Automatic Hand Brake Sysrtem

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PROJECT REPORT
ON
“AUTOMATIC HAND BRAKE SYSTEM”
SUBMITTED TO
UTTAR PRADESH TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, LUCKNOW
IN PARTIAL FULLFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE
DEGREE OF
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
“MECHANICAL ENGINEERING”
SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

HEMANT KUMAR -1008340020
GAURAV TYAGI -1008340018
MANDEEP SINGH - 1008340023
VIKALP SHARMA -1008340056
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

S.D.COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
MUZAFFARNAGAR(U.P.)-251001
(2013-2014)
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www.final-yearproject.com
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Project Report entitled “AUTOMATIC HAND BRAKE SYSTEM”
which is submitted by HEMANT KUMAR(1008340020), GAURAV TYAGI(1008340018),
MANDEEP SINGH(1008340023), VIKALP SHARMA(1008340056) of B.Tech VIIIth
Semester, MECHANICAL ENGINEERING branch for the partial fulfillment of the
requirements of Bachelor of Technology in MECHANICAL ENGINEERING branch of
Uttar Pradesh Technical University, Lucknow, embodies the bonafide work done by them under
our supervision.. The matter embodied in this report is original and has not been submitted for
the award of any other degree.
Prof (Dr). S. N. Chauhan Mr. KHUSHI RAM Mr. MANOJ JHA

(Executive Director) (Project Guide) (HEAD, Deptt. OF
SDCET SDCET MECHANICAL
Muzaffarnagar Muzaffarnagar ENGINEERING)
Muzaffarnagar
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We wish to express our sincere gratitude to our

Director Mr. S.N. Chauhan S.D College Engineering and
technology.
We are extremely grateful to Our Head of the
Department Mr. Manoj Kumar Jha for his invaluable
guidance, motivation, timely and insightful technical
discussions. We are immensely grateful for his constant
encouragement, smooth approach about the project.
We are deeply indebted to our project guide Mr.
Khushi Ram and other faculty members , the staff members
and lab assistants of Mechanical Engineering department for
extending warm support, constant encouragement and ideas
they shared with us.
We would be failing in our part if we do not
acknowledge our family members and our friends for their
constant encouragement and support.
HEMANT KUMAR (1008340020)

GAURAV TYAGI (1008340018)
MANDEEP SINGH (1008340023)
VIKALP SHARMA (1008340056)
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CONTENT
1.INTRODUCTION
2.SUMMARY OF THE PROJECT
3 Automatic Handbrake System ..........................................................................
(A) Types of brake .............................................................................
(i) frictional brake ...............................................................................................................................
(ii) pumping brake ..............................................................................................................
(iii) electromagnetc brake ......................................................................................................................................
(B) Need of brake ...............................................................................................
(C) Vision of project ..................................................................................................................................................
(D) Automatic handbrake system ...................................................................................................
(i) primary design........................................................................................................................
(ii) key element.........................................................................................................................................
(E) Block diagram ...................................................................................
(F) Implementation .......................................................................................................................
(G)Brake fluid ........................................................................................................................................
(i) mineral based............................................................................................................
(iv) silicon based ..........................................................................................................................
(c) Main pneumatic components ...........................................................................................
4. Working
5.Advantage
6.Disadvatage
7.Conclusion
8. Biblography
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ABSTRACT
Automobiles are synonyms for mobility and freedom. An

amazing increase in the growth of population in this world
leads to the rapid increase in the number of vehicle being
used. With the growing number of vehicles and the
consequent shortage of parking space, there is haphazard
and totally unregulated parking of vehicles all over. In
densely populated areas they are real challenge for city
planners, architects and developers. The need to offer
sufficient parking spaces is a task for specialists. This
situation calls for the need of an automated parking
system that not only makes parking process easy but also
allows parking more cars in the available space. Automatic
car parking systems is the sole solution to park as many cars
as possible in as little space as possible. Our demonstration
facility presents a miniature model of an automated car
parking system that regulates the number of cars that can be
parked in a given space at any given time based on the
parking space availability. It is more cost-effective and
allows more cars to be parked in less space. The automation
technology is used to typically double to triple the capacity
of conventional parking spaces.
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So we were keen to develop a system for parking of
cars which would be suitable and practical for Indian
society. As we know that there are already some systems
which are using technology like multi floor parking system
and automated parking area system. But these systems are
little bit impractical in context to Indian society as these
systems result in extra consumptions of money and power.
So “Smart parking system for cars” would be a cheap and
less expensive system for parking and simple construction
as well.
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INTRODUCTION
 Automatic Hand Brake System” is an industrial project

which meets the above requirements efficiently.
 A motor with breaking system is used for the operation of

automatic brake mechanism.
 By taking an inventory of all the essential mechanical

components and doing a basic mechanical component
evaluation, you can get a good idea how much the brake
work efficiently.
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Brake system for cars
 What is Brake?
 “A brake is a mechanical device which inhibits
motion ”
TYPES OF BRAKES
(a) Frictional brakes- are most common and can be

divided broadly into "shoe" or "pad" brakes, using an
explicit wear surface, and hydrodynamic brakes, such as
parachutes, which use friction in a working fluid and do
not explicitly wear. Typically the term "friction brake" is
used to mean pad/shoe brakes and excludes hydrodynamic
brakes, even though hydrodynamic brakes use friction
(b) Pumping brakes- are often used where a pump

is already part of the machinery. For example, an
internal-combustion piston motor can have the fuel
supply stopped, and then internal pumping losses of
the engine create some braking. Some engines use a
valve override called a Jake brake to greatly increase
pumping losses. Pumping brakes can dump energy
as heat, or can be regenerative brakes that recharge a
pressure reservoir called a hydraulic accumulator.
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(c) Electromagnetic brakes-are likewise often
used where an electric motor is already part of the
machinery. For example, many hybrid
gasoline/electric vehicles use the electric motor as a
generator to charge electric batteries and also as a
regenerative brake. Some diesel/electric railroad
locomotives use the electric motors to generate
electricity which is then sent to a resistor bank and
dumped as heat. Some vehicles, such as some transit
buses, do not already have an electric motor but use
a secondary "retarder" brake that is effectively a
generator with an internal short-circuit. Related
types of such a brake are eddy current brakes, and
electro-mechanical brakes (which actually are
magnetically driven friction brakes, but nowadays
are often just called “electromagnetic brakes” as
well).
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Why it was needed?
• In the modern lifestyle braking of cars is itself a tedious

and important process.
• Places like Metro station, Supermarket, Local market and

sometimes on streets do not have enough space for free ride
so we need brake at that time.
• So we require a system which can make braking easy, less

time taking and also using less area to stop the car.
• The system should also be less expensive as people will not

like to spend much extra money for such accessories.
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Vision of the project
• There are also some technologies regarding braking of cars

like Hand braking and Disc braking .
• We believe that in a country like us where we do not have

as much efficient equipment that we use in car, so we
require a accurate and reliable system.
• So we are keen to develop a system which is simple in

operation and cheap.
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What is “Automatic Handbrake System”?
• As we know that hand braking is not occur automatically.
• But by implementing two motors on brake with 200rpm

each and one motor of 500 rpm for running front wheel,
and brake will apply as the ignition off.
• That is why this system is named “Automatic Handbrake

System”.
• It is often used in parking lots, shopping centers and

sometimes along street curbs.
• With a little practice, braking at minimum distance is

possible so easily .
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Primary design of the model
The typical layout of the model is shown in the figure.
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Key elements of the project
 MOTOR(200RPM)
 TRANSFORMER( 12 KV)
 .TRANSFORMER( 12 KV)
 MOTOR(200RPM)
 SHAFT
 CAPACITOR
 WHEELS
 DIODE
 SPRINGS
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Final Demonstration
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Wheels before braking
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Wheels after braking
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BLOCK DIAGRAM
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Implementation method
• Suppose the vehicle reaches the place in which it has to be

stop.
• Now the ignition is off by the driver and this condition can
be sense by the sensor.
• In that case the sensor provide the sensing direction to the

braking system.
• Now the braking system is effective and automatic brake is

apply.
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DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF VARIOUS

COMPONENTS
1. Motor
• A simple D.C motor of speed 200 rpm.
• For the rotation of pinion in the Rack and pinion

arrangement and two motor for braking system.
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2. Rack and pinion arrangement
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• Rack and pinion arrangement is used for converting
rotational motion of motor spindle into translational motion
the connecting shaft (Wooden shaft).
• Rack length is 70 mm and breadth is 5 mm.
• Pinion diameter is 6 mm thickness is 5mm .
• Rack and pinion assembly cover made of aluminum of
18x25 mm dimension is used.
• Moving centre tube and outer casing tube are other parts of
the assembly.
• A rack and pinion is a pair of gears which convert
rotational motion into linear motion. The circular pinion
engages teeth on a flat bar - the rack. Rotational motion
applied to the pinion will cause the rack to move to the
side, up to the limit of its travel. For example, in a rack
railway, the rotation of a pinion mounted on a locomotive
or a railcar engages a rack between the rails and pulls a
train along a steep slope.
• The rack and pinion arrangement is commonly found in the
steering mechanism of cars or other wheeled, steered
vehicles. This arrangement provides a lesser mechanical
advantage than other mechanisms such as reticulating ball,
but much less backlash and greater feedback, or steering
"feel". The use of a variable rack was invented by Arthur E
Bishop,[1] so as to improve vehicle response and steering
"feel" on-centre, and that has been fitted to many new
vehicles, after he created a hot forging process to
manufacture the racks, thus eliminating any subsequent
need to machine the form of the gear teeth.
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Applications
Worm gears are a compact, efficient means of substantially
decreasing speed and increasing torque. Small electric motors
are generally high speed and low torque, the addition of a worm
and worm-wheel increases the range of applications that it may
be suitable for, especially when the worm gears compactness is
considered.
In the era of sailing ships the introduction of a worm gear drive
to control the rudder was a significant advance. Prior to its
introduction, a rope drum drive was used to control the rudder
and rough seas could cause substantial force to be applied to the
rudder, often requiring several men to steer the vessel, with
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some drives having two large diameter wheels to allow up to
four crewmen to operate the rudder.
Worm-drives have been used in a few automotive differentials.

The worm-wheel carries the differential gearing. This protects
the vehicle against rollback. This has largely fallen from favour
due to the higher than necessary reduction ratios. The exception
to this is the Torsen differential, which uses worm-gears and
planetary worm-wheels in place of the bevel gearing in
conventional open differentials. Very heavy trucks, such as
those used to carry aggregates, often use a worm gear
differential for strength. The worm gear is not as efficient as a
hypoid gear, and such trucks invariably have a very large
differential housing, with a correspondingly large volume of
gear oil, to absorb and dissipate the heat created.
3. Transformer
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 A transformer is a device that transfers electrical

energy from one circuit to another by magnetic
coupling without requiring relative motion between its
parts.
4. Rectifier
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• Full wave rectifier circuit is used for supply current only

in one direction.
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• For that a capacitor of 1000µF and 6.3 Volt supply is

used in switch control board.
• Dp-Dc switches are used for rotating the motors in

clockwise and anticlockwise directions
5. Wheels and Motors

• In the model 4 no. of D.C motors of 60 rpm each is
employed in all the four wheels.
• Parallel connection of motors in a single axle is made so
that movement in all four directions can be smooth.
• A wheel is a circular device that is capable of
rotating on its axis, facilitating movement or transportation
or performing labour in machines. A wheel together with
an axle overcomes friction by facilitating motion by rolling.
In order for wheels to rotate a moment needs to be applied
to the wheel about its axis, either by way of gravity or by
application of another external force. Common examples
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are found in transport applications. More generally the term
is also used for other circular objects that rotate or turn,
such as a Ship's wheel and flywheel.
Three wheels on an antique tricycle.
• Etymology
The English word wheel comes from the Proto-Indo-

European *kwekwlo-,[1] which was an extended form of
the root *kwel- meaning "to revolve, move around". This is
also the root of the Greek κυκλος kuklos, the Sanskrit
chakra, and Persian charkh, all meaning "circle" or
"wheel",[2] and also in Lithuanian, sukti means "to rotate".
The Latin word rota is from the Proto-Indo-European
*rotā-, the extended o-grade form of the root *ret- meaning
"to roll, revolve".
• History
The wheel most likely originated in ancient Mesopotamia
in the 4th millennium BC. The wheel reached ancient India with
the Indus Valley Civilization in the 3rd millennium BC[citation
needed]. Near the northern side of the Caucasus several graves
were found, in which since 3700 BC people had been buried on
wagons or carts (both types). The earliest depiction of what may
be a wheeled vehicle (here a wagon—four wheels, two axles), is
on the Bronocice pot, a ca. 3500 BC clay pot excavated in
southern Poland,[4] an area then inhabited by the Proto-Indo-
Europeans.
The wheel reached Europe and India (the Indus Valley
civilization) in the 4th millennium BC. In China, the wheel is
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certainly present with the adoption of the chariot in ca. 1200
BC, and Barbieri-Low (2000) argues for earlier Chinese
wheeled vehicles, circa 2000 BC. It is an open question whether
there was an independent "invention of the wheel" in Adam
Volk. Alternatively the concept may have made its way there
after jumping the Himalayan barrier. It has even been suggested
that the introduction of the wheel into China was through
Chariot wielding conquerors, possibly connected to inception of
the Shang Dynasty (ca. 1700 BC)[5].
• Although they did not develop the wheel proper, the

Olmec and certain other western hemisphere cultures
seem to have approached it, as wheel-like worked
stones have been found on objects identified as
children's toys dating to about 1500 BC.
• The invention of the wheel thus falls in the late

Neolithic and may be seen in conjunction with the other
technological advances that gave rise to the early
Bronze Age. Note that this implies the passage of
several wheel-less millennia even after the invention of
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agriculture. Looking back even further, it is of some
interest that although paleoanthropologists now date
the emergence of anatomically modern humans to ca.
150,000 years ago, 143,000 of those years were "wheel-
less". That people with capacities fully equal to our own
walked the earth for so long before conceiving of the
wheel may be initially surprising, but populations were
extremely small through most of this period and the
wheel, which requires an axle and socket to actually be
useful, is not as simple a device as it may seem. Making
and balancing a wheel requires a skilled Wheelwright.
• Early wheels were simple wooden disks with a hole for

the axle. Because of the structure of wood a horizontal
slice of a trunk is not suitable, as it does not have the
structural strength to support weight without
collapsing; rounded pieces of longitudinal boards are
required. The oldest such wheel, believed to have been
made by the Alekern tribe, was found by the Slovenian
archaeologist Janez Dirjec in 2002 CE(common era) at
the Ljubljana Marshes (Ljubljansko barje), some 20
kilometres southeast of Ljubljana, Slovenia.[6]
According to the experts in Vienna, Austria, the
specimen was manufactured somewhere between 3350
and 3100 BC and is even older than others of similar
construction found in Switzerland and Germany.
• The spoked wheel was invented more recently, and

allowed the construction of lighter and swifter vehicles.
The earliest known examples are in the context of the
Andronovo culture, dating to ca 2000 BC. Shortly later,
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horse cultures of the Caucasus region used horse-drawn
spoked-wheel war chariots for the greater part of three
centuries. They moved deep into the Greek peninsula
where they joined with the existing Mediterranean
peoples to give rise, eventually, to classical Greece after
the breaking of Minoan dominance and consolidations
led by pre-classical Sparta and Athens. Celtic chariots
introduced an iron rim around the wheel in the 1st
millennium BC. The spoked wheel had been in
continued use without major modification until the
1870s CE, when wire wheels and pneumatic tires were
invented.[7]
The invention of the wheel has also been important for

technology in general, important applications including
the water wheel, the cogwheel , the spinning wheel, and
the astrolabe. More modern descendants of the wheel
include the propeller, the jet engine, the flywheel
(gyroscope) and the turbine.
• Mechanics and function

The wheel is a device that enables efficient movement
of an object across a surface where there is a force
pressing the object to the surface. Common examples
are a cart drawn by a horse, and the rollers on an
aircraft flap mechanism.
The wheel is not a machine, and should not be confused

with the wheel and axle, one of the simple machines. A
driven wheel is a special case, that is a wheel and axle.
Note that wheels predate driven wheels by about 6000
years.
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Wheels are used in conjunction with axles, either the

wheel turns on the axle or the axle turns in the object
body. The mechanics are the same in either case.
• The low resistance to motion (compared to dragging) is

explained as follows (refer to friction):
* the normal force at the sliding interface is the same.

* the sliding distance is reduced for a given distance of
travel.
* the coefficient of friction at the interface is usually
lower.
• Bearings are used to reduce friction at the interface.
• Example:
* If dragging a 100 kg object for 10 m along a surface

with μ = 0.5, the normal force is 981 N and the work
done (required energy) is (work=force x distance) 981
× 0.5 × 10 = 4905 joules.
* Now give the object 4 wheels. The normal force
between the 4 wheels and axles is the same (in total)
981 N, assume μ = 0.1, and say the wheel diameter is
1000 mm and axle diameter is 50 mm. So while the
object still moves 10 m the sliding frictional surfaces
only slide over each other a distance of 0.5 m. The work
done is 981 x 0.1 x 0.5 = 49 joules.
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Additional energy is lost at the wheel to road interface.
This is termed rolling resistance which is
predominantly a deformation loss.
• Alternatives to wheels
While wheels are used for ground transport very

widely, there are alternatives, some of which are
suitable for terrain where wheels are ineffective.
Alternative methods for ground transport without
wheels (wheel-less transport) include:
* Being raised by electromagnetic energy (maglev

train and other vehicles)
* Dragging with runners (sled) or without (travois)
* Being raised by air pressure (hovercraft)
* Riding an animal such as a horse
* Human powered:
* Walking on one's own legs
* Being carried (litter/sedan chair or stretcher)
* A walking machine
* Caterpillar tracks (although it is still operated by
wheels)
The wheel has also become a strong cultural and

spiritual metaphor for a cycle or regular repetition (see
chakra, reincarnation, Yin and Yang among others). As
such and because of the difficult terrain, wheeled
vehicles were forbidden in old Tibet.
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The winged wheel is a symbol of progress, seen in many

contexts including the coat of arms of Panama and the
logo of the Ohio State Highway Patrol.
The introduction of spoked (chariot) wheels in the

Middle Bronze Age appear to have carried somewhat of
a prestige. The solar wheel appears to have a
significance in Bronze Age religion, replacing the earlier
concept of a Solar barge with the more "modern" and
technologically advanced solar chariot.
The wheel is also the prominent figure on the flag of

India. The wheel in this case represents law (dharma). It
also appears in the flag of the Romani people, hinting to
their nomadic history and their Indian origins.
In recent times, the custom aftermarket car wheel has

become a status symbol. These wheels are often
incorrectly referred to as "rims." The term "rim" is
incorrect because the rim is only a portion of a wheel,
just as with a coffee cup or meteor crater. These "rims"
have a great deal of variation, and are often very shiny.
Some custom "rims" include a bearing-mounted, free-
spinning disc which continues to rotate by inertia after
the automobile is stopped. In slang, these are referred
to as "Spinners".
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WIRES
Wires are used to make connection between various

mechanical components used in automatic hand brake
system, which provide mechanical action to the
system.
DIODE
The simplest semiconductor device is made up of a
sandwich of P-type semiconducting material, with contacts
provided to connect the p-and n-type layers to an external
circuit. This is a junction Diode. If the positive terminal of the
battery is connected to the p-type material (cathode) and the
36
negative terminal to the N-type material (Anode), a large current
will flow. This is called forward current or forward biased.
If the connections are reversed, a very little current will
flow. This is because under this condition, the p-type material
will accept the electrons from the negative terminal of the
battery and the N-type material will give up its free electrons to
the battery, resulting in the state of electrical equilibrium since
the N-type material has no more electrons. Thus there will be a
small current to flow and the diode is called Reverse biased.
Thus the Diode allows direct current to pass only in one
direction while blocking it in the other direction. Power diodes
are used in concerting AC into DC. In this, current will flow
freely during the first half cycle (forward biased) and practically
not at all during the other half cycle (reverse biased). This makes
the diode an effective rectifier, which convert ac into pulsating
dc. Signal diodes are used in radio circuits for detection. Zener
diodes are used in the circuit to control the voltage.
37
Some common diodes are:-
1. Zener diode.
2. Photo diode.
3. Light Emitting diode
1. ZENER DIODE:-
A zener diode is specially designed junction diode, which
can operate continuously without being damaged in the region
of reverse break down voltage. One of the most important
applications of zener diode is the design of constant voltage
power supply. The zener diode is joined in reverse bias to D.C.
through a resistance R of suitable value.
2. PHOTO DIODE:-
A photo diode is a junction diode made from photo-

sensitive semiconductor or material. In such a diode, there is a
provision to allow the light of suitable frequency to fall on the p-
n junction. It is reverse biased, but the voltage applied is less
than the break down voltage. As the intensity of incident light is
38
increased, current goes on increasing till it becomes maximum.
The maximum current is called saturation current.
3. LIGHT EMITTING DIODE (LED):-
When a junction diode is forward biased, energy is released

at the junction diode is forward biased, energy is released at the
junction due to recombination of electrons and holes. In case of
silicon and germanium diodes, the energy released is in infrared
region. In the junction diode made of gallium arsenate or indium
phosphide, the energy is released in visible region. Such a
junction diode is called a light emitting diode or LED.
Front vs. rear brake

The relative effect of the front vs. rear brakes was not
understood for many decades, and cautionary messages to avoid
use of the front brake were common. It is now realized that the
front brake does almost all the work; at least 75% and as much
as 90% depending on wheelbase, weight distribution, tire size,
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speed &c. Original rear drum brakes are frequently sufficient in
type, size and mechanical advantage for competition purposes,
although a change in lining material may prove helpful, and
additional cooling for sustained use.
Underbraking weight transfers forward, which relieves the

rear wheel of most weight and reduces rear wheel traction. This
is not due entirely to front suspension compression, &c.
(although this a contributing factor) and takes place even in rigid
frames with no suspension travel. Shorter wheelbase machines
with high centers of gravity have greater weight transfer. The
front wheel now has increased traction, and can accept much
more braking force before its traction limit is reached. All but
the most advanced front drum brakes are inadequate for
performance use, and even these can be improved to some
extent.
Where to be implemented?
• Smart parking system will be implemented with four wheel
drive system.
• Driver feel less stress in using this system when the braking
will be automatically done.
40
• So that it can be easily operated in less time
• The power for central motor will be supplied from battery

of the car.
• Two separate motors is used to apply the brake

automatically.
High torque motors

I. High Torque Mini 12V DC Gear Motor, 500 rpm
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II. High Torque Mini 12V DC Gear Motor, 500 rpm
BRAKE FLUID
42
Brake fluid is a type of hydraulic fluid used in brake

applications in motorcycles, automobiles, light trucks and some
advanced bicycles. It is used to transfer force under pressure
from where it is created through hydraulic lines to the braking
mechanism near the wheels. It works because liquids are not
appreciably compressible. Braking applications produce a lot of
heat so brake fluid must have a high boiling point to remain
effective and must also not freeze under normal temperatures.
These requirements eliminate most water-based solutions.
In the USA brake fluid comes in a number of forms,

standardized under by the United States Department of
Transportation (DOT). DOT 2 is essentially castor oil; DOT 3,
DOT 4, and DOT 5.1 are composed of various mineral oils,
glycol esters and ethers; some are synthetic oil based, and DOT
5 is silicone-based. As of 2006, most cars produced in the U.S.
use DOT 3.
Glycol based fluids are two times less compressible than

silicone type fluids, even when heated. Less compressibility of
brake fluid will increase pedal feel (firmness), but in either case
this effect is minimal. The U.S. Army has used silicone brake
fluid exclusively since 1982 successfully. Glycols are
hygroscopic and will absorb water from the atmosphere,
reducing the boiling point of the fluid and degrading hydraulic
efficiency. Changing fluid on a regular basis will greatly
increase the performance of the brake system, but this is often
not a concern in passenger cars. On the other hand, changing
fluid at least every several years will preserve the life of brake
system components (by removing accumulated water and other
43
contaminants) and increase the overall reliability of the brake
system.
Polyethylene glycol and other brake fluid ingredients may be

corrosive to paint and finished surfaces such as chrome and thus
care should be taken when working with the fluid. Additionally,
polyethylene glycol, in the concentrations found in DOT brake
fluids, reacts violently, producing a large fireball, with some
household chemicals, notably pool care products.
Hotwheelscollectors.com cites that hobby modellers use brake
fluid as a safe (if somewhat slow) paint stripper. It is less likely
to harm skin and will not harm plastics.
Components
o Mineral-based
o Silicone-based
Components
Mineral-based
 Alkyl ester
 Aliphatic amine
 Diethylene glycol
 Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether
 Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether
 Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether
 Dimethyl dipropylene glycol
 Polyethylene glycol monobutyl ether
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 Polyethylene glycol monoethyl ether
 Polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether
 Polyethylene oxide
 Triethylene glycol monobutyl ether
 Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether
 Triethylene glycol monomethyl ether
Silicone-based
 Di-2-ethylhexyl sebacate
 Dimethyl polysiloxane
 Tributyl phosphate
WORKING
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As the ignition start, the front wheels start rotating and with the
help of rotating motor attach with the rotating shaft. the wheels
move in both direction clockwise as well as in anticlock wise
direction. a power suppy is attach with motor to provide
continious electricity
to motor. as ignition stops, with in one or half second the

brake will apply automatically with the help of braking motor
attach with the brake. the application of brake is so quick due to
which this mechanical system is so efficient.
power supply is provided by the transformer, when excess
amount is enegry deliver than capacitor is used to store the extra
amount of enegry.
Key features
• It can be a solution for car braking problem at

congested place.
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• Easy braking
• Cheap
• Simple mechanism
• Less time consuming
ADVANTAGES
 Improved company faith over customer.

 Reduces accident chances.

 Ensures safety of car driver.

 Improve industry goodwill in the market.
47

 Improves company’s profit.

DISADVANTAGES
 Very costly due to automation.
 Should not be adopt in every vehicle. Some time if brake

should not work at necessity time it is so dangerous.
CONCLUSION
48
 In roads it saves human life due to their optimum technique
develop by the industry and provide maximum faith to the
customer by the company.

 It is used in various industries such as automobile,
aerospace and heavy machinery plants.

 It is costly in nature , hence cannot be adopted by all the
plants of automobile to installed in the cars.
BIBLOGRAPHY
1.https://www.google.com
2.https://www.vickypedia.com
3. www.final-yearproject.com
Books
a) S.chand( TOM)
b) P.K. Neg( Automobile engg)
49
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Automatic Hand Brake Sysrtem

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www.final-yearproject.

“AUTOMATIC HAND BRAKE SYSTEM”

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Prof (Dr). S. N. Chauhan Mr. KHUSHI RAM Mr. MANOJ JHA

We wish to express our sincere gratitude to our

HEMANT KUMAR (1008340020)

Automobiles are synonyms for mobility and freedom. An

 Automatic Hand Brake System” is an industrial project

 A motor with breaking system is used for the operation of

 By taking an inventory of all the essential mechanical

Brake system for cars

(a) Frictional brakes- are most common and can be

(b) Pumping brakes- are often used where a pump

Why it was needed?

• In the modern lifestyle braking of cars is itself a tedious

• Places like Metro station, Supermarket, Local market and

• So we require a system which can make braking easy, less

• The system should also be less expensive as people will not

Vision of the project

• There are also some technologies regarding braking of cars

• We believe that in a country like us where we do not have

• So we are keen to develop a system which is simple in

What is “Automatic Handbrake System”?

• As we know that hand braking is not occur automatically.

• But by implementing two motors on brake with 200rpm

• That is why this system is named “Automatic Handbrake

• It is often used in parking lots, shopping centers and

• With a little practice, braking at minimum distance is

Primary design of the model

The typical layout of the model is shown in the figure.

Key elements of the project

Wheels before braking

Wheels after braking

• Suppose the vehicle reaches the place in which it has to be

• In that case the sensor provide the sensing direction to the

• Now the braking system is effective and automatic brake is

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF VARIOUS

• A simple D.C motor of speed 200 rpm.

• For the rotation of pinion in the Rack and pinion

2. Rack and pinion arrangement

Worm-drives have been used in a few automotive differentials.

 A transformer is a device that transfers electrical

• Full wave rectifier circuit is used for supply current only

• For that a capacitor of 1000µF and 6.3 Volt supply is

• Dp-Dc switches are used for rotating the motors in

5. Wheels and Motors

Three wheels on an antique tricycle.

The English word wheel comes from the Proto-Indo-

• Although they did not develop the wheel proper, the

• The invention of the wheel thus falls in the late

• Early wheels were simple wooden disks with a hole for

• The spoked wheel was invented more recently, and

The invention of the wheel has also been important for

• Mechanics and function

The wheel is not a machine, and should not be confused

Wheels are used in conjunction with axles, either the

• The low resistance to motion (compared to dragging) is

* the normal force at the sliding interface is the same.

• Bearings are used to reduce friction at the interface.

* If dragging a 100 kg object for 10 m along a surface

While wheels are used for ground transport very