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Plagiarism Checker X Originality Report

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Date Friday, May 03, 2019
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Words 3417 Plagiarized Words / Total 4059 Words

Sources More than 76 Sources Identified. Internet Pages

High Plagiarism Detected - Your Document needs Critical
Remarks 0% https://www.shiksha.com/college/universi
Improvement.
34% https://www.slideshare.net/VishalSingh51

0% Empty

RAJIV GANDHI PROUDYOGIKI VISHWAVIDYALAYA UNIVERSITY, BHOPAL / DEPARTMENT OF 0% https://www.slideshare.net/harsharyan/im

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING MADHAV INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE, GWALIOR Session-
1% https://www.bing.com/aclk?ld=e3U2gN_x45B
2015-19 / A PROJECT REPORT ON �ELECTROMAGNETIC BREAKING SYSTEM� IN PARTIAL
0% https://www.slideshare.net/shyamg1234/ma
FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN

AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING Project Guide:- Submitted By:- MR. MANISH SAGAR VAIBHAV GUPTA 0% http://www.bing.com/local?lid=YN4070x780

(0901AU151057) (HOD OF MECHANICAL DEPARTMENT) HIMANSHU TOMAR (0901AU151023) 0% https://www.ripublication.com/irph/ijeee

RAHUL BARHADIYA (0901AU151036) DECLARATION We hereby declare that this
2% https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/handle/109
submission is our own work and that, to the best of our knowledge and belief, it contains no material
0% http://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/cgi/v
previously published or written another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted

for the award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher learning, except 1% https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/bitstream/

where due acknowledgment has been made in the text. NAME: - GUIDED BY:- VAIBHAV GUPTA Mr. 0% https://www.researchgate.net/publication

0% https://www.ultimatecarpage.com/forum/ar
MANISH SAGAR HIMANSHU TOMAR (HOD Mechanical Department) RAHUL BARHADIYA M.I.T.S
1% http://www.validmagnetics.com/component/
COLLEGE DATE: - SIGN:- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT It gives us a great sense of pleasure to present the report

of the B.tech project undertaken during B.tech final year. We owe special debt of gratitude of lecturer selection 1% https://www.slideshare.net/ANUPAMSINGH11

grade Mr. Manish sagar, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Madhav institute of Technology & Science, 0% https://www.scribd.com/presentation/3343
Gwalior, for his constant support and guidance throughout the course of our work. His sincerity, thoroughness
0% https://www.slideshare.net/ShailendraSin
and perseverance�s have been a constant source of inspiration for us.
4% https://www.academia.edu/34983447/Final_

It is only his cognizant efforts that our endeavors have seen light of the day. VAIBHAV GUPTA 0% https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Nil

(0901AU151057) HIMANSHU TOMAR (0901AU151028) RAHUL BARHADIYA (0901AU151036) 1% https://www.scribd.com/document/29037610

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1% https://www.slideshare.net/MuhammadNoman
ABSTRACT The principle of braking in road vehicles involves the conversion of kinetic energy into heat. This

high energy conversion therefore demands an appropriate rate of heat dissipation if a reasonable temperature 0% https://www.researchgate.net/publication

and performance stability are to be maintained. 1% https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S0ASGFVw

0% https://www.tutorialspoint.com/apache_ka
While the design, construction, and location features severely limit the heat dissipation function of the friction
3% http://www.mechanicalengineeringprojects
brake, electromagnetic brakes work in a relatively cool condition and avoid problems that friction brakes face

by using a totally different working principle and installation location. By using the electromagnetic brake as 1% https://www.slideshare.net/devendrahemba

supplementary retardation equipment, the friction brakes can be used less frequently and therefore practically 0% https://epdf.tips/introduction-to-electr
never reach high temperatures. The brake linings thus have a longer life span, and the potential �brake
2% https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/bitstream/
fade� problem can be avoided.
1% https://patents.justia.com/patent/717659

It is apparent that the electromagnetic brake is an essential complement to the safe braking of heavy vehicles. 1% https://es.scribd.com/doc/51955224/EDDY-

In this thesis, a new mathematical model for electromagnetic brakes is proposed to describe their static 0% https://www.bing.com/aclk?ld=e3-VtTYSfJr
characteristics (angular speed versus brake torque). The performance of the new mathematical model is
1% https://9461kiran.blogspot.com/search/la
better than the other three models available in the literature in a least- square sense. Compared with old
1% http://www.thehobbyshed.co.uk/capacitor-
models that treat reluctance as a constant, our model treats reluctance as a function of speed.
1% https://www.bing.com/aclk?ld=e3sIBpJU2Ks

In this way, the model represents more precisely the aggregate effect of all side effects such as degree of 1% https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uUj82nXj
saturation of the iron in the magnet, demagnetizing effects, and air gap. The software program written in Mat
1% https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MxyoqeJp
lab can be used to code different brake characteristics (both static and dynamic) and evaluate their
0% https://www.answers.com/Q/What_is_separa
performance in different road scenarios. A controller is designed that achieves wheel-slip control for vehicle

motion. 1% https://www.conceptdraw.com/How-To-Guide

1% https://www.conceptdraw.com/diagram/infi
The objective of this brake control system is to keep the wheel slip at an ideal value so that the tire can still
1% https://www.electricalengineering123.com
generate lateral and steering forces as well as shorter stopping distances. In order to control the wheel slip,
0% https://www.bing.com/aclk?ld=e3hosFRDUqZ
vehicle system dynamic equations are given in terms of wheel slip. The system shows the nonlinearities and

uncertainties. Hence, a nonlinear control strategy based on sliding mode, which is a standard approach to 0% https://www.bing.com/aclk?ld=e3klBDqkAem

tackle the parametric and modeling uncertainties of a nonlinear system, is chosen for slip control. 1% https://www.bing.com/aclk?ld=e3L0URPRT-5

1% https://www.conceptdraw.com/examples/sym
Due to its robustness properties, the sliding mode controller can solve two major difficulties involved in the
0% https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sr8Mvnj_
design of a braking control algorithm: The vehicle system is highly nonlinear with time-varying parameters and

uncertainties; The performance of the system depends strongly on the knowledge of the tire/road surface 1% https://www.academia.edu/27938419/Step-u

condition. A nominal vehicle system model is simulated in software and a sliding mode controller is designed 1% https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/pow

to maintain the wheel slip at a given value. The brake control system has desired performance in the 0% https://ipfs.io/ipfs/QmXoypizjW3WknFiJnK
simulation.
0% http://researchmaterials.com.ng/electric

0% http://www.urjatransformers.com/power-tr

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1% https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mSz7NxSz
It can be proven from this study that the electromagnetic brake is effective supplementary retardation

equipment. The application and control of electromagnetic brakes might be integrated with the design of 1% https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundl

vehicles and their friction braking systems so that an ideal match of the complementary benefits of both 1% https://ipfs.io/ipfs/QmXoypizjW3WknFiJnK
systems might be obtained to increase safety to a maximum while reducing vehicle operating costs to a
1% https://electronics.stackexchange.com/qu
minimum. INTRODUCTION In this project we are trying to make a braking system. Which can be applicable
0% https://publicsafety.tufts.edu/ehs/labor
in two wheeler at high speed and low maintenance cost.
0% https://www.slideshare.net/Deepakkango/e

Here we are using an electromagnetic coil and a plunger. There is an electromagnetic effect which moves the 0% https://www.slideshare.net/ckr41091/eddy
plunger in the braking direction. When electricity is applied to the field, it creates an internal magnetic flux.
1% http://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jmce/pa
That flux is then transferred into a hysteresis disk passing through the field. The hysteresis disk is attached to
1% https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-disad
the brake shaft. A magnetic drag on the hysteresis disk allows for a constant drag, or eventual stoppage of the

output shaft. This projects intends to the design and implementation of new system of retardation (braking) for 1% https://www.academia.edu/13522629/Electr

automobiles The design of the new brakes is based upon the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction and 4% https://www.academia.edu/16124503/Develo
eddy currents The design basically consists of very strong magnet and rotating metallic wheel The wheel
0% https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/rss/TOC41.XM
develops eddy currents due to the change in magnetic flux associated to the wheel due to its rotation The
0% https://www.researchgate.net/publication
eddy current development obeys Maxwell�s law of electromagnetic induction and Lenz�s law of direction of
induced current The current in turn dissipates the rotational energy of the wheel as heat bringing the wheel to 0% https://www.researchgate.net/publication

a stop / HISTORY It is found that electromagnetic brakes can develop a negative power which represents 0% https://www.bksv.com/media/doc/br0507.pd
nearly twice the maximum power output of a typical engine, and at least three times the braking power of an
2% https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/bitstream/
exhaust brake. (Reverdin 1994).
0% https://www.researchgate.net/publication

These performance of electromagnetic brakes make them much more competitive candidate for alternative 0% https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalisat

retardation equipment�s compared with other retarders. By using by using the electromagnetic brakes are 0% https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar
supplementary retardation equipment, the friction brakes can be used less frequently, and therefore practically
0% https://www.scientific.net/AMM.220-223.8
never reach high temperatures. The brake linings would last considerably longer before requiring maintenance
0% http://dictionary.sensagent.com/Eddy%20c
and the potentially �brake fade� problem could be avoided. In research conducted by a truck manufacturer,
it was proved that the electromagnetic brake assumed 80% of the duty which would otherwise have been 0% https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/american-ass

demanded of the regular service brake (Reverdin 1974). 0% http://www.sapub.org/global/showpaperpdf

0% https://epdf.tips/history-of-science-in-
Furthermore the electromagnetic brakes prevents the danger that can arise from the prolonged use of brake
1% https://www.thefullwiki.org/Eddy_current
beyond their capability to dissipate heat. This is most likely to occur while a vehicle descending a long gradient

at high speed. Ina study with a vehicle with 5 axles and weighting 40 tones powered by a powered by an 0% https://www.academia.edu/34679753/Design

engine of 310 b.h.p travelling down a gradient of 6% at a steady speed between 35 and 40 m.h.p,

it can be calculated that the braking power necessary to maintain this speed to the order of 450 hp. The

brakes, therefore, would have to absorb 300 hp, meaning that each brake in the 5 axels must absorb 30 hp

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that a friction brake can normally absorb with self destruction. The magnetic brake is wall suited to such

conditions since it will independently absorb more than 300 hp (Reverdin 1974). It therefore can exceed the

requirements of continuous uninterrupted braking, leaving the friction brakes cool and ready for emergency

braking in total safety.

The installation of an electromagnetic brake is not very difficult if there is enough space between the gearbox

and the rear axle. If did not need a subsidiary cooling system. It relay on the efficiency of engine components

for its use, so do exhaust and hydrokinetic brakes. The exhaust brake is an on/off device and hydrokinetic

brakes have very complex control system. The electromagnetic brake control system is an electric switching

system which gives it superior controllability.

Electromagnetic brakes (also called electro-mechanical brakes or EM brakes) slow or stop motion using

electromagnetic force to apply mechanical resistance (friction). The original name was "electro-mechanical

brakes" but over the years the name changed to "electromagnetic brakes", referring to their actuation method.

Since becoming popular in the mid-20th century especially in trains and trams, the variety of applications and

brake designs has increased dramatically, but the basic operation remains the same.

Both electromagnetic brakes and eddy current brakes use electromagnetic force but electromagnetic brakes

ultimately depend on friction and eddy current brakes use magnetic force directly. Executive Summary

Objective: Design an electromagnetic braking system �Replacing the conventional braking system �Less

cost with greater performance �No need for maintenance and/or replacement Research: Other types of

electromagnetic braking system �Electromagnetic braking system with brake pads �Eddy-current braking

system Product Requirements Overall �Power supply to power the system �Hub and spindle assembly to

simulate the actual spinning of the rotor �Custom made rotor with metal arranged for the most effective result

�Brake pedal to simulate the real environment �Three electromagnets to generate braking force Product

Requirements (cont�d) Hardware and �oftware �8051 microcontroller Reading the braking level from pedal

Varying the braking force through duty cycle �Custom built circuit board Regulating input voltage Powering up

the 8051 �C Amplifying the output voltage to electromagnets GENERAL PRINCIPLES INSTALLATION
LOCATION:- Electromagnetic brakes work in a relatively cool condition and satisfy all the energy requirements

of braking at high speeds, completely without the use of friction.

Due to its specific installation location (transmission line of rigid vehicles). There are in existence several types

of electromagnetic retarder. In particular, there are electromagnetic retarders of the axial type and

electromagnetic retarders of the Focal type. An electromagnetic retarder of the axial type is designed to be

placed on a transmission shaft between a rear axle and a gearbox of the vehicle. In that case, the

transmission shaft is in two parts, for mounting between those of the retarder.

An electromagnetic retarder of the Focal type is designed to be placed directly on a transmission shaft on the

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output side of the gearbox or on the axle of the vehicle. The axle of a vehicle drives at least one road wheel,

which road wheel drives at least one wheel of the same vehicle. WORKING:- The working principle of the

electric retarder is based on the creation of Eddy currents within a metal disc rotating between two

electromagnets, which sets up a force opposing the rotation of the disc.

If the electromagnet is not energized, the rotation of the disc is free and accelerates uniformly under the action

of the weight to which its shaft is connected. When the electromagnet is energized, the rotation of the disc is

retarded and the energy absorbed appears as heating of the disc. In this type of electromagnetic braking

system, electromagnet is fixed in the back plate in this way the unequal braking effect at one shoe are

balanced, even if the lining on one shoe is worn more than other the plunger will move to one side so that

shoe still share equal acting force.

In this braking system, any one shoe out of two will remove & instead of it we will use the electromagnetic coil.

As the current passes through this electromagnetic coil, it will produce the magnetic flux, this flux will attract

the shoe with much force, and brake will apply. A typical retarder consists of stator and rotor. The stator holds

16 Induction coils, energized separately in groups of four. The coils are made up of varnished aluminum wire

mounded in epoxy resin.

The stator assembly is Supported resiliently through anti-vibration mountings on the chassis frame of the

vehicle. The rotor is made up of two discs, which provide the braking force when subject to the

electromagnetic influence when the coils are excited. Careful design of the fins, which are integral to the disc,

permit independent cooling of the arrangement. Design Alternatives Permanent magnets mounted on the

wheel �Cleaning issue � Magnet arrangement issue �Electromagnetic field around other mechanical

components issue Metallic material region all around the wheel �Electromagnetic field dispersion issue �Not
enough braking force Design Specifications Mini-Max 51-C2 8051 Microcontroller 2001 Toyota Corolla hub

and spindle assembly Three GP-2030/24VDC electromagnets MC2 Microcon pedals Design Specifications

(cont�d) General view � Pedal � 8015 Microcontroller � Circuit board � Electromagnets � DC power

supply Pedal 8051 �C EM DC power supply Circuit board 5 [V] output, Input Square Wave 12 [V] power 42

[V] power Amplified output Design Description Circuit board � LM317T voltage regulator to regulate input

voltage � BUK-555 60A MOSFET as a switch Design Description Programming � Voltage reading by ADC

� ADC by convert () function � ON and OFF state by set bit and clrbit () � Generate delay by generate delay
() function ELET 4308 Team 4 Slide 9 of 13 Start Parameter Setup Voltage Reading Generate Delay

Generate Delay OFF State ON State / / USED DEVICES Capacitor:- A capacitor is a passive two terminal

electrical component used to store electrical energy temporarily in an electric field.

The forms of practical capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least two electrical conductors (plates)

separated by a dielectric (i.e. an insulator that can store energy by becoming polarized). The conductors can

be thin films, foils or sintered beads of metal or conductive electrolyte, etc. The non conducting dielectric acts

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to increase the capacitor's charge capacity. Materials commonly used as dielectrics include glass, ceramic,

plastic film, air, vacuum, paper, mica, and oxide layers.

Capacitors are widely used as parts of electrical circuits in many common electrical devices. DC motor DC

motor is any of a class of electrical machines that converts direct current electrical power into mechanical

power. The most common types rely on the forces produced by magnetic fields. Nearly all types of DC motors

have some internal mechanism, either electromechanical or electronic, to periodically change the direction of

current flow in part of the motor.

Most types produce rotary motion; A linear motor directly produces force and motion in a straight line Diode In

electronics, a diode is a two terminal electronic component that conducts primarily in one direction

(asymmetric conductance) ; It has low (ideally zero) resistance to the flow of current in one direction, and high

(ideally infinite) resistance in the other. A semiconductor diode, the most common type today, is a crystalline

piece of semiconductor material with a p�n junction connected to two electrical terminals.

A vacuum tube diode has two electrodes, a plate (anode) and a heated cathode. Semiconductor diodes were

the first semiconductor electronic devices. Resistor A resistor is a passive two terminal electrical component

that implements electrical resistance as a circuit element. Resistors act to reduce current flow, and, at the

same time, act to lower voltage levels within circuits. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to limit current

flow, to adjust signal levels, bias active elements, and terminate transmission lines among other uses.

Transformer Transformer is an electrical device that transfers electrical energy between two or more circuits

through electromagnetic induction Electromagnetic induction produces an electromotive force within a

conductor which is eposed to time varying magnetic fields Transformers are used to increase or decrease the

alternating voltages in electric power applications varying current in the transformer primary winding creates a

varying magnetic flu in the transformer core and a varying field impinging on the transformers secondary

winding This varying magnetic field at the secondary winding induces a varying electromotive force E or

voltage in the secondary winding due to electromagnetic induction Making use of faradays law discovered in in

conduction with high magnetic permeability core properties transformers can be designed to change efficiently

C voltages from one voltage level to another within power networks.

Ferromagnetism Ferromagnetism is the basic mechanism by which certain materials (such as iron) form

permanent magnets, or are attracted to magnets. In physics, several different types of magnetism are

distinguished. Ferromagnetism (including ferrimagnetism)[1] is the strongest type: it is the only one that

typically creates forces strong enough to be felt, and is responsible for the common phenomena of magnetism

in magnets encountered in everyday life.

Substances respond weakly to magnetic fields with three other types of magnetism, paramagnetic,

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diamagnetism, and antiferromagnetic, but the forces are usually so weak that they can only be detected by

sensitive instruments in a laboratory. An everyday example of ferromagnetism is a refrigerator magnet used to

hold notes on a refrigerator door. APPLICATION Already in use under some railway system Can be used for
any road vehicles Equally applicable to heavy and light vehicles Can be used as additional retarder for

aircrafts May also find application in virtually any rotating system which have metallic parts ? ? / This brake

system can be use in two wheeler.

Electromagnetic braking system can be used as a modern technology of braking in automobile.

Electromagnetic braking system will be used in all types of light motor vehicle like car and heavy motor

vehicle. LIMITATION Failure to act as a holding device Usage of electric power for braking Less effective
under very low velocities The installation of an electromagnetic brake is very difficult if there is Not enough

space between the gearbox and the rear axle. Need a separate compressor.

Maintenance of the equipment components such as hoses, valves has to done periodically. It cannot use

grease or oil. Dependence on battery power to energize the brake system drains down the battery much

faster. 2) Due to residual magnetism present in electromagnets, the brake shoe takes time to come back to its

original position. 3) The installation of an electromagnetic brake is very difficult if there is not enough space

between the gearbox and the rear axle.

/ Advantages: Problems of drum distortion at widely varying temperatures. Which is common for friction-brake

drums to exceed 500 �C surface temperatures when subject to heavy braking demands, and at temperatures

of this order, a reduction in the coefficient of friction (�brake fade?) suddenly occurs. This is reduced
significantly in electromagnetic disk brake systems. Potential hazard of tire deterioration and bursts due to

friction is eliminated. There is no need to change brake oils regularly.

There is no oil leakage The practical location of the retarder within the vehicle prevents the direct impingement

of air on the retarder Caused by the motion of the vehicle. The retarders help to extend the life span of the

regular brakes and keep the regular brakes cool for emergency situation. The electromagnetic brakes have

excellent heat dissipation efficiency owing to the high temperature of the surface of the disc which is being

cooled. Due to its special mounting location and heat dissipation mechanism, electromagnetic brakes have

better thermal dynamic performance than regular friction brakes.

Burnishing is the wearing or mating of opposing surfaces .This is reduced significantly here. 11) In the future,

there may be shortage of crude oil; hence by-products such as brake oils will be in much demand. EMBs will

overcome this problem. Electromagnetic brake systems will reduce maintenance cost. The problem of brake

fluid vaporization and freezing is eliminated. Electric actuation, no fluid. Easier integration with anti-lock,

traction, and dynamic stability controls. 16) Easy individual wheel braking control.

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Future work The proposed winding model should be verified and its validity with respect to frequency and
model parameter settings investigated. In the core model the static hysteresis model should be improved,

especially regarding the modelling of minor loops. E.g., the distribution function of the pseudo particles and the

relation between reversible and irreversible processes should be studied more in detail. In the dynamic

magnetization model the optimization of the Cauer circuit sections and the frequency and amplitude

dependency of the parameter V0 could be studied.

If it is possible to find that dependency for a class of material, this would make this model a very useful tool.

Then the only necessary adapting step would be to fit the static curve to the measured static curve. The

composite transformer model should also be validated in other operation modes like transient overvoltage. A

more detailed reluctance network model of the transformer including three dimensional flux paths in the tank

and construction details should be developed and verified. A static magnetization model that takes B as input

and returns H should be developed.

/ Conclusions Electromagnetic brakes are important supplementary retardation equipment in addition to the
regular friction brakes. They have been used in heavy vehicles such as coaches, buses, or trucks under

conditions such as reducing speed on motorways and trunk roads, and braking for prolonged periods during

downslope operations. New types of electromagnetic brakes have been under development for lighter vehicles

as well. Regular friction brakes have an outstanding and vital load absorbing capability if kept cool.

Electromagnetic brakes help friction brakes to retain this capability under all conditions by absorbing energy at

a separate location based on a totally different working principle. In this study, we proposed a modified static

mathematical model for the electromagnetic brakes. A sliding mode controller is designed and simulated for a

nominal vehicle model under different road surface conditions. Microcontroller implementation of

electromagnetic anti-lock braking system is evaluated.

The performance of the modified mathematical model for electromagnetic brake is better than the other three

models available in the literature in a least- square sense. There is only one �global� model which can be
used at both low speed and high speed regions. Unfortunately, this model does not agree with the

experimental results in the high speed region. Based 80 on the phenomena summarized from observation in

the high speed region, we modified the old �global� model by taking the �reluctance effect� into account.

After this modification, we can model the speed- torque relationship more accurately. A sliding mode controller

is designed to implement the wheel slip control system. A nominal vehicle system model is used in a Mat

lab /s-function simulation for testing the controller performance in different road surface scenarios. According

to the simulation results, the controller performance is satisfactory. The wheel slip is kept in the appropriate

range and brake torque is controlled to adapt to the new road surface quickly whenever the road surface

changes.

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The wheel slip control system can be implemented by using high speed, highly integrated digital

microcontrollers such as Motorola the 68HC11 series. The on-chip input/output hardware like 8-bit analog

inputs, the high speed input capture function, and serial communications allow interfacing with sensors and

actuators. The instruction set and architecture of the Motorola 68HC11 fulfill the requirement of the wheel slip

control design. The new generations of 16-bit microcontroller should have better real time performance and

I/O capability than the Motorola 68HC11.

It can be concluded from this study that the electromagnetic brake is an effective supplementary retardation

device. The application and control of electromagnetic brakes should be integrated with the design of vehicles

and their friction braking systems so that an ideal match of the complementary benefits of both systems might

be obtained to increase safety to a maximum while reducing vehicle operating costs to a minimum. /
REFERENCES K.D. Hahn, E.M. Johnson, A. Brokken, & S.

Baldwin (1998) "Eddy current damping of a magnet moving through a pipe", American Journal of Physics

66:1066�66. M.A. Heald (1988) "Magnetic braking: Improved theory", American Journal of Physics 56:

521�2. Y. Levin, S.L. Da Silveira & F.B. Rizzato (2006) "Electromagnetic braking: A simple quantitative

model", American Journal of Physics 74:815�17. Sears, Francis Weston; Zemansky, Mark W. (1955).
University Physics (2nd Ed.). Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. Siskind, Charles S. (1963). Electrical Control

Systems in Industry. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc. ISBN 0-07-057746-3.

H.D. Wiederick, N. Gauthier, D.A. Campbell, & P. Rochan (1987) "Magnetic braking: Simple theory and

experiment", American Journal of Physics 55:500�3. US patent 7237748, Steven Sullivan, "Landing gear
method and apparatus for braking and maneuvering", issued 3 July 2007, assigned to Delos Fleming, Frank;

Shapiro, Jessica �BASIC OF ELECTROMAGNETIC BRAKES� (www.ogura.com) Zalud ,Todd �brake

selection� (www.ogura.com) �http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic

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