Development of various Movements,

during the 19th Century

NEO CLASSICISM
MID 18TH TO END OF
19CENTURY

ARTS AND CRAFTS MOVEMENT 1860-1900

ART NOUVEAU
1890-1914

VIENNESE SECESSION 1897-1939

 ARTS & CRAFTS
MOVEMENT

Timeline - 1860-1900

Brief-
Arts and Crafts was an international design movement that flourished between
1860 and 1910, continuing its influence until the 1930s. It was led by the artist and
writer William Morris(1834–1896) and the architect Charles Voysey (1857–1941)
during the 1860s, and was inspired by the writings of John Ruskin (1819–1900) and
Augustus Pugin (1812–1852).

• Basically rejected the cold, impersonal aesthetics brought on by the Industrial

Revolution

• Objects made during the Arts & Crafts movement were smaller, affordable
objects such as textiles, pottery, furniture, etc.

• It stood for traditional craftsmanship using simple forms.

• It advocated economic and social reform and has been said to be essentially
anti-industry.
Special features of the movement

• Started as a search for aesthetic design and decoration and

a reaction against the styles that were developed
by machine-production.

• It had patterns inspired by British flora and fauna.

• In order to express the beauty of craft, some products

were deliberately left slightly unfinished,
resulting in a certain rustic and robust effect.

Philosophy
• It was recognition that technology, or industrialization, did not equate to a higher quality
of life for individuals.
Secondly,
• The Arts and Crafts Movement believed that the degradation of social values, which was
evident through poor working conditions, poverty and the exploitation of workers, was
caused by wide-spread industrialization.
 Famous Artists and the Architects of the movement

• JOHN RUSKIN

• WILLIAM MORRIS

• RICHARD NORMAN SHAW

• HERMAN MUTHESIUS

• FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT

• WILLIAM DE MORGAN

• LOUIS SULLIVAN

• CHARLES RENNE MACKINTOSH

 Basic Architectural Features

• Low pitched roof

• One and a half stories
• Rooms that connect to each other without
hallways.
• Built-ins (cabinets, hutches, window
seats,etc).
• Common feature of the architects of the
period was the detailing of the fixtures and
the furniture to be used in the building.
 William Morris (1834 – 1896)
• William Morris is the father of the arts and
craft movement
• PHILOSOPHY : Morris’s firm reflected his
philosophy of dignity and joy through honest
craftsmanship.

rrRichard Norman Shaw (1831-1912)

• SOME OF HIS FAMOUS WORKS :

LEYSWOOD IN SUSSEX.(1870) –
• straightforward use of natural building materials

NEW ZEALAND CHAMBERS, LONDON(1871-73)

FEATURES:- It looks back to the Red brick and

stone trim of the queen Anne buildings of the
early eighteenth century
RENOWNED WORK OF PHILLIP WEBB-THE RED
HOUSE(1859 -1860)
ART NOUVEAU (Art Nouveau - "New Art")
Timeline- 1890-1914

Brief - In the Art Nouveau movement, organic and curvilinear forms become prominent and
exaggerated.

• Art Nouveau resulted in the combination of sculpture and architecture.

• It was the rejection of both the Gothic and Classicism.

• It highlighted modern materials and Color.

• Art Nouveau is an approach to design according to which

artists should work on everything from architecture to
furniture, making art part of everyday life.
Special Features
• use of hyperbolas and parabolas in windows, arches, and doors.

• Conventional moldings seem to spring to life and 'grow' into plant-derived forms.

• Like most design styles, Art Nouveau sought to harmonize its forms.

• The Art Nouveau movement wanted to make art part of everyday life, thought to break all
connections to classical times and bring down the barriers between the fine arts and
applied arts.
Art Nouveau was also a movement of distinct individuals
• Gustav Klimt,

• Charles Rennie Mackintosh,

• Alfons Mucha,

• René Lalique,

• Antonio Gaudi,

• Hector Guimard,

• Victor Horta,

• Louis Comfort Tiffany

each of whom interpreted it in their own individual manner…….

Tassel House

ARCHITECT : VICTOR HORTA

LOCATION : BRUSSEL, BELGIUM

DATE : 1892-93

BUILDING TYPE : LARGE HOUSE

CONSTRUCTION : IRON,WOOD,CUT STONE

SYSTEM

CONTEXT : URBAN

NOTES- The positive aspect of the horta’s building

was that it is regarded as the first complete
building in fully-fledged Art Nouveau style.
METRO ENTRANCE

ARCHITECT : HECTOR GUIMARD

LOCATION : PARIS, FRANCE

DATE : 1899-1905

BUILDING TYPE : LIGHT RAIL RAPID TRANSIT

STATIONS

CONSTRUCTION : IRON AND GLASS

SYSTEM

CONTEXT : URBAN

NOTES : GRACEFUL ORGANIC FORMS

CASTEL BERANGER

ARCHITECT : HECTOR GUIMARD

LOCATION : PARIS, FRANCE

DATE : 1890 (circa)

BUILDING TYPE : APARTMENT BUILDING

CONSTRUCTION : BEARING MASONARY, BRICK,

CAST IRON
SYSTEM

CONTEXT : URBAN

NOTES :Graceful asymmetrical

wrought iron entry gate,
Most colors were in the pastel range,
a commonality in most
Art Nouveau work.
VIENESSE SECESSION
Timeline- 1897-1939

Brief-

• The Vienna Secession was formed in 1897 by a

group of Austrian artists
•
• This movement included painters, sculptors, and
architects

• Its official magazine was called "Ver Sacrum"

IMPORTANT PEOPLE OF THE TIME

The first president of the Secession was Gustav Klimt,

and Rudolf von Alt was made honorary president.
Special Features

• Unlike other movements, there is not one style that unites the work of all
artists who were part of the Vienna Secession.

• The Secession building could be considered the icon of the movement.

• Philosophy

In 1897 group of artists, aspired to renaissance of arts & crafts and to bring more
abstract & purer forms to design a building & furniture, glass & metalwork
,following the concept of total work of art &to do so they tried to bring together
symbolists, naturalists, modernists and stylists. It was the “separation” from the
past toward the future .
ARCHITECTURE
During this time, architects focused on bringing pure geometric forms into the designs of their
buildings.

Difference in elements use-

Designer transformed modern industrial materials such as iron & glass into graceful, curving forms
often drawn from nature , though with playful element of fantasy stylistic expression rather than as
a structural system

The main ARCHITECTS of this movement were Adolf Loos Joseph Maria Olbrich, and Otto Wagner.

Secessionist architects often decorated the surface of their buildings with linear ornamentation in
a form commonly called whiplash or eel style.
Works during the period

• SECESSION BUILDING, BUILT IN

1897,BY J.M. OLBRICH FOR
EXHIBITION OF SECESSION
SECESSION BUILDING
GROUP.
• POST OFFICE SAVING BANK, BY
OTTO WAGNER
• ERNST LUDWIG HAUS (KNOWN
AS TEMPLE OF WORK),
BYJ.M.OLBRICH
• STOCLET HOUSE, BY JOSEF
HOFFMAN
• ST.LEOPOLD’S CHURCH, BY OTTO
WAGNER
STOCLET HOUSE
 Conclusion derived from the architecture

• Clean, rectilinear furniture.

• Use of carrera marble and copper e.G.;
Kirche am steinhof (church)

• Characteristics of the vienna secession are; flat shapes,

geometric patterning, and sans serif type faces – even the handlettering)
.

• Vienna, austria is a rich confection of architecture representing many periods and styles,
ranging from elaborate baroque monuments to twentieth century innovations
• The city is alive ... architecture from the past inspires architects of tomorrow: harmony
between old and new, a contrast of styles and materials, unity of form - modern viennese
architecture ...