Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV)

Phase Doppler Interferometry (PDI)

Doppler LIDAR

Jeroen van Beeck

Rosaria Vetrano
Michiel Riethmuller

© 2017, von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics

 Operating principle of LDV

 Doppler effect (or Doppler shift)

laser light scattered by a particle is detected with a shifted
frequency when there is a relative movement
Light 90

 Light scattering 120 60

Formation of a new scattered

150 30
electromagnetic light wave due
to the interaction of incident light
with a particle 180 0

Plane wave
Droplet
210 330

240 300
270
© 2017, von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics
 Operating principle of LDV
 What happens if the droplet is moving and light
emitter and detector are standing still?
Droplet
Plane wave U Scattered light frequency changes
r with droplet velocity;
f0 , λ0 , li r
r
U r r
(
f s = f0 + f D = f0 + ⋅ ls − li
λ0
)
fs , λ s , l s

Data Inversion algorithm

Doppler shift Droplet velocity

However;
Laser Doppler shift is a color shift, which is practically unmeasurable, with respect
to base frequency fo
© 2017, von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics
 Dual Beam or Fringe Mode
r
r
U r r
(
f s1 = f0 + ⋅ ls − li1
λ0
)
f0 , λ0 , li1
r
( )
r U r r
fs1 , λ s1 , l s1 f s2 = f0 + ⋅ ls − li2
λ0
r r
r
U fs2 , λ s2 , l s2 U r r
(
f D = f s2 − f s1 = ⋅ li2 − li1
λ0
)
f0 , λ0 , li2

The Doppler frequency fD is independent of the scattering angle

between scattered (ls) and incident (li) wave vectors

How to select the measurement angle,

i.e. the scattering angle at which the detector is placed?
© 2017, von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics
 Optical Arrangement
Aperture
Collecting
Parallel beam Photo
lens
splitter detector

CW Laser
Plano convex Probe volume 90
120 60
lens
Choice of angle of photon detector depends on scattered 150 30

light intensity, which depends on d2 and scattering angle.

180 0

Aperture or ”pinhole “ is a spatial filter that selects light

from probe volume only and reduces spatial resolution 210 330
depending on collecting lens and pinhole diameter .
240 300
© 2017, von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics 270
 LDV probe volume
What is the LDV probe volume?
Two laser beams have temporal coherence
Superimposition of waves in the probe volume
The beams interfere and generate a fringe pattern

θ ∆y

∆x

r
∆z f D = f s2 − f s1 =
U
λ0
(r r
⋅ li2 − li1 )
© 2017, von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics
 LDV probe volume dimensions
∆x = 2 b0
2 b0
∆y =
cos θ2
θ ∆y
2 b0
∆z =
∆x sin θ2
∆z
4 fl
2 b0 = ⋅ ⋅λ
π 2b
λ = Wavelength of laser light
f l = Focal length of the positive lens
2 b = laser beam diameter before focusing lens
2 b 0 = laser beam diameter at probe volume
θ = Angle between the two beams
© 2017, von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics
 LDV probe fringe spacing

θ ∆y

∆x
∆z

λ ∆y
Fringe spacing : df = Number of fringes N=
2sin θ2 in probe volume: df

λ = Wavelength of laser light

θ = Angle between the two beams
© 2017, von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics
© 2017, von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics
 Fringe Interpretation - I
Aperture
Collecting
Parallel beam Photo
lens
splitter detector

CW Laser Probe volume

Plano convex
lens

The droplet passes through

the interference fringes and
df
scatters the light

© 2017, von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics

 Fringe Interpretation - II
Signal τ

df
U= fD = 1/τ
τ
λ
U = d f fD df =
2sin θ2

Velocity component perpendicular

to fringes is measured.
r
( )
U r r
f D = f s2 − f s1 = ⋅ li2 − li1
λ0
© 2010, von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics
 Doppler burst
 Gaussian shape of laser beam intensity profile

Intensity
Laser beam shape modulates doppler
Cross section frequency -> Doppler burst
of laser beam
© 2010, von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics
 Flow Direction Ambiguity & Frequency Shifting

Doppler shift does not change with droplet direction

How to know the droplet direction?

Apply a constant shift on the frequency of one of the beams

r
 U r r
 f s1 = f0 + ls − li1 ( )r

f D = f s2 − f s1 = 
λ0
r
U r r
; f D = ∆f + li2 − li1 ( )
( λ0
)
U r r
 f = f + ∆f + l − l
 s2 0
λ0 s i2

∆f
fD<∆ Negative velocities
∆f
fD>∆ Positive velocities
© 2010, von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics
 Frequency Shifting by Bragg Cell

Parallel beam Acousto Optic Modulator (AOM)

splitter http://www.acoustooptic.com

CW Laser
Bragg Cell

• RF signal applied to piezoelectric transducer connected to

crystal
• Generation of acoustic waves acting as phase grating
• Doppler frequency shift ∆f is introduced upon leaving Bragg Cell

© 2010, von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics

 1D forward scatter Laser Doppler System

© 2010, von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics

 Backscatter Configuration

Single mode polarisation

preserving fibres receiving
fibre
Processing unit
Bragg
Laser
cell

Fibre manipulators

Flow

receiving
fibre
Back scattered light Single mode
emitting fibres
http://www.dantecdynamics.com
© 2010, von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics
 Off-axis scatter vs. backscatter
Off-axis mode
• Difficult to align
• Sensitive to vibration
• Possibility of optimising
off-axis angle
• Low laser power

Backscatter mode
• Easy to align
• User friendly
• Lower signal level
• Commercially available
• High laser power

© 2010, von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics

 2D Laser Doppler Velocimetry –II

y
2D Fiber optic Flow x

Backscatter system
illumination
detected signal Ux I
Beam
Separator

Multichannel t

Receiver

UyI
Data Acquisition System
Laser Real Time Histogram
Traverse Table Control
t

LDV Software Doppler

signals
© 2010, von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics
 2D Laser Doppler Velocimetry 2D
vertical velocity component= Green

© 2017, von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics

 2D Laser Doppler Velocimetry 2D
Horizontal velocity component= Blue

© 2017, von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics

 Commercial System from TSI - I

© 2010, von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics

 Commercial System - II
Wavelength separator
Alignment into four optical fibers

Emitter and Receiver

© 2010, von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics

 COMMERCIAL LDV SYSTEM- III

Receiver and transmitter optics in

same position
-> backscatter configuration

http://www.dantecdynamics.com
 3D system ONERA 1984

• 3 velocity components measured by two

separate probes
• 6 beams intersects in a 1 probe volume
• 3 different wavelengths to separate the 3
measured components.
• 3 photo-detectors with appropriate
© 2010, von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics
optical filters
 Processing of the Doppler signals
in frequency domain

Band-pass Analog to Frequency

Filter Digital Analysis

Peak
 Real time Detection

 Signal Discrimination
 Good Noise Rejection fD V(t)

 DANTEC (BSA), TSI (IFA, FSA)

© 2010, von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics
 Complete Measurement Chain

PM Test section
Power Photomultiplier Bragg cell
supply

Scope Laser

Laser
Band Power
pass filter supply

Vel. meter

Mean
RMS velocity
recorder recorder
© 2010, von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics
 Laser Doppler Velocimetry or
Laser Doppler Anemometry?
Anemoi, minor Greek Gods of Wind, subject to god Aeolus
An anemometer is a device for measuring wind speed

The measurement of wind speed by means of Doppler

effect needs a flow tracer;
Liquid tracers Solid tracers
Aerosols SiO2 , TiO2 ,others
Evaporating and condensing oil Fluidization
Incense
1. Can tracers follow expected velocity fluctuations?
2. Is scattered light intensity enough?
3. Is concentration enough?
© 2017, von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics
 Response of Tracers to Oscillations

Effect of size

From: Maxwell & Seasholtz (1974)

NASA TN D 7490

© 2010, von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics

 Tracer Size
Effect on light intensity distribution
Dp= 1 µm Dp= 10 µm Dp= 100 µm

The intensity of the scattered light is proportional to the square

of the droplet diameter
© 2010, von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics
 Tracer Size
Effect on fringe visibility

© 2017, von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics

 Example of Application
 Turbulent boundary layer

© 2010, von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics

LDV: Mean velocity & Turbulence Intensity
Flat plate boundary layer: 0.56m from leading edge

RMS / mean Velocity

 Example of Application
 Flow over an obstacle

Long measuring time to map an entire velocity field and reach statistical
convergence of mean and turbulence quantities

© 2010, von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics

 Laser Doppler Velocimetry
Present and Future
 Mini LDV
 Micro LDV
 Phase Doppler Analyzer (or Interferometer)
 LIDAR

© 2017, von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics

 Mini LDV

© 2010, von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics

 Micro LDV

© 2010, von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics

 LDV

with Doppler
with fringe spacing dfringe frequency
fDoppler

• Vparticle=dfringe fDoppler is independent of position of light collecting system

• dfringe= λ/(2sinθ/2) & ∆Y=D0/cos(θ/2)

θ is the angle between laser beams and λ wavelength of the light.
∆Y = smallest probe-volume dimension, and D0 the laser beam diameter.

• The use of two laser beams makes the colour shift due to particle motion
(= Doppler effect) measurable.
PHASE-DOPPLER ANEMOMETRY (PDA)

 Phase-shift in PMT1, PMT2 and PMT3

depends on particle size (3 detectors for Diameter=αφshift
redundancy)
Pdf of droplet
 Velocity and size measurements in one point
velocity and size
 Phase Doppler Interferometer
source; Artium

© 2017, von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics

 PDA
Water Spray Characterization
Point measurement
Simultaneous droplet size and
droplet velocity distribution
Water Spray Facility

nozzle
receiver

laser

© 2017, von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics

 Non-Newtonian fluids
Mean droplet size D32

© 2017, von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics

 Non-Newtonian fluids
Mean Velocity

© 2017, von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics

LIDAR in wind energy
Measurement of horizontal or vertical
wind profiles near a (potential) wind
farm site via Doppler principle.

Profiles up to 1 km are possible,

impossible to achieve by a standard
meteo-mast with cup anemometers

horizontal profile vertical profile

LIDAR principle
LIght Detection And Ranging is an optical remote sensing technique measuring
distance to a target by illuminating it with pulsed laser light

1. A LIDAR system emits a short, high

frequency laser beam into the air.
2. Light reflected by aerosols in the air is
detected by the receiver.
3. By time-of-flight processing one can
relate the time delay of the detected
signals within “gates” to
corresponding distances/altitudes:
Distance = speed_of_light *
Time_delay/2
7.5m corresponds to 50ns !
Vulcanic ash detection by LIDAR of KMI-IRM
 Doppler wind LIDAR
1. The location of the scattering particle is retrieved by the time_delay processing.

2. LIDAR can measure velocity of detected particle by creating laser Doppler signal by
interfering reference beam with laser light scattered by pollution in air, i.e. aerosols.

3. Spectral analysis reveals the Doppler frequency thus the velocity vector in line of sight
(LOS) of laser beam. The beam is inclined with respect to the vertical in order to have
an estimate of the horizontal velocity component in the atmospheric boundary layer.

4. By scanning the inclined beam one retrieves the 3D velocity vector information but the
probe volume becomes bigger the longer is the distance to the source.
Wind LIDAR
3D velocity vector reconstruction

Source: Leosphere, Orsay, Fr

LIDAR signal processing

Leosphere, Orsay, Fr
 LASER DOPPLER SYSTEMS
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
 True component measurement  Experience required
 No calibration required  Expensive
 Small probe volume of 1mm x  Discrete measurement, low
100um x 100um is possible sampling frequency, seeding
 Can measure very low velocities needed
(cm/sec) and very high velocity  Only point measurement,
(M=4) scanning system required
 Turbulent quantities  Optical access required

1D-PDA http://www.dantecmt.com 2D-LDV http://www.dantecmt.com

© 2017, von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics

 Thank you for your attention

© 2017, von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics