the eigenvalues and construct the standard error ellipse for the given matrix.

3 1
A 
4. Horizontal distance 1 3 and difference in elevation can be computed from stadia
observations by using the ff. equations:
H = K s cos2 
V = ½ K s sin 2
Where: K = stadia interval factor = 100
S = stadia interval = 1.376
 = vertical angle = 35 23'

a. Establish the covariance matrix H,V

b. Construct the standard error ellipse of H vs. V

Assume s and  are uncorrelated and s=0.03 m , =5'.

 3. Solve the system of equation by the inverse method
. x +y+z=0
. y + z - 2w = -5
. 2x - y +3w = 9
. x + 3z - w = -1

4. Horizontal distance and difference in elevation can be computed from stadia

observations by using the ff. equations:
H = K s cos2 
V = ½ K s sin 2
where: K = stadia interval factor = 100
s = stadia interval = 1.376 m s= 0.015 m
 = vertical angle = 35 23' 16" = 5".

4. Calculate the co-relation coefficient of H and V

5. Construct the standard error ellipse of H and V
Assume s and  are uncorrelated.

B. Given the lengths of two sides and an included angle of a triangle:

a = 58.23 a = 0.03 m
b = 78.96 b = 0.05 m
C = 4921' C = 5'
 Assume a, b and C are uncorrelated.

1. Calculate side c and its standard deviation

2. Calculate angles A and B and its standard deviation
3. Calculate the area and its standard deviation

Gde 413
Exam 2

Name:_____________________________________Date:_____________________

A. Find the inverse of the matrix below using co-factor method.

 1 2  3
A   2 0 4 
 3 4 1 

B. Prove that for a single function Y = x1+ x2 + x3 wherein the x’s are uncorrelated random
variables the variance of Y is :
 2Y   2X1   2x 2   2x 3
C. Given a three dimensional Cartesian coordinate system wherein x, y, z are defined
together with its standard deviations:
x = r cos α cos β σα = 5”
z y = r sin α cos β σβ = 7”
z = r sin β σr = 0.01m
r

β
y
α

Assuming α, β and r are uncorrelated, find the correlation coefficient of ρxy , ρyz , and
ρxz

D.

On the left
A figure, sides A
b b and c and angle A were measured using tape and 10” repeating theodolite
with estimated standard deviation:
C
Tape: σT= 0.01 m

c
a
Theodolite: σs= 20” σp = 2”

The distances was measure once having b = 123. 45 m, c = 89.97 m and angle A was measured
with 6 repetitions (3 D and 3 R) having a mean angle of 115°26’ 45”.

1. Calculate side a and its standard deviation

2. Standard deviation of angle A.
3. How many repetitions will it take for the angle to have a standard deviation 5”

GDE 413 - Finals

Name:____________________________________________Date:__________

A. Horizontal distance and difference in elevation can be computed from stadia

observations by using the ff. equations:
H = K s cos2 
V = ½ K s sin 2
where: K = stadia interval factor = 100
s = stadia interval = 1.376 m s= 0.010 m
 = vertical angle = 35 23' 16" = 5".

1. Calculate the correlation coefficient of H and V

2. Construct the standard error ellipse of H and V
Assume s and  are uncorrelated.

A. Calculate the unknown elevations using least square:

A
Elev A = 64.321
Elev B = 93.468
Line Di ff i n Elev Distance
y
A-Y 8.610 200 m
Y-B 20.531 100 m
B-X -12.346 150 m
X-A -16. 800 250 m
x X-Y -8.192 200 m

B
B. Given the trilateration network below:

C 1. Can you use least square

adjustment in this network? Justify
your answer.
A F
2. If yes, setup the A matrix.
Assume station F as the initial
point and points A and C are fixed.
E
D

GDE 413 FINALS

Name:________________________________________________Date:__________

A. Several sets of measurements were made on a certain distance:

Set Mean 
A 165.864 0.002
B 165.867 0.006
C 165.862 0.007
D 165.864 0.004
 E 165.848 0.006
F 165.867 0.010

Calculate the weighted mean and the standard deviation of the weighted mean.

B. Given the lengths of two sides and an included angle of a triangle:

a = 58.23 a = 0.03 m
b = 78.96 b = 0.05 m
C = 4921' C = 5'
Assume a, b and C are uncorrelated.

1. Calculate side c and its standard deviation

2. Calculate angles A and B and its standard deviation
3. Calculate the area and its standard deviation

C.
Data :
X Y
A 865.40 4,527.15
B 2,432.55 2,047.25
C 2,865.22 27.15

Observed distances:
AO = 6,049.00
BO = 4,736.83
CO = 5,446.49

1. Adjust by least square the position of point O based on the data given.

B.
 BIN x y
TAN 1 ,000.000 1,000.000
B TAN-DUM = 1,534.538 m
Az(TAN-DUM )= 101-34-21
c a
Observations: 
A C = 43-41-20 5”
C
DUM A = 53-21-34 5”
b TAN

1. Calculate angle B and its standard deviation.

2. Calculate sides a and c, std. deviations, and co-variance. Assume angle observations to be
uncorrelated
3. Calculate the x,y coordinates of BIN, its co-variance matrix.
4. Establish the error ellipse of the x,y coordinates.
5. Calculate the area of the triangle and its std errror.

B. Adjust by least squares the coordinates of B on a simple traverse shown below:

...
hb

GDE 413 Exam 4

Name:________________________________________________Date:__________

A. A total station was used to measure two distances and an angle between the two lines to
determine the position of the occupied station. Below are the data:
 Data:
C
Pt X Y
A 1,495,316.983 503,991.197
B 1,495,056.547 504,269.054


Observations: Estimated 
 = 3342' 29.4" 5"
AC = 678.904 3mm + 5ppm
BC = 509.192 3mm + 5ppm

B Required: The adjusted position of C

A

B.
Calculat


C D
X=1,400.000
X=1,223.000 Y=1,186.500
 Y=1,186.500

B

Observations 
A X=1,000.000
Y Y=1,000.000 AB =200.000 m 5mm+ 5ppm
BC =100.000 m 5mm+ 5ppm
240-00-00 10”
x = 1,000.000 150-00-00 10”
X E y = 800.000  240-01-00 10”
e the position of B using least square adjustment of observations only technique.

GDE 413 - EXAM 1

Name: ____________________________________________Date:__________

12. Several sets of measurements were made on a certain distance:

Set Mean 
A 165.864 0.002
B 165.867 0.006
C 165.862 0.007
D 165.864 0.004
E 165.848 0.006
F 165.867 0.010

Calculate the weighted mean and the standard deviation of the weighted mean.

13. Two points 4,560 meters apart are being precisely measured by an EDM
having a standard deviation (5mm  10 ppm)D. Calculate the number of observations needed to
improve the accuracy of the measurement to
a.  10 mm of the mean
b.  5 mm of the mean

14. A tract of land has a trapezoidal shape with two parallel sides a, b and the height of trapezoid
h. Below are the data:

a = 125.12 m  = 0.10 m
b= 150.08 m  = 0.12 m
h = 20.00 m  = 0.08 m

Calculate the area of a tract of land and its standard deviation. The three measurements are
uncorrelated.

15. A third order baseline was measured twice in three segment as follows:
Segment 1st measurement 2nd measurement
A 48.373 48.371
B 39.289 39.286
C 24.102 24.099

e. Calculate the standard deviation of each segment

f. Calculate the relative precision of each segment
g. Calculate the length of the baseline and its standard deviation

GDE 413 - MIDTERMS

Name:____________________________________________Date:__________
 1 2 3 1 0 0
   Compute: a. C=AB b. ACT
1...A  0  1 2 ,....................B   2 3 0  c. C-1
0 0  3  1  1  4
4. Solve the system by any method
x + 3y - 2z = 11
4x - 2y + z = -15
3x + 4y - z = 3

5. Find the eigenvalues and construct the standard error ellipse for the given matrix.

3 1
A 
5. Horizontal distance 1 3 and difference in elevation can be computed from stadia
observations by using the ff. equations:
H = K s cos2 
V = ½ K s sin 2
Where: K = stadia interval factor = 100
S = stadia interval = 1.376
 = vertical angle = 35 23'

c. Establish the covariance matrix H,V

d. Construct the standard error ellipse of H vs. V

Assume s and  are uncorrelated and s=0.03 m , =5'.

GDE 413 - Exam 2

Name:____________________________________________Date:________________

A. Given:

Perform the 3  1 4 1  6  6 indicated operations

below using A   ................B   ...............and...C    the matrices above.
1. (A+3B) + 2 1 2 7  2  3 4C
2. (3A) T

3. (A-B)C
4. (2A)(B)
5. C-1

B. Calculate the determinant :

C. Calculate the inverse
2 5by2any3method:
3 2 3 4
D   1 3 2
D. Solve the  1 5 1 3 system of equations by any method.
E   2  1 3
4 1 2 2
 2 4 1 
 x +z-w=-2
x-y-z =-4
x-y - w = -10
y+z-w = 0

GDE 413 - Exam 4

Name:____________________________________________Date:_______________
A.

237.15 B
A Line Length(km) Obs h (m)
A-B 15 -22.93
B-C 12 10.94
C-D 28 21.04
C D-A 26 -8.92
D-E 13 -27.15
E E-B 17 -5.23
E-A 11 17.91

D
246.05

Req’d: Adjust by least square the elevations of B,C, and E using the Av = f (conditional
adjustment) method.
A. A total station was used to measure two distances and an angle between the two lines to
determine the position of the occupied station. Below are the data:

Data:
C
Pt X Y
A 1,495,316.983 503,991.197
B 1,495,056.547 504,269.054


Observations: Estimated 
 = 3342' 29.4" 5"
AC = 678.904 3mm + 5ppm
BC = 509.192 3mm + 5ppm

B Required: Set up the matrix equation and evaluate the elements

A
for each matrix.

GdE 413- Data Adj 1

Exam 4

Name:___________________________________________________Date:_________

15.715 m A 18.890 m
BM 51
139.574 m
BM 45
104.962 m

- 8.364 m
20.263 m

B
C
9.730 m

15.085 m

BM 64
156.035 m

Req’d: Adjust elevations of A,B, and C by the method of least squares using the ff techniques:
1. Parametric Method
2. Conditional Method
 DATA 1 - EXAM 4

Name:__________________________________________________Date:_________

A. Trilateration network is shown below. Stations C and D are fixed and B,E, and F are unknown
stations.

B
C

E
D
1. Determine the redundancy value
2. Set up the coefficient matrix based on the distance observation equation

B.
A total station was used to measure two distances and an angle between the two lines to determine
the position of the occupied station. Below are the data:
 Data:
C
Pt X Y
A 1,495,316.983 503,991.197
B 1,495,056.547 504,269.054


Observations:
 = 3342' 29.4"
AC = 678.904
BC = 509.192

A
B Required:
Calculate the position of C using least square.

DATA 1 - FINALS

Name:__________________________________________________Date:_________

A. Discussion
1. Describe the three types of errors and give 2 examples of each and their influence on
survey measurements.
2. Describe how one can compensate for systematic errors in the measurement of (a)
distance and (b) angles. Give three examples of each.
3. Give the two techniques of least square adjustment and give its characteristics. Also show
the solutions in matrix format.
4. Give 4 ways of detecting blunders in measurement.
5. Why is adjustment necessary in survey computations and when do you start making
adjustment?

B. Problems
1. Solve the system of equations by any method
. x +y+z=0
. y + z - 2w = -5
. 2x - y +3w = 9
. x + 3z - w = -1

2 .A side and two internal angles of a plane triangle are measured as follows:

Side a = 84.22 m a = 0.01 m

Angle B = 85 25’ B = 1'
Angle C = 32 10’ C = 1'

Angles B and C are at extremities of side a. The three measurements are uncorrelated.
 a. Calculate the third angle and its standard deviation
b. Calculate the area of the triangle and its standard deviation

3. . Given the coordinates of stations below:

Station X Y
A 88,237.92 80,232.03
B 82,279.10 97,418.58
C 81,802.35 98,696.21
D 80,330.69 102,911.40

Angle observations at stations P are as follows:

APB = 44° 55’ 30.5”

BPC = 5° 56’ 19.4”
CPD = 19° 56’ 18.3”

Compute the coordinates X and Y of the unknown point P