NAME: ELIZER B.

ELECCION

CHAPTER 4

WATER REFILLING STATION

In a water refilling station, the main processes are determined by the raw water quality. Filtration,
softening, and disinfection are the usual steps. First, raw water from the primary source will be collected.
Then, it will be a pump into filters by a water pump. During filtration, water passes through a series of
sediment media that eliminates suspended matter and fine sediments up to 20-10 microns in size. Water
passes through a multi-media carbon filter to eliminate the odor, taste, and chemicals like chlorine,
synthetic detergents, insecticides, and other harmful chemicals this is the purification process. Water
moves through a bed of resin beads that draw minerals such as calcium and magnesium for hardness

through a multi-media softener filter. It uses a regenerating solution of brine (salt) that turns hard water
into soft water, and the water is conditioned. Next, it will undergo reverse osmosis; The heart of the
system. It makes use of a semi-permeable membrane to separate and remove dissolved solids, organics,
pyrogens, submicron colloidal matter, viruses, and bacteria from water. The process requires pressure to
force pure water to flow across a membrane, leaving the impurities behind. Reverse osmosis can remove
95 – 99% of all bacteria, thus providing safe, pure water. It will be collected and stored in the 1000 L
capacity tank. The water was repressurized before dispensing to force it through the post-filters and UV

chamber by distribution pump. Then, it passed through polishing carbon filter, which improved the water
taste and texture. Sediments and fines are removed by post-filter, and lastly, it passes through UV water
sterilizer which kills viruses and bacteria and maintains water safety before it is dispensed to filling faucet.

DISTILLED WATER BY DISTILLATION METHOD

Through the distillation method, distilled water is produced. Basically, the pure water is boiled free of its
pollutants in the process of distillation. Inorganic minerals, metals etc. are many of the pollutants
present in water. There are very high melting points and much higher boiling points for certain
forms of pollutants. The water converts into steam when it is heated, which is collected, cooled
and thus becomes purified water. All of the toxins are left behind.. Dissolved contaminants like
salts are left behind in the boiling pot as the water vapour rises away. It might not work if the
contaminants are volatile so that they also boil and recondense, such as having some
dissolved alcohol. Very elegant stills can selectively condense (liquefy) water from other
volatile substances, but most distillation processes allow carry-over of at least some volatile
substances, and a very little of the non-volatile material that was carried into the water vapour
stream as bubbles burst at the surface of the boiling water. Additionally, we need to be careful
not to re-contaminate the water after distilling it ( Rudd, A., & Gordon, B. S.)

DEIONIZED WATER BY DEIONAZATION PROCESS

Deionization: Process utilizing special-manufactured ion exchange resins which remove ionized salts from
water. Can theoretically remove 100 % of salts. Deionization typically does not remove organics,
virus or bacteria except through “accidental” trapping in the resin and specially made strong base
anion resins which will remove gram-negative bacteria. Another possible process to create
deionized water is electro deionization. Deionization entails removal of electrically charged
(ionized) dissolved substances by binding them to positively or negatively charged sites on a resin
as the water passes through a column packed with this resin. This process is called ion exchange
and can be used in different ways to produce deionized water of various qualities.

Strong acid cation + Strong base anion resin systems. These systems consist of two vessels - one
containing a cation-exchange resin in the hydrogen (H+) form and the other containing an anion
resin in the hydroxyl (OH-) form (see picture below). Water flows through the cation column,
whereupon all the cations are exchanged for hydrogen ions. The decationised water then flows
through the anion column. This time, all the negatively charged ions are exchanged for hydroxide
ions which then combine with the hydrogen ions to form water (H2O).

These systems remove all ions, including silica. In the majority of cases it is advisable to reduce the flux
of ions passed to the anion exchanger by installing a CO2 removal unit between the ion exchange vessels.
This reduces the CO2 content to a few mg/l and brings about a reduction of the following strong base
anion resin volume and in the regeneration reagent requirements. In general the strong acid cation and
strong base anion resin system is the simplest arrangement and a deionized water that may be used in a
wide variety of applications can be obtained with it ( Rudd, A., & Gordon, B. S.).

Strong acid cation + weak base anion + Strong base anion resin systems . It provides deionized
water with the same consistency while providing economic benefits while treating water
containing high loads of strong anions (chlorides and sulphates).. The optional CO2 removal
unit may be installed either after the cation exchanger, or between the two anion exchangers
(see picture below). The regeneration of the anion exchangers takes place with caustic soda
(NaOH) solution first passing through the strong base resin and then through the weak base
resin. This method requires less caustic soda than the method described before because the
remaining regeneration solution after the strong base anion exchanger is usually sufficient to
regenerate the weak base resin completely. Moreover, when raw water contains a high
proportion of organic matter, the weak base resin protects the strong base resin.

Mixed-bed Deionization
In mixed-bed deionizers the cation-exchange and anion-exchange resins are intimately
mixed and contained in a single pressure vessel. The two resins are mixed by agitation with
compressed air, so that the hole bed can be regard as an infinite number of anion and cation
exchangers in series (mixed bed resin).

To carry out regeneration, the two resins are separated hydraulically during the loosening
phase. As the anion resin is lighter than the cation resin it rises to the top, while the cation
resin falls to the bottom. After the separation step the regeneration is carried out with caustic
soda and a strong acid. Any excess regenerant is removed by rinsing each bed separately.
The advantages of mixed bed systems are as follows:
- the water obtained is of very high purity and its quality remains constant throughout the
cycle,
- pH is almost neutral,
- rinse water requirements are very low.

The disadvantages of mixed bed systems are a lower exchange capacity and a more
complicated operating procedure because of separation and remixing steps which have to be
carried out.

Sources: http://water-refilling-station.blogspot.com/p/component-identification.html
NAME: Elizer B. Eleccion

CHAPTER 5

HYDROPOWER PLANT

Through water for power generation, people

have collaborated with nature to create a
better style of life. Water at work or water in
motion is the source of hydroelectric power.
It can be looked at as a sort of solar energy
since the sun drives the hydrological cycle
that brings its water to the earth. In
hydroelectric power, water must be in
motion to produce electricity (Johnson, M. C.
2007 et.al). This form is converted to
mechanical energy when flowing water turns
blades in a turbine. The turbine turns the
generator's rotor, which then transforms this
mechanical energy into another source of
energy- electricity. This is called hydroelectric
power or hydropower for short because
water is the initial source of electricity. Some
power plants are situated on rivers, streams, and canals, but dams are required for secure water supply.
For such purposes as irrigation, domestic and industrial use, and power generation, dams store water for
later release. The reservoir works much like a battery, keeping the water released to produce power as
needed (Johnson, M. C. 2007 et.al)

The dam creates a "head" or height from which water flows. A pipe transports the water from the
reservoir to the turbine. The turbine blades are driven by rapid-moving water, almost like a pinwheel in
the wind. The water force spins the rotor, the electric generator's rotating component, on the turbine
blades. Electricity is produced when coils of wire on the rotor sweep past the generator's stationary coil.
It must be distributed to where it is needed once the electricity is generated — our homes, schools, offices,
factories, etc. Vast transmission line networks and facilities are used to carry our power in a way that we
can use.

Source: https://www.usbr.gov/power/edu/pamphlet.pdf
Name: Elizer B. Eleccion

Chapter 6

COAL TAR AND ITS PRODUCTS: HOW IS IT PRODUCED?

Coal processing requires an understanding of the nature of the raw materials, products, by-
products, the type of pollutants produced, the design of the plant and its operating methods
(Wadden, 1976). Coal is one of the most useful fossil fuels. It has many applications, some of
which include the production of heat for households, firing of industrial generators,
manufacturing of cast iron, etc. It can also be processed industrially in order to obtain products
like coke, tar and coal gas. These by-products are beneficial to us too.

Coal tar is obtained as a by-product in the process of making

coke. Though its colour is the same as coke, tar is a highly viscous liquid.
It also has an extremely unpleasant smell. Coal tar is widely used to
manufacture paints, perfumes, synthetic dyes, photographic material,
drugs and explosives. It can be utilized to make insecticides and pesticides.
Naphthalene balls that are commonly used to keep moths away are made
from tar. Coal tar is an ingredient of anti-dandruff and lice-repelling
shampoos, soaps and ointments.

During the distillation of high temperature coal tar the common products obtained are carbolic acid,
naphthalene oil, creosote oil, anthracene oil (light and heavy), and coal tar pitch. These are the higher
boiling (greater than 250 deg C) distillate fractions and their mixtures are given below.
Name: Elizer B. ELeccion

Chapter 7

HELIUM

Helium, mainly from Texas , Oklahoma and Kansas, is commercially recovered from natural gas
deposits. To inflate blimps, scientific balloons, and party balloons, helium gas is used. It is used to
pressurize the fuel tanks of liquid fueled rockets and in supersonic wind tunnels as an inert shield for arc
welding. In lighter-than - air aircraft and weather-observation balloons is the most important use for
helium where the very flammable hydrogen has been substituted. It has 92.5 per cent of hydrogen's lifting
capacity. Another less well recognized application was to provide a simulated atmosphere for the use of
deep-sea divers and tunnel staff in a blend of oxygen.

The benefit is that helium is much less soluble in the fluids of the body than nitrogen present in
the air; this replacement largely avoids "bends." Other applications include mixing in show signs with
argon and neon, electrical equipment cooling, welding inert gas shield and as a tracer gas to assess
underground petroleum migration. During World War I, the government of the United States discovered
that hydrogen was superior to non-flammable helium and declared it a vital material for war. Demand
was closely regulated and there was a decline in exports. The first Helium Conservation Act that banned
the selling of helium to non-governmental consumers was passed by the United States in 1925. It wasn't
until 1937, when the hydrogen-filled dirigible Hindenburg exploded while landing at Lakehurst, New
Jersey, that the restrictions were lifted and helium replaced hydrogen for commercial lighter-than-air
ships.

Helium again became a vital war commodity during World War II. Inflating the tires on long-range
bomber planes was one of its most uncommon applications. The lighter helium weight allowed the aircraft
to carry an extended range of 154 lb (70 kg) of extra fuel. After the war, helium demand rose so quickly
that the government imposed amendments to the Helium Act in 1960 to buy and store the gas for future
use. By 1971, the market had leveled off and the helium storage program was canceled. The government
began storing helium again a few years later. Approximately 35 billion cubic feet (1.0 billion cubic meters)
of helium is in government storage as of 1993.

Source : http://www.madehow.com/Volume-4/Helium.html#ixzz6aNXDQchH
Name: Elizer B. Eleccion

Chapter 8

HYDROGEN

Hydrogen is an important component of water. Because of water, cells of the body remains
hydrated and help in removing toxins from the body. Nutrients are also transported to the cells,
joints remains lubricated and make immune system strong. Hydrogen helps in producing energy
in the body. Among other applications, it is important to point its use as raw material in the
chemical industry, and also as a reductor agent in the metallurgic industry. Hydrogen is a
fundamental building block for the manufacture of ammonia, and hence fertilizers, and of
methanol, used in the manufacture of many polymers. Hydrogen is used in the production of
carbon steels, special metals and semiconductors. In the electronics industry, it is widely
employed as a reducing agent and as a carrier gas. High-purity hydrogen is also used as a carrier
gas in gas chromatography.
According to Falvo, D. R. 2002, Refineries where hydrogen is used for the processing of
intermediate oil products, are another area of use. Thus, about 55 % of the hydrogen produced
around the world is used for ammonia synthesis, 25 % in refineries and about 10 % for methanol
production. The other applications worldwide account for only about 10 % of global hydrogen
production. he most important hydrogen-nitrogen compound is ammonia (NH3), also known as
azane. Technically, ammonia is obtained on a large scale by the Haber-Bosch process. This
process combines hydrogen and nitrogen together directly by synthesis. To this end, the starting
materials nitrogen and hydrogen must first be obtained. In the case of nitrogen this is achieved
by low-temperature separation of air, while hydrogen originates today from natural gas steam
reforming. Almost 90 % of ammonia goes into fertilizer production. For this purpose, a large part
of the ammonia is converted into solid fertilizer salts or, after catalytic oxidation, into nitric acid
(HNO3) and its salts (nitrates). Owing to its high energy of evaporation, ammonia is also used in
refrigeration plants as an environmentally friendly and inexpensively produced refrigerant; its
technical name is R-717.

Hydrogen in Industrial Fields

Hydrogen is used in various in industrial applications; these include metalworking (primarily in metal
alloying), flat glass production (hydrogen used as an inerting or protective gas), the electronics industry
(used as a protective and carrier gas, in deposition processes, for cleaning, in etching, in reduction
processes, etc.), and applications in electricity generation, for example for generator cooling or for
corrosion prevention in power plant pipelines.

The direct reduction of iron ore – the separation of oxygen from the iron ore using hydrogen and
synthesis gas – could develop into an important industrial process in steel manufacturing, because in the
traditional blast furnace method large amounts of carbon are released. While direct reduction with
natural gas is now well-established in steel production (World Steel Association 2015), corresponding
production methods based on hydrogen so far exist only on a pilot scale.
Hydrogen in Fuel Production

Hydrogen is used to process crude oil into refined fuels, such as gasoline and diesel, and also for removing
contaminants, such as sulphur, from these fuels. Hydrogen use in refineries has increased in recent years
for different reasons:

(i) the strict regulations that require low sulphur in diesel,

(ii) the increased consumption of low quality ‘heavy’ crude oil, which requires more hydrogen to refine

(iii) the increased oil consumption in developing economies such as China and India.

Approximately 75% of the hydrogen currently consumed worldwide by oil refineries is supplied
by large hydrogen plants that generate hydrogen from natural gas or other hydrocarbon fuels. Hydrogen
is also an important basic substance for producing methanol (CH 3 OH). The production of methanol
(methanol synthesis) takes place by means of the catalytic hydrogenation of carbon monoxide.Methanol
can be used directly as a fuel in internal combustion engines. It is also used in direct methanol fuel cells
or, after reforming, in PEM fuel cells. Fuel additives are produced from methanol, and it is used to
transesterify vegetable oils to form methyl esters (biodiesel).