Modules For Online Learning Management System: Subject: MT 203 Medical Terminology (Medical Transcription 12)

COMPUTER COMMUNICATION DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE
SIKATUNA ST., OLD ALBAY, LEGAZPI CITY

TEL. NO. 7421570
MODULES FOR
ONLINE LEARNING MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM
(A.Y 2020 – 2021)
Subject:
MT 203 Medical Terminology
(Medical Transcription 12)
Prepared by:
Jan Rey Lomerio
Instructor
Noted by: Approved by:
Engr. Jay A. Dadea, MIT Ramon Severo. Ll. Moraleda. LLB

School Dean Administrator
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TEL. NO. 7421570
Medical terminology ___________________________________________________________________X

Course Description ____________________________________________________________________ X
Objectives___________________________________________________________________________ X
Learning Outcomes____________________________________________________________________ X
Week 1 Learning Medical Terminology
_____________________________________________________1
What is a terminology?____________________________________________________1
Root word ______________________________________________________________1
Suffix __________________________________________________________________2
Prefix __________________________________________________________________3
Week 2 3 Reasons to study medical terminology
_____________________________________________3
Week 3 The Integumentary System
___________________________________________4
Functions of integumentary system __________________________________________4
HOW DOES THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM WORK WITH OTHER SYSTEMS?
___________________4
Week 4 the Musculoskeletal System ______________________________________________________ 5
Week 5 the Skeletal System _____________________________________________________________ 6

What is the function of the skeletal system? ___________________________________6
Skull bones______________________________________________________________7
The 24 vertebrae can be further divided ______________________________________
8
Appendicular skeleton anatomy
_____________________________________________9
What kinds of conditions affect the skeletal system?
____________________________10
Week 6 the Respiratory

System__________________________________________________________11
What Is the Respiratory System?
____________________________________________11
How Do We Breathe?
_______________________________________________________11
How Does the Respiratory System Clean the Air?
__________________________________12
Respiratory System Diseases_______________________________________________13
Week 7 Introduction to the Cardiovascular System __________________________________________13

The Cardiovascular System ________________________________________________14
The heart
______________________________________________________________14
Blood vessels_________________________________________________________________15
Arteries and Arterioles ___________________________________________________16
Capillaries _____________________________________________________________16
Veins and Venules
_______________________________________________________17
Coronary Circulation
___________________________________________________________17
Hepatic Portal Circulation _______________________________________________________17
BLOOD _____________________________________________________________________18
Red Blood Cells_________________________________________________________18
White Blood
Cells________________________________________________________18
Platelets_______________________________________________________________19
Plasma ________________________________________________________________19
Week 8 the Digestive System ___________________________________________________________

20
Mouth___________________________________________________________________20
Throat________________________________________________________________20
Esophagus_____________________________________________________________20
TEL. NO. 7421570
Stomach_______________________________________________________________20
Small Intestine__________________________________________________________20
Three organs play a pivotal role in helping the stomach
and small intestine digest food ______________________________________21
Pancreas______________________________________________________________ 21
Liver__________________________________________________________________21
Gallbladder____________________________________________________________21
Colon (Large Intestine)___________________________________________________21
Rectum _______________________________________________________________21
Anus _________________________________________________________________21
References _________________________________________________________________________21
MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY
Course Description: Medical terminology is the language used to describe

components and processes of the human body, medical procedures, diseases,
disorders, and pharmacology. It is the vocabulary that medical professionals use to
describe the body, what it does, and the treatments that may be use.
Objectives:
Introduce students to the process of learning medical terminology
Define medical terminology.
Describe the importance of medical terminology.
Introducing to the students the Root, Prefix, and Suffix of each terminology.
Learned the parts of anatomy and physiology of each body system
Learning Outcomes:
At the end of the session, the student is expected to:
1, Know the medical terminology uses, describe each term,
2, and will be able to learn the proper usage of each terminology.
3, know the functions and locations of each body system.

TEL. NO. 7421570
Learning Medical Terminology
What is a terminology?
It is a set of terms, expressions, designations, or symbols used to represent concepts

that are specific to a particular science, discipline, or specialized subject area. Medical
terminology is the language of medicine. The road to success begins with a solid
understanding of medical terminology.
It is used by healthcare professionals to communicate with each other and with their
patients. Anyone who works in a healthcare setting benefits by the ability to read and
interpret the medical terms used in reports and health records.
It is similar to studying a foreign language, that is, there are rules which must be applied
and memorization plays a significant part in its mastery. Pronunciation and spelling
must also be learned.
A significant number of medical terms can be defined by breaking the term into its
component parts – roots, suffixes and prefixes.
ROOT WORD
The root of a word is its main part and core meaning. These common medical root words give
you a general idea of what you’re dealing with or specify a body part.
Examples:
 Abdomin/o: Abdomen  Cardi/o: Heart
 Aden/o: Gland  Col/o: Colon
 Anter/o: Front  Cyt/o: Cell
 Arteri/o: Artery  Derm/a, derm/o, dermat/o: Skin
 Audi/o: Hearing  Dors/i, dors/o: Back or posterior
 Bio: Life  Encephal/o: Brain
 Brachi/o: Arm  Gastr/o: Stomach
 Bronch/i, bronch/o: Bronchus  Gynec/o: Female
 Carcin/o: Cancer  Hemat/o: Bl ood
TEL. NO. 7421570
 Hist/o, histi/o: Tissue  Lymph/o: Lymph vessels

 Intestin/o: Intestine  My/o: Muscle
 Lapar/o: Abdomen, loin or flank  Neur/o: Nerve
 Ocul/o: Eye  Sept/o: Infection
 Ophthalm/o: Eyes  Thorac/o: Chest/thorax
 Optic/o, opt/o: Seeing, sight  Thyr/o: Thyroid gland
 Or/o: Mouth  Trachel/o: Neck or necklike
 Ot/o: Ear  Trich/o: Hair or hairlike
 Path/o: Disease  Ventr/i, ventr/o: Front of body
 Pharmac/o: Drug  Viscer/o: Viscera (internal organs
 Pulmon/o: Lungs
Your body is made up of many systems, each having their own vital parts that
work together. This list represents your bodily systems and the specific parts that
comprise them:
 Skeletal: Bones, axial skeleton, appendicular skeleton, and joints

 Muscular: Muscles and tendons
 Integumentary: Skin, hair, nails, and glands in skin
 Sensory: Eyes, ears, nose, skin receptors, and mouth
 Cardiovascular: Heart, blood vessels, and blood
 Lymphatic: Tonsils, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, and lymph
fluid
 Respiratory: Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
 Gastrointestinal: Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines,
pancreas, liver, and gallbladder
 Endocrine: Hormones, pituitary gland, thyroid, adrenal glands, pancreas, and
gonads
 Nervous: Brain, spinal cord, ganglia, nerves, and sensory organs
 Urinary: Kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra
 Reproductive: Ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina in females; testes,
ducts, penis, urethra, and prostate in males
SUFFIX
TEL. NO. 7421570
Suffix refers to a procedure, condition, or disease of that body part. By putting these

terms together, you can better comprehend a condition or treatment.
All of you have had some exposure to medical terms even if you have never worked in
healthcare. Consider the following terms
• Appendectomy
• Mastectomy
• Thyroidectomy
What do these terms have in common?
They all end in the suffix – ectomy which means excision or surgical removal.
This allows us to define each of the terms
Appendectomy – surgical removal of the appendix
Mastectomy – surgical removal of breast (mast‐ and mamm‐ are the root words which
mean breast)
Thyroidectomy – surgical removal of the thyroid gland if you take the same root words.
We can make additional medical terms.
Appendicitis
Mastitis
Thyroiditis
This time the words all end in the suffix – itis which means inflammation.
– Inflammation of the appendix, Inflammation of the breast, and inflammation of the

thyroid gland.
PREFIX
TEL. NO. 7421570
A prefix is placed at the beginning of a word to modify or change its meaning. Root:

central part of a word. Suffix: The ending part of a word that modifies the meaning of
the word
Prefix - a-, an-
Meaning- not, without
Example:
Asymptomatic – without symptoms
Prefix - acou-
Meaning - of or relating to hearing
Example:
Acoustician – a field of study in physics.
As you study medical terminology, it will become clear to you that many medical terms
are made up of word parts – roots, suffixes and prefixes. Once you learn these, the
meaning of many words becomes accessible to you. Learning any new language is
challenging, but an understanding of the basic rules of word building helps to simplify
the process.
3 REASONS TO STUDY MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY

Medical Terminology is the study of the words used to describe the human body. It
helps you learn the proper terminology for major diseases and pathological conditions
as well as each system of the body.
It's a critically important subject for those looking to work in a health care profession,
and it is probably one of the best online general education health science courses you
can study once you enroll in a college class.
1. You'll be able to speak the language of health

By studying Medical Terminology, you'll develop a fluency in the highly specialized
language of health. You'll understand the origin and importance of acronyms like HIPAA
and gain confidence to perform in a field where the difference between the right and
wrong word can change a life. Plus, if you are planning on entering the health care field,
you will be expected to speak the same language as other health care providers.
Getting the general education courses required for your health care degree early on
your degree path will help pave the way to majors which tend to pay the most upon
graduation. That’s why enrolling in Medical Terminology online is often the first step
towards pursuing a degree that leads to a career in healthcare.
The knowledge you gain about Medical Terminology could help you understand lots of
other things too.
2. You'll gain a better understanding of systems

By studying Medical Terminology, you’ll gain really important insights about the function
of each system of the body. Better yet, your knowledge of medical terminology will
have very practical applications in your own life, such as how small lifestyle changes
can affect your entire health. Small changes can have dramatic effects on entire
TEL. NO. 7421570
systems. Earning your degree, or eating healthier, are both ways in which you can
change your own "system" for the better.
3. You can save money on your degree

Taking Medical Terminology online can help you save on your degree - and improve
your financial health. The college course experience and cost savings you gain by
studying Medical Terminology sets the foundation for greater success in nursing or
other healthcare related degree programs, and reduces your cost of college.
The Case for Studying Medical Terminology

So you see, there are some pretty compelling reasons why taking a course in Medical
Terminology can improve your own health, help you find success in your degree
program, and in your career.
Integumentary system
The integumentary system consists of the skin, hair, nails, glands, and nerves. Its main function
is to act as a barrier to protect the body from the outside world. It also functions to retain body
fluids, protect against disease, eliminate waste products, and regulate body temperature. In
order to do these things, the integumentary system works with all the other systems of your
body, each of which has a role to play in maintaining the internal conditions that a human body
needs to function properly
FUNCTIONS OF THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
The integumentary system has many functions, most of which are involved in protecting you and
regulating your body’s internal functions in a variety of ways:
Protects the body's internal living tissues and organs
Protects against invasion by infectious organisms
Protects the body from dehydration
Protects the body against abrupt changes in temperature
Helps dispose of waste materials
Acts as a receptor for touch, pressure, pain, heat, and cold
Stores water and fat
HOW DOES THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM WORK WITH OTHER SYSTEMS?

TEL. NO. 7421570
Your body is a complicated system that consists of many subsystems that help to keep it functioning properly.
These subsystems serve a variety of purposes and require needed materials to function properly, as well as means
of communicating information to other parts of the body. Thus, the skin and other parts of the integumentary
system work with other systems in your body to maintain and support the conditions that your cells, tissues, and
organs need to function properly.
The skin is one of the first defense mechanisms in your immune system. Tiny glands in the skin secrete oils that
enhance the barrier function of the skin. Immune cells live in the skin and provide the first line of defense against
infections.
By helping to synthesize and absorb vitamin D, the integumentary system works with the digestive system to
encourage the uptake of calcium from our diet. This substance enters the bloodstream though the capillary
networks in the skin. Healthy functioning of your skin also is related to the digestive system because the digestion
and assimilation of dietary fats and oils are essential for the body to be able to make the protective oils for the skin
and hair.
The integumentary system also works closely with the circulatory system and the surface capillaries through your
body. Because certain substances can enter the bloodstream through the capillary networks in the skin, patches
can be used to deliver medications in this manner for conditions ranging from heart problems (nitroglycerin) to
smoking cessation (nicotine patches).
The skin also is important in helping to regulate your body temperature. If you are too hot or too cold, your brain
sends nerve impulses to the skin, which has three ways to either increase or decrease heat loss from the body's
surface: hairs on the skin trap more warmth if they are standing up, and less if they are lying flat; glands under the
skin secrete sweat onto the surface of the skin in order to increase heat loss by evaporation if the body is too hot;
capillaries near the surface can open when your body needs to cool off and close when you need to conserve heat.
Your skin plays a vital role in your body as regards the sense of touch. The nervous system depends on neurons
embedded in your skin to sense the outside world. It processes input from your senses, including touch, and
initiates actions based on those inputs. For example, when you stub your toe, nerve cells in the foot send signals
up the leg, through the spinal cord, and up into the brain. The nerve cell connections in the brain sense these
signals as pain.
As well as interacting with the body systems as explained above, the integumentary system also contributes to
numerous physiological processes, especially those involved in the regulation of the body’s internal environment
so as to maintain a stable condition. An example is provided by the way that the skin helps in temperature
regulation by changes in the pattern of blood supply to the skin and by sweating, as mentioned above.
Musculoskeletal/Skeletal system
The musculoskeletal system (locomotor system) is a human body system that provides

our body with movement, stability, shape, and support. It is subdivided into two broad
systems:
Muscular system, which includes all types of muscles in the body. Skeletal muscles, in
particular, are the ones that act on the body joints to produce movements. Besides
muscles, the muscular system contains the tendons which attach the muscles to the
bones.
Skeletal system, whose main component is the bone. Bones articulate with each other
and form the joints, providing our bodies with a hard-core, yet mobile, skeleton. The
integrity and function of the bones and joints is supported by the accessory structures of
the skeletal system; articular cartilage, ligaments, and bursae.
Besides its main function to provide the body with stability and mobility, the
musculoskeletal system has many other functions; the skeletal part plays an important
role in other homeostatic functions such as storage of minerals (e.g., calcium) and
TEL. NO. 7421570
hematopoiesis, while the muscular system stores the majority of the body's carbohydrates
in the form of glycogen.
This article will introduce you to the anatomy and function of the musculoskeletal system.
Skeletal system
What is the skeletal system?
The human skeletal system consists of all of the bones, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments in the body.
Altogether, the skeleton makes up about 20 percent of a person’s body weight.
An adult’s skeleton contains 206 bones. Children’s skeletons actually contain more bones because some
of them, including those of the skull, fuse together as they grow up.
There are also some differences in the male and female skeleton. The male skeleton is usually longer
and has a high bone mass. The female skeleton, on the other hand, has a broader pelvis to
accommodate for pregnancy and child birth.
Regardless of age or sex, the skeletal system can be broken down into two parts, known as the axial
skeleton and the appendicular skeleton.
Axial skeleton anatomy
The adult axial skeleton consists of 80 bones. It’s made up of the bones that form the vertical axis of the
body, such as the bones of the head, neck, chest, and spine.
What is the function of the skeletal system?
The skeletal system’s main function is to provide support for the body. For example, the
spinal column provides support for the head and torso. The legs, on the other hand,
support and bear the weight of the upper body while a person stands.
But the skeletal system has several additional functions, including:
Protecting internal organs from injury. For example, the skull protects the brain,
while the thoracic cage protects the heart and lungs.
Allowing for movement. Muscles attach to bones through tendons. This connection

allows the body to move in many different ways.
Producing blood cells. The soft bone marrow inside of many bones produces red
blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
TEL. NO. 7421570
Storing minerals and nutrients. Bones can store and release minerals, including
calcium and phosphorus, which are important for many bodily functions. Additionally,
adipose (fat) tissue that can be used as energy can be found in part of the bone
marrow.
Skull bones
The adult skull comprises 22 bones. These bones can be further classified by location:
Cranial bones. The eight cranial bones form the bulk of your skull. They help to protect your
brain.
Facial bones. There are 14 facial bones. They’re found on the front of the skull and make up the
face.
Auditory ossicles
The auditory ossicles are six small bones found within the inner ear canal in the skull. There are three
auditory ossicles on each side of the head, known as the:
Malleus (hammer)
Incus (anvil)
Stapes (stirrup)
They work together to transmit sound waves from the surrounding environment to the structures of the
inner ear.
Hyoid
TEL. NO. 7421570
The hyoid is a U-shaped bone found at the base of the jaw. It serves as a point of attachment for
muscles and ligaments in the neck.
Vertebral column
The vertebral column is made up 26 bones. The first 24 are all vertebrae, followed by the sacrum and
coccyx (tailbone).
The 24 vertebrae can be further divided into the:
Cervical vertebrae. These seven bones are found in the head and neck.
Thoracic vertebrae. These 12 bones are found in the upper back.
Lumbar vertebrae. These five bones are found in the lower back.
The sacrum and coccyx are both made up of several fused vertebrae. They help support the weight of
the body while sitting. They also serve as attachment points for various ligaments.
Thoracic cage
TEL. NO. 7421570
The thoracic cage is made up of the sternum (breastbone) and 12 pairs of ribs. These bones form a
protective cage around the organs of the upper torso, including the heart and lungs.
Some of the ribs attach directly to the sternum, while others are linked to the sternum via cartilage.
Some have no attachment point and are referred to as “floating ribs.”
Appendicular skeleton anatomy
There are a total of 126 bones in the appendicular skeleton. It consists of the bones that make up the
arms and legs, as well as the bones that attach them to the axial skeleton.
Pectoral girdle
The pectoral girdle is where the arms attach to the axial skeleton. It’s made up of the clavicle
(collarbone) and scapula (shoulder blade). There are two of each of these — one for each arm.
Upper limbs
Each arm contains 30 bones, known as the:
Humerus. The humerus is the long bone of the upper arm.
Radius. The radius is one of two long bones of the forearm, found on the thumb side.
Ulna. The ulna is the second long bone of the forearm, found on the pinky finger side.
Carpals. The carpals are a group of eight bones found in the wrist area.
Metacarpals. The metacarpals are five bones found in the middle area of the hand.
Phalanges. The phalanges are 14 bones that make up the fingers.
Pelvic girdle
The pelvic girdle, commonly known as the hips, is where the legs attach to the axial skeleton. It’s made
up of two hipbones — one for each leg.
Each hip bone consists of three parts, known as the:
Ilium. The ilium is the top portion of each hip bone.
Ischium. The ischium is a curved bone that makes up the base of each hip bone.
Pubis. The pubis is located in the front part of the hip bone.
Lower limbs
Each leg is composed of 30 bones, known as the:
Femur. The femur is the large bone of the upper leg.
Tibia. The tibia is the main bone of the lower leg. It forms the shin.
Fibula. The fibula is the second bone in the lower leg, found in the outer leg.
Patella. The patella is also called the kneecap.
Tarsals. The tarsals are the seven bones that make up the ankle.
Metatarsal. The metatarsals are the five bones that make up the middle area of the foot.
Phalanges. The phalanges are 14 bones that comprise the toes.

TEL. NO. 7421570
What kinds of conditions affect the skeletal system?
Fractures
A fracture can also be referred to as a broken bone. Fractures typically occur due to an

injury or trauma, such as a car accident or a fall. There are many different types of
fractures, but they’re generally categorized by the nature and location of the break.
Metabolic bone diseases
Metabolic bone diseases refer to a group of conditions that affect bone strength or
integrity. They can be due to things such as a deficiency in vitamin D, loss of bone
mass, and use of certain medications, such as steroids or chemotherapy.
Arthritis
Arthritis is an inflammation of the joints. This can cause pain and a limited range of
movement. Several things can cause arthritis, including the breakdown of cartilage
that’s found in joints, autoimmune conditions, or infection.
Cancer
Cancer can develop in the tissues of the bone or in the cells produced by bones.
Cancer that forms in the primary bone tissue is actually quite rare. Cancers of the blood
cells produced by bone, such as myeloma or lymphoma, are more common.
Spinal curvatures
A spinal curvature is when the spine doesn’t curve in its usual shape. Typically, the
spine follows gentle forward and backward curves.
There are three main types of spinal curvature:
Kyphosis. Kyphosis creates a rounding in the upper back.
Lordosis. Lordosis causes the lower back to curve inward.
Scoliosis. Scoliosis causes an S- or C-shaped curve in the spine.
Tips for a healthy skeletal system
The skeletal system provides the foundation for all of the body’s movements, in addition
to other important functions.
Follow these tips to keep it in good working order:
Consume calcium. Calcium-rich foods include leafy green vegetables, broccoli, tofu,

and fish such as salmon.
Get enough vitamin D. Most people get plenty of this by spending regular time
outdoors, but a vitamin D supplement can help those in areas that don’t get much
sunlight.
Do weight-bearing exercises. These include things like walking, jogging, and climbing

stairs.
TEL. NO. 7421570
Wear protection. Always wear protective gear when riding a bike or playing contact
sports to avoid bone fractures and other potentially serious injuries.
Respiratory System
What Is the Respiratory System?
The respiratory system is the organs and other parts of your body involved in breathing,
when you exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Parts of the Respiratory System
Your respiratory system includes
 Nose and nasal cavity

 Sinuses
 Mouth
 Pharynx (Throat)
 Larynx (Voice box)
 Trachea (Windpipe)
 Diaphragm
 Lungs
 Bronchial tubes/bronchi
 Bronchioles
 Alveoli (Air sacs)
 Capillaries
How Do We Breathe?
Breathing starts when you inhale air into your nose or mouth. It travels down the back of
your throat and into your windpipe, which is divided into air passages called bronchial
tubes.
For your lungs to perform their best, these airways need to be open. They should be free
from inflammation or swelling and extra mucus.
TEL. NO. 7421570
As the bronchial tubes pass through your lungs, they divide into smaller air passages
called bronchioles. The bronchioles end in tiny balloon-like air sacs called alveoli. Your
body has about 600 million alveoli.
The alveoli are surrounded by a mesh of tiny blood vessels called capillaries. Here,
oxygen from inhaled air passes into your blood.
After absorbing oxygen, blood goes to your heart. Your heart then pumps it through
your body to the cells of your tissues and organs.
As the cells use the oxygen, they make carbon dioxide that goes into your blood. Your
blood then carries the carbon dioxide back to your lungs, where it’s removed from your
body when you exhale.
Inhalation and Exhalation
Inhalation and exhalation are how your body brings in oxygen and gets rid of carbon
dioxide. The process gets help from a large dome-shaped muscle under your lungs
called the diaphragm.
When you breathe in, your diaphragm pulls downward, creating a vacuum that causes a
rush of air into your lungs.
The opposite happens with exhalation: Your diaphragm relaxes upward, pushing on
your lungs, allowing them to deflate.
How Does the Respiratory System Clean the Air?
Your respiratory system has built-in methods to keep harmful things in the air from entering
your lungs.
TEL. NO. 7421570
Hairs in your nose help filter out large particles. Tiny hairs, called cilia, along your air
passages move in a sweeping motion to keep the passages clean. But if you breathe in
harmful things like cigarette smoke, the cilia can stop working. This can lead to health
problems like bronchitis.
Cells in your trachea and bronchial tubes make mucus that keeps air passages moist and
helps keep things like dust, bacteria and viruses, and allergy-causing things out of your
lungs.
Mucus can bring up things that reach deeper into your lungs. You then cough out or
swallow them.
Respiratory System Diseases
Common diseases of the respiratory system include:
Asthma. Your airways narrow and make too much mucus.
Bronchiectasis. Inflammation and infection make your bronchial walls thicker.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This long-term condition gets worse

over time. It includes bronchitis and emphysema.
Pneumonia. An infection causes inflammation in your alveoli. They might fill up with
fluid or pus.
Tuberculosis. A bacterium causes this dangerous infection. It usually affects your lungs
but might also involve your kidney, spine, or brain.
Lung cancer. Cells in your lung change and grow into a tumor. This often happens
because of smoking or other chemicals you’ve breathed in.
Cystic fibrosis. This disease is caused by a problem in your genes and gets worse over
time. It causes lung infections that don’t go away.
TEL. NO. 7421570
Pleural effusion. Too much fluid builds up between the tissues that line your lungs and
chest.
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Your lung tissue becomes scarred and can’t work the
way it should.
Sarcoidosis. Tiny clumps of inflammatory cells called granulomas form, often in your

lungs and lymph nodes.
Introduction to the Cardiovascular System
The cardiovascular system is sometimes called the blood-vascular, or simply the

circulatory, system. It consists of the heart, which is a muscular pumping device, and a
closed system of vessels called arteries, veins, and capillaries. As the name implies,
blood contained in the circulatory system is pumped by the heart around a closed circle
or circuit of vessels as it passes again and again through the various "circulations" of
the body.
As in the adult, survival of the developing embryo depends on the circulation of blood to

maintain homeostasis and a favorable cellular environment. In response to this need,
the cardiovascular system makes its appearance early in development and reaches a
functional state long before any other major organ system. Incredible as it seems,
the primitive heart begins to beat regularly early in the fourth week following fertilization.
The vital role of the cardiovascular system in maintaining homeostasis depends on the
continuous and controlled movement of blood through the thousands of miles of
capillaries that permeate every tissue and reach every cell in the body. It is in
the microscopic capillaries that blood performs its ultimate transport function. Nutrients
and other essential materials pass from capillary blood into fluids surrounding the cells
as waste products are removed.
Numerous control mechanisms help to regulate and integrate the diverse functions and
component parts of the cardiovascular system in order to supply blood to specific body
areas according to need. These mechanisms ensure a constant internal environment
surrounding each body cell regardless of differing demands for nutrients or production
of waste products.
Cardiovascular System
The Heart
The heart is a muscular pumping organ located medial to the lungs along the body’s midline in
the thoracic region. The bottom tip of the heart, known as its apex, is turned to the left, so that
about 2/3 of the heart is located on the body’s left side with the other 1/3 on right. The top of the
heart, known as the heart’s base, connects to the great blood vessels of the body: the aorta,
vena cava, pulmonary trunk, and pulmonary veins.
TEL. NO. 7421570
There are 2 primary circulatory loops in the human body:
Pulmonary circulation loop and systemic circulation loop
1. Pulmonary circulation transports deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart
to the lungs, where the blood picks up oxygen and returns to the left side of the heart. The
pumping chambers of the heart that support the pulmonary circulation loop are the right
atrium and right ventricle.
2. Systemic circulation carries highly oxygenated blood from the left side of the heart to
all of the tissues of the body (with the exception of the heart and lungs). Systemic circulation
removes wastes from body tissues and returns deoxygenated blood to the right side of the
heart. The left atrium and left ventricle of the heart are the pumping chambers for the
systemic circulation loop.
TEL. NO. 7421570
Blood vessels
Blood vessels are the body’s highways that allow blood to flow quickly and efficiently from the
heart to every region of the body and back again. The size of blood vessels corresponds with
the amount of blood that passes through the vessel. All blood vessels contain a hollow area
called the lumen through which blood is able to flow. Around the lumen is the wall of the vessel,
which may be thin in the case of capillaries or very thick in the case of arteries.
All blood vessels are lined with a thin layer of simple squamous epithelium known as the
endothelium that keeps blood cells inside of the blood vessels and prevents clots from forming.
The endothelium lines the entire circulatory system, all the way to the interior of the heart,
where it is called the endocardium.
There are three major types of blood vessels: arteries, capillaries and veins. Blood vessels are
often named after either the region of the body through which they carry blood or for nearby
structures. For example, the brachiocephalic artery carries blood into the brachial (arm) and
cephalic (head) regions. One of its branches, the subclavian artery, runs under the clavicle;
hence the name subclavian. The subclavian artery runs into the axillary region where it
becomes known as the axillary artery.
Arteries and Arterioles
Arteries are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart. Blood carried by arteries is
usually highly oxygenated, having just left the lungs on its way to the body’s tissues. The
pulmonary trunk and arteries of the pulmonary circulation loop provide an exception to this rule
— these arteries carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs to be oxygenated.
Arteries face high levels of blood pressure as they carry blood being pushed from the heart
under great force. To withstand this pressure, the walls of the arteries are thicker, more elastic,
and more muscular than those of other vessels. The largest arteries of the body contain a high
percentage of elastic tissue that allows them to stretch and accommodate the pressure of the
heart.
Smaller arteries are more muscular in the structure of their walls. The smooth muscles of the
arterial walls of these smaller arteries contract or expand to regulate the flow of blood through
TEL. NO. 7421570
their lumen. In this way, the body controls how much blood flows to different parts of the body
under varying circumstances. The regulation of blood flow also affects blood pressure, as
smaller arteries give blood less area to flow through and therefore increases the pressure of
the blood on arterial walls.
Arterioles are narrower arteries that branch off from the ends of arteries and carry blood to
capillaries. They face much lower blood pressures than arteries due to their greater number,
decreased blood volume, and distance from the direct pressure of the heart. Thus arteriole
walls are much thinner than those of arteries. Arterioles, like arteries, are able to use smooth
muscle to control their aperture and regulate blood flow and blood pressure.
Capillaries
Capillaries are the smallest and thinnest of the blood vessels in the body and also the most
common. They can be found running throughout almost every tissue of the body and border
the edges of the body’s avascular tissues. Capillaries connect to arterioles on one end and
venules on the other.
Capillaries carry blood very close to the cells of the tissues of the body in order to exchange
gases, nutrients, and waste products. The walls of capillaries consist of only a thin layer of
endothelium so that there is the minimum amount of structure possible between the blood and
the tissues. The endothelium acts as a filter to keep blood cells inside of the vessels while
allowing liquids, dissolved gases, and other chemicals to diffuse along their concentration
gradients into or out of tissues.
Precapillary sphincters are bands of smooth muscle found at the arteriole ends of capillaries.
These sphincters regulate blood flow into the capillaries. Since there is a limited supply of
blood, and not all tissues have the same energy and oxygen requirements, the precapillary
sphincters reduce blood flow to inactive tissues and allow free flow into active tissues.
Veins and Venules
Veins are the large return vessels of the body and act as the blood return counterparts of
arteries. Because the arteries, arterioles, and capillaries absorb most of the force of the heart’s
contractions, veins and venules are subjected to very low blood pressures. This lack of
pressure allows the walls of veins to be much thinner, less elastic, and less muscular than the
walls of arteries.
Veins rely on gravity, inertia, and the force of skeletal muscle contractions to help push blood
back to the heart. To facilitate the movement of blood, some veins contain many one-way
valves that prevent blood from flowing away from the heart. As skeletal muscles in the body
contract, they squeeze nearby veins and push blood through valves closer to the heart.
TEL. NO. 7421570
When the muscle relaxes, the valve traps the blood until another contraction pushes the blood
closer to the heart. Venules are similar to arterioles as they are small vessels that connect
capillaries, but unlike arterioles, venules connect to veins instead of arteries. Venules pick up
blood from many capillaries and deposit it into larger veins for transport back to the heart.
Coronary Circulation
The heart has its own set of blood vessels that provide the myocardium with the oxygen and
nutrients necessary to pump blood throughout the body. The left and right coronary arteries
branch off from the aorta and provide blood to the left and right sides of the heart. The coronary
sinus is a vein on the posterior side of the heart that returns deoxygenated blood from the
myocardium to the vena cava.
Hepatic Portal Circulation
The veins of the stomach and intestines perform a unique function: instead of carrying blood
directly back to the heart, they carry blood to the liver through the hepatic portal vein. Blood
leaving the digestive organs is rich in nutrients and other chemicals absorbed from food.
The liver removes toxins, stores sugars, and processes the products of digestion before they
reach the other body tissues. Blood from the liver then returns to the heart through the inferior
vena cava.
BLOOD
The average human body contains about 4 to 5 liters of blood. As a liquid connective tissue, it
transports many substances through the body and helps to maintain homeostasis of nutrients,
wastes, and gases. Blood is made up of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and liquid
plasma.
Red Blood Cells
Red blood cells, also known as erythrocytes, are by far the most common type of blood cell
and make up about 45% of blood volume. Erythrocytes are produced inside of red bone
marrow from stem cells at the astonishing rate of about 2 million cells every second. The
shape of erythrocytes is biconcave—disks with a concave curve on both sides of the disk so
that the center of an erythrocyte is its thinnest part. The unique shape of erythrocytes gives
these cells a high surface area to volume ratio and allows them to fold to fit into thin capillaries.
Immature erythrocytes have a nucleus that is ejected from the cell when it reaches maturity to
TEL. NO. 7421570
provide it with its unique shape and flexibility. The lack of a nucleus means that red blood cells
contain no DNA and are not able to repair themselves once damaged.
Erythrocytes transport oxygen in the blood through the red pigment hemoglobin. Hemoglobin
contains iron and proteins joined to greatly increase the oxygen carrying capacity of
erythrocytes. The high surface area to volume ratio of erythrocytes allows oxygen to be easily
transferred into the cell in the lungs and out of the cell in the capillaries of the systemic tissues.
White Blood Cells
White blood cells, also known as leukocytes, make up a very small percentage of the total
number of cells in the bloodstream, but have important functions in the body’s immune system.
There are two major classes of white blood cells: granular leukocytes and agranular
leukocytes.
1. Granular Leukocytes: The three types of granular leukocytes are neutrophils,

eosinophils, and basophils. Each type of granular leukocyte is classified by the presence of
chemical-filled vesicles in their cytoplasm that give them their function. Neutrophils contain
digestive enzymes that neutralize bacteria that invade the body. Eosinophils contain
digestive enzymes specialized for digesting viruses that have been bound to by antibodies in
the blood. Basophils release histamine to intensify allergic reactions and help protect the
body from parasites.
2. Agranular Leukocytes: The two major classes of agranular leukocytes are lymphocytes
and monocytes. Lymphocytes include T cells and natural killer cells that fight off viral
infections and B cells that produce antibodies against infections by pathogens. Monocytes
develop into cells called macrophages that engulf and ingest pathogens and the dead cells
from wounds or infections.
Platelets
Also known as thrombocytes, platelets are small cell fragments responsible for the clotting of
blood and the formation of scabs. Platelets form in the red bone marrow from large
megakaryocyte cells that periodically rupture and release thousands of pieces of membrane
that become the platelets. Platelets do not contain a nucleus and only survive in the body for up
to a week before macrophages capture and digest them.
Plasma
Plasma is the non-cellular or liquid portion of the blood that makes up about 55% of the blood’s
volume. Plasma is a mixture of water, proteins, and dissolved substances. Around 90% of
plasma is made of water, although the exact percentage varies depending upon the hydration
levels of the individual. The proteins within plasma include antibodies and albumins. Antibodies
are part of the immune system and bind to antigens on the surface of pathogens that infect the
TEL. NO. 7421570
body. Albumins help maintain the body’s osmotic balance by providing an isotonic solution for
the cells of the body. Many different substances can be found dissolved in the plasma,
including glucose, oxygen, carbon dioxide, electrolytes, nutrients, and cellular waste products.
The plasma functions as a transportation medium for these substances as they move
throughout the body.
Digestive system
Your digestive system is uniquely designed to turn the food you eat into nutrients, which
the body uses for energy, growth and cell repair. Here's how it works.
TEL. NO. 7421570
Mouth
The mouth is the beginning of the digestive tract. In fact, digestion starts here as soon as
you take the first bite of a meal. Chewing breaks the food into pieces that are more easily
digested, while saliva mixes with food to begin the process of breaking it down into a form
your body can absorb and use.
Throat
Also called the pharynx, the throat is the next destination for food you've eaten. From
here, food travels to the esophagus or swallowing tube.
Esophagus
The esophagus is a muscular tube extending from the pharynx to the stomach. By

means of a series of contractions, called peristalsis, the esophagus delivers food to
the stomach. Just before the connection to the stomach there is a "zone of high
pressure," called the lower esophageal sphincter; this is a "valve" meant to keep food
from passing backwards into the esophagus.
Stomach
The stomach is a sac-like organ with strong muscular walls. In addition to holding the
food, it's also a mixer and grinder. The stomach secretes acid and powerful enzymes
that continue the process of breaking down the food. When it leaves the stomach, food
is the consistency of a liquid or paste. From there the food moves to the small intestine.
Small Intestine
Made up of three segments, the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, the small intestine is a
long tube loosely coiled in the abdomen (spread out, it would be more than 20 feet
long). The small intestine continues the process of breaking down food by using
enzymes released by the pancreas and bile from the liver. Bile is a compound that aids
in the digestion of fat and eliminates waste products from the blood. Peristalsis
(contractions) is also at work in this organ, moving food through and mixing it up with
digestive secretions. The duodenum is largely responsible for continuing the process of
breaking down food, with the jejunum and ileum being mainly responsible for the
absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream.
Three organs play a pivotal role in helping the stomach and small intestine digest
food
Pancreas
TEL. NO. 7421570
Among other functions, the oblong pancreas secretes enzymes into the small
intestine. These enzymes break down protein, fat, and carbohydrates from the
food we eat.
Liver
The liver has many functions, but two of its main functions within the digestive system are
to make and secrete bile, and to cleanse and purify the blood coming from the small
intestine containing the nutrients just absorbed.
Gallbladder
The gallbladder is a pear-shaped reservoir that sits just under the liver and stores bile.
Bile is made in the liver then if it needs to be stored travels to the gallbladder through a
channel called the cystic duct. During a meal, the gallbladder contracts, sending bile to
the small intestine.
Once the nutrients have been absorbed and the leftover liquid has passed through the
small intestine, what is left of the food you ate is handed over to the large intestine,
or colon.
Colon (Large Intestine)

The colon is a 5- to 6-foot-long muscular tube that connects the cecum (the first part of the
large intestine to the rectum (the last part of the large intestine). It is made up of the cecum,
the ascending (right) colon, the transverse (across) colon, the descending (left) colon, and
the sigmoid colon (so-called for its "S" shape; the Greek letter for S is called the sigma),
which connects to the rectum.
Stool, or waste left over from the digestive process, is passed through the colon by means
of peristalsis (contractions), first in a liquid state and ultimately in solid form as the water is
removed from the stool. A stool is stored in the sigmoid colon until a "mass movement"
empties it into the rectum once or twice a day. It normally takes about 36 hours for stool to
get through the colon. The stool itself is mostly food debris and bacteria. These bacteria
perform several useful functions, such as synthesizing various vitamins, processing waste
products and food particles, and protecting against harmful bacteria. When the descending
colon becomes full of stool, or feces, it empties its contents into the rectum to begin the
process of elimination.
Rectum
The rectum (Latin for "straight") is an 8-inch chamber that connects the colon to
the anus. It is the rectum's job to receive stool from the colon, to let you know there is
stool to be evacuated, and to hold the stool until evacuation happens. When anything
(gas or stool) comes into the rectum, sensors send a message to the brain.
The brain then decides if the rectal contents can be released or not. If they can, the
sphincters (muscles) relax and the rectum contracts, expelling its contents. If the
contents cannot be expelled, the sphincters contract and the rectum accommodates, so
that the sensation temporarily goes away.
Anus
The anus is the last part of the digestive tract. It consists of the pelvic floor muscles and
the two anal sphincters (internal and external muscles). The lining of the upper anus is
specialized to detect rectal contents. It lets us know whether the contents are liquid,
gas, or solid. The pelvic floor muscle creates an angle between the rectum and the anus
that stops stool from coming out when it is not supposed to. The anal sphincters provide
fine control of stool. The internal sphincter keeps us from going to the bathroom when
we are asleep, or otherwise unaware of the presence of stool. When we get an urge to
go to the bathroom, we rely on our external sphincter to keep the stool in until we can
get to the toilet.
TEL. NO. 7421570
References
https://www.theclassroom.com/medical-terms-definitions-5516038.html
https://www.straighterline.com/blog/3-reasons-study-medical-terminology/
http://sciencenetlinks.com/student-teacher-sheets/integumentary-system/
https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/the-musculoskeletal-system
https://www.healthline.com/human-body-maps/skeletal-system
https://www.webmd.com/lung/how-we-breathe
https://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/cardiovascular/
https://www.innerbody.com/image/cardov.html#continued
https://www.webmd.com/heartburn-gerd/your-digestive-system#1

Modules For Online Learning Management System: Subject: MT 203 Medical Terminology (Medical Transcription 12)

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Modules For Online Learning Management System: Subject: MT 203 Medical Terminology (Medical Transcription 12)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

COMPUTER COMMUNICATION DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE

SIKATUNA ST., OLD ALBAY, LEGAZPI CITY

Noted by: Approved by:

Engr. Jay A. Dadea, MIT Ramon Severo. Ll. Moraleda. LLB

Medical terminology ___________________________________________________________________X

Week 4 the Musculoskeletal System ______________________________________________________ 5

Week 5 the Skeletal System _____________________________________________________________ 6

Week 6 the Respiratory

Week 7 Introduction to the Cardiovascular System __________________________________________13

Week 8 the Digestive System ___________________________________________________________

Course Description: Medical terminology is the language used to describe

Introduce students to the process of learning medical terminology

Define medical terminology.

Describe the importance of medical terminology.

Learned the parts of anatomy and physiology of each body system

At the end of the session, the student is expected to:

1, Know the medical terminology uses, describe each term,

2, and will be able to learn the proper usage of each terminology.

3, know the functions and locations of each body system.

Learning Medical Terminology

It is a set of terms, expressions, designations, or symbols used to represent concepts

 Hist/o, histi/o: Tissue  Lymph/o: Lymph vessels

 Skeletal: Bones, axial skeleton, appendicular skeleton, and joints

Suffix refers to a procedure, condition, or disease of that body part. By putting these

What do these terms have in common?

This allows us to define each of the terms

Appendectomy – surgical removal of the appendix

We can make additional medical terms.

– Inflammation of the appendix, Inflammation of the breast, and inflammation of the

A prefix is placed at the beginning of a word to modify or change its meaning. Root:

Meaning- not, without

Asymptomatic – without symptoms

Meaning - of or relating to hearing

Acoustician – a field of study in physics.

3 REASONS TO STUDY MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY

1. You'll be able to speak the language of health

2. You'll gain a better understanding of systems

3. You can save money on your degree

The Case for Studying Medical Terminology

FUNCTIONS OF THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

Protects the body's internal living tissues and organs

Protects against invasion by infectious organisms

Protects the body from dehydration

Protects the body against abrupt changes in temperature

Helps dispose of waste materials

Acts as a receptor for touch, pressure, pain, heat, and cold

Stores water and fat

HOW DOES THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM WORK WITH OTHER SYSTEMS?

The musculoskeletal system (locomotor system) is a human body system that provides

What is the skeletal system?

Axial skeleton anatomy

What is the function of the skeletal system?

But the skeletal system has several additional functions, including:

Allowing for movement. Muscles attach to bones through tendons. This connection

The 24 vertebrae can be further divided into the:

Thoracic vertebrae. These 12 bones are found in the upper back.

Lumbar vertebrae. These five bones are found in the lower back.

Appendicular skeleton anatomy

Each arm contains 30 bones, known as the:

Humerus. The humerus is the long bone of the upper arm.

Metacarpals. The metacarpals are five bones found in the middle area of the hand.

Phalanges. The phalanges are 14 bones that make up the fingers.

Each hip bone consists of three parts, known as the: