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M o N T A N A. Praesidium Regio Municipi
M o N T A N A. Praesidium Regio Municipi
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РУМЕН ИВАНОВ
КРАСИМИРА ЛУКА
СОФИЯ 2016
© Authors: Rumen Ivanov, Krassimira Luka
© All right reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic
or mechanical means (including photocopying, recording, of information storage and retrieval)
without permission in writing from the publisher.
© On the cover: Statue of Diana from the Roman sanctuary in locality Kaleto, Montana. Graphic recon-
struction by Krassimira Luka.
M O NTANA
PRAESIDIUM, REGIO, MUNICIPIUM
RUMEN IVANOV
KRASSIMIRA LUKA
SOFIA 2016
СЪДЪРЖАНИЕ
ГЕОГРАФСКО МЕСТОПОЛОЖЕНИЕ........................................................................................ 16
ИСТОРИЧЕСКИ СЪБИТИЯ.......................................................................................................... 38
Провинциална принадлежност...................................................................................................... 60
Митнически контрол.................................................................................................................... 74
Етнически състав.......................................................................................................................... 76
Съсловия........................................................................................................................................ 78
Религия........................................................................................................................................... 84
ХРОНИКА НА ПРОУЧВАНИЯТА............................................................................................... 92
АРХЕОЛОГИЧЕСКИ ИЗСЛЕДВАНИЯ....................................................................................... 98
Стопанство.................................................................................................................................... 130
Вили.............................................................................................................................................. 132
ХРИСТИЯНСТВО........................................................................................................................... 152
НЕКРОПОЛИ................................................................................................................................... 156
GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION............................................................................................................. 17
THE AREA BEFORE THE ROMAN PRESENCE ........................................................................ 17
NAME AND STATUS OF THE SETTLEMENT AND THE VICINITY...................................... 23
HISTORICAL EVENTS.................................................................................................................... 39
PROVINCIAL BELONGING, ROAD NETWORK AND CUSTOMS CONTROL.................... 61
Provincial Belonging....................................................................................................................... 61
Road Network.................................................................................................................................. 69
Customs Control.............................................................................................................................. 75
ETHNIC COMPOSITION, CLASSES AND RELIGION.............................................................. 77
Ethnic Composition......................................................................................................................... 77
Classes............................................................................................................................................. 83
Religion............................................................................................................................................ 85
CHRONICLE OF RESEARCH......................................................................................................... 93
ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEYS.................................................................................................... 99
Eastern Sector ................................................................................................................................. 99
Western Sector ................................................................................................................................ 109
ECONOMY, VILLAS, ARTS AND CRAFTS . ............................................................................... 131
Economy.......................................................................................................................................... 131
Villas................................................................................................................................................ 133
Arts and Crafts................................................................................................................................. 145
CHRISTIANITY................................................................................................................................. 155
NECROPOLISES............................................................................................................................... 159
THE AREA DURING THE MIDDLE AGES................................................................................... 165
ОБРАЗИ
Обр. 4. Посвещение на Диана в чест на сполучливо завършен лов на мечки и бизони, разпореден
от провинциалния управител Claudius Saturninus, като “императорски лов” ................................ 46
Обр. 5. Надпис акламация в чест на император Валериан от cohors III Collecta. Посвещението е
организирано от трибуна Aelius Maximus (253 г.). ............................................................................ 47
Обр. 10. Посвещение на Диана (ара и статуетка) от C. Marius Victorinus centurio legionis I
Italicae ................................................................................................................................................... 81
Обр. 11. Посвещение на Deanae (sic) Augustae от C. Aemilius Donatus, centurio legionis XI
Claudiae ................................................................................................................................................. 81
Обр. 12. Посвещение на бог Аполон, направено от P. Aelius Fronto, centurio legionis XI Claudiae .... 82
Обр. 15. Посвещение на Асклепий и Хигия от Publius Aelius Fronto, centurio legionis XI Claudiae. . 90
Обр. 16. Античният обект „Калето” в град Монтана. Генерален план на археологическите проуч-
вания . .................................................................................................................................................... 96
Обр. 17. „Калето”, град Монтана, Източен сектор „Светилището”. План и разрез ...................... 97
Обр. 18. „Калето”, град Монтана, Западен сектор „Голямата кула”. План и разрез..................... 107
Обр. 19. „Калето”, град Монтана, Западен сектор „Портата”. План и разрез . ............................ 108
Обр. 20. Територията между Ratiaria и Oescus. Находки на епиграфски паметници, съдържащи
имената на военни ауксиални единици ............................................................................................ 123
Обр. 21. Територията между Ratiaria и Oescus. Находки на епиграфски паметници, съдържащи
името на Legio I Italica, Legio XI Claudia и Legio V Macedonica ................................................... 124
Обр. 32. Керамични калъпи и печати за производство на вотивни плочки, украси и художествена
керамика. ............................................................................................................................................. 151
Обр. 35. План на църквата в антична вила № 2 край Монтана ................................................................. 154
Обр. 36. План на църквата в антична вила № 1 край Монтана ..................................................... 154
Обр. 37. Надгробна плоча на C. Valerius Felix, издигната от съпругата му Valeria Saturnina .... 157
Обр. 38. Надгробен паметник на Ulpius Dometianus, войник от legio IIII Flavia ......................... 158
Обр. 39. Надгробен паметник, издигнат от Aelia Gemella на покойните си роднини - съпруг, двама
сина и две дъщери. . ........................................................................................................................... 158
Обр. 40. План на некропола при антична вила № 2 край Монтана .............................................. 162
Обр. 43. План на т. нар. “славянско светилище”, разкрито в “Калето” до Монтана ................... 171
FIGURES
Fig. 2. Dedication to Diana and Apollo and to the provincial governor L. Iulius Severus от L. Iulius
Macedo, beneficiaries consularis (159-160 г.) ...................................................................................... 35
Fig. 3. Coin hoards from the 1st c. BC in the region of Montana .......................................................... 44
Fig. 4. Dedication to Diana in honor of a successfully completed hunt of bears and bisons ordered by the
provincial governor Claudius Saturninus, as “imperial hunting” . ........................................................ 46
Fig. 5. Inscription - acclamation in honor of Emperor Valerian by cohors III Collecta. The dedication
was organized by the tribune Aelius Maximus (253 AD). ..................................................................... 47
Fig. 6. Coin hoards from the age of the Gothic invasions in the area of Montana. . ............................. 57
Fig. 7. Inscriptions, reliefs and votive tablets revealed within the territory of Montana ...................... 66
Fig. 8. Registered ancient sites and road thoroughfares on the territory of Montana. .......................... 72
Fig. 10. Dedication to Diana (ara and statuette) by C. Marius Victorinus centurio legionis I Italicae ........ 81
Fig. 11. Dedication to Deanae (sic) Augustae by C. Aemilius Donatus, centurio legionis XI Claudiae ......... 81
Fig. 12. Dedication to Apollo, initiated by P. Aelius Fronto, centurio legionis XI Claudiae ................ 82
Fig. 13. Dedication to Dianae Reginae et Apollini for the health of the governor of Moesia Inferior -
Vitrasius Pollio. The initiator is C. Iulius Africanus, centurio legionis XI Claudiae ............................ 82
Fig. 15. Dedication to Aesculapius and Hygieia by Publius Aelius Fronto, centurio legionis XI
Claudiae. . .............................................................................................................................................. 90
Fig. 16. The ancient site “Kaleto” in the city of Montana. General plan of the archaeological
excavations ............................................................................................................................................ 96
Fig. 17. “Kaleto”, Montana. Eastern sector “The Sanctuary”. Plan and section . ................................. 97
Fig. 18. “Kaleto”, Montana. Western sector “The Big Tower”. Plan and section ............................... 107
Fig. 19. “Kaleto”, Montana. Western sector “The Gate”. Plan and section ........................................ 108
Fig. 20. Territory between Ratiaria and Oescus. Discoveries of epigraphic records containing the names
of military auxiliary units ..................................................................................................................... 123
Fig. 21. Territory between Ratiaria and Oescus. Discoveries of epigraphic records containing the name
of Legio I Italica, Legio XI Claudia and Legio V Macedonica ........................................................... 124
Fig. 22. Mensa mensuaria from ancient villa No 3 by Montana ......................................................... 129
Fig. 26. Plan of the villa by the village of Urovene ............................................................................ 139
Fig. 27. Statue of Diana with a bow and a shortened peplos .............................................................. 143
Fig. 28. Statue of Diana with shooting with a bow ............................................................................. 144
Fig. 31. Open-work marble relief of the Thracian Heros .................................................................... 150
Fig 32. Ceramic moulds and stamps for production of votive tablets, decorations and artistic pottery . 151
Fig. 34. Plan of the so called “Garrison church” in Montana ............................................................. 153
Fig. 35. Plan of the church at ancient villa No 2 by Montana . .............................................................. 154
Fig. 36. Plan of the church at ancient villa No 1 by Montana . ........................................................... 154
Fig. 37. Tombstone of C. Valerius Felix, raised by his wife Valeria Saturnina .................................. 157
Fig. 38. Tombstone of Ulpius Dometianus, soldier from legio IIII Flavia. ........................................ 158
Fig. 39. Tombstone, raised by Aelia Gemella for her dead relatives - husband, two sons and two
daughters ............................................................................................................................................. 158
Fig. 40. Plan of the necropolis at ancient villa No 2 by Montana ....................................................... 162
Fig. 41. Plan of the necropolis at the villa by the village of Urovene ................................................. 163
Fig. 42. Registered medieval sites on the territory of Montana and their dating according to the respective
publications .......................................................................................................................................... 171
Fig. 43. Plan of the so called “Slavic sanctuary”, revealed on Kaleto in Montana.............................. 171
ТАБЛИЦИ
The paper was published originally in the book „Thracian, Greek, Roman and
Medieval cities, residences and fortresses in Bulgaria“, published in English in 2015
under the scientific edition of prof. dr. hab. Rumen Ivanov. The current issue offers
the original text in Bulgarian language, which we hope to facilitate the access to this
research and make it available to a wider range of readers.