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B. ABSORPTION
Transfer of molecules across the gastrointestinal mucosa into the
blood or lymphatic circulation
Mucosa: Responsible for absorption, secretion, and
immunity
Blood: Carbohydrates and Proteins
Lymph: Fat
Net passage of substances from gut lumen to interstitial fluid
Dependent on:
Available Surface Area
Smaller the surface area = lower the absorption rate
Flux of Molecules
Size: Smaller molecules are absorbed easier
Solubility: Lipid-soluble molecules are easier to absorb
Presence of a special carrier
Presence of electrochemical gradients
Occurs mainly in the small intestine Figure 1. Components of Carbohydrates, Lipids, and Proteins
The gut, when extended, can cover a doubles tennis court (Brisendine, 2013)
YL5: 08.07 Group 16: Balonan, Bondoc, Calanoc, Fernando, Guerrero, Melevo, Vergara, Viernes 1 of 9
II. CARBOHYDRATES
A. DIETARY CARBOHYDRATES
Humans intake 250-800g of dietary CHO per day
Comprises 50-60% of human diet
Monosaccharides
Comprises 5-10% of dietary carbohydrates
Absorbable form
Examples are glucose, fructose, and galactose
Disaccharides
Comprises 30%-40% of dietary carbohydrates
Sucrose – Glucose + Fructose (Cane sugar or beet sugar)
Lactose – Glucose + Galactose (Milk sugar)
Maltose – Glucose + Glucose
Figure 3. Breakdown by amylase
Polysaccharides
Comprises 40%-60% of dietary carbohydrates C. ABSORPTION
Most common form Apical membrane has different carriers than the basolateral
Digested or broken down into smaller subunits membrane
(monosaccharides) Carbohydrates are absorbed as monosaccharides
Starch Monosaccharides are not equally absorbed
Polymeric carbohydrate produced by plants Ranked according to decreasing ease of absorbability:
Made up of two molecules o Galactose
Amylose – straight chain polysaccharide o Glucose
Amylopectin – branched chain polysaccharide o Fructose
Cellulose Its carrier protein, GLUT5, is only few in
Cannot be digested by humans since we lack the required number
digestive enzyme Digestion is not compromised but absorption
Bacteria in the gut digest cellulose and those undigested is not as effective
become fiber in the gut and is then released in feces o Mannose
Fiber helps us move our bowels, prevents absorption of o Xylose
toxin, and promotes growth of good bacteria o Arabinose
B. DIGESTION
The most basic unit is absorbed (e.g. monosaccharides)
Ptyalin = salivary amylase
Mainly secreted by the parotid gland
Hydrolyzes starch into the maltose and other small polymers
of glucose
Important in neonates because they produce less salivary
amylase
Starch undergoes luminal digestion (goes to lumen) via ptyalin
and pancreatic amylase
Sugars like lactose, sucrose, and maltose undergo membrane
digestion
Brush border enzymes
Enzymes on the apical membrane of the villi that complete
digestion
Different sugars are often digested by different enzymes
Transport proteins located near these digestive enzymes
facilitate absorption of glucose monomers (e.g limiting
dextrinase, glycoseamylase, sucrase, lactase, maltase) Figure 4. Luminal and Membrane Digestion (ASMPH 2021, 2017)
Amylase
Can hydrolyze alpha-1,4 linkages, but cannot hydrolyze Types of Transport
alpha-1,6 linkages
Begins digestion but cannot completely reduce starch and Passive Diffusion
glycogen to glucose monomers Movement of molecules without the input of cellular energy and
Reduces starch and glycogen to maltose and limit dextrins instead, is driven by entropy
(short-branched polysaccharide) Lipid soluble molecules
Further digestion requires additional enzymes
Remember:
Absorption is greater than secretion in the intestine;
however, with diarrhea, secretion is greater than absorption +
Figure 12. Absorption of Na in the jejunum
B. SODIUM ABSORPTION Ileum: Same transport mechanisms as the jejunum plus a Cl-
Occurs at the proximal small intestine mostly via secondary HCO3 exchange mechanism
active transport (together with glucose, galactose, and/or amino
acid)
+ + -
As it goes down, Na is exchanged for H with Cl to bicarbonate
More prominent in the distal portion of the small intestine
+ + +
Na -K pump brings out Na
Located in the basolateral membrane
Contribute to the concentration gradient of the salts
+ +
Na -H Exchanger
Creates a gradient
NaCl absorption allows osmotic movement of water
Na can be absorbed with nutrients, Cl- or HCO3-
+
Isoneutrally with Cl
-
Postprandial Period
Absorption is promoted in the small intestine predominantly
via osmotic effects of nutrient absorption
In the absence of nutrients (i.e. between meals), fluid
absorption occurs via couple uptake of Na+ and Cl-
Figure 11. Mechanism accounting for concentration of bile during Mediated by cooperative interaction of NHE-3 Na+-H+
storage in the gallbladder antiporter and Cl-HCO3- antiporter
B. NUTRIENTS
FREEDOM SPACE
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