Ex: No: HEAT TRANSFER IN FORCED CONVECTION

Date:

AIM:

To determine the heat transfer co-efficient by using forced convection Apparatus.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

(i) Experimental setup

(ii) Thermocouples
(iii) U – tube manometer

THEORY:

Apparatus consist of blower unit fitted with the test pipe. The test section is
surrounded by Nichrome band heater. Four thermocouples are embedded on
the test section and two thermocouples are placed in the air stream at the
entrance and exit of the test section to measure the air temperature. Test pipe is
connected to the delivery side of the blower along with the orifice to measure
flow of air through the pipe. Input to the heater is given through a
dimmerstat and measured by meters. It is to be noted that only a part of the
total heat supplied is utilized in heating the air. A temperature indicator
with cold junction compensation is provided to measure temperatures of
pipe wall at various points in the test section. Air flow is measured with the
help of orifice meter and the water manometer fitted on the board.
SPECIFICATIONS:

1. Pipe diameter out side (Do) = 56 mm

2. Pipe diameter inner (Di) = 50 mm
3. Length of test section (L) = 400 mm
4. Blower = 0.28 HP motor
5. Orifice dia(d) = 10 mm, connected with to water manometer.
6. Dimmerstat = 0 to 2 Amps. 260 Volts, A.C.
0
7. Temperature Indicator = Range 0 to 300 C. Calibrated for chromel alumel
thermocouple.
8. Voltmeter = 0 -100/200 V,
9. Ammeter = 0-2 A
10. Heater = Nichrome wire heater wound on test pipe
(Band type) – 400 watt.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Keep the dimmerstat at zero position before switching ON the power supply.
2. Start the blower unit.
3. Increase the voltmeter gradually.
4. Do not stop the blower in between the testing period.
5. Do not disturb thermocouples while testing.
6. Operate selector switch of temperature indicator gently.

PROCEDURE:
1. Start the blower and adjust the flow by means or gate valve to some desired
difference in manometer level.
2. Start the heating of the test section with the help of dimmerstat and adjust
desired heat input with the help of voltmeter and ammeter.
3. Take readings of all the six thermocouples at an interval of 10 minutes until the
steady state is eached.
4. Note down the heater input.
 APPARATUS :

1) ‘C’ Channel 2) Motor 3) Blower

4) Adapter 6) Orifice 7) Air Inlet Temperature
8) Mica Covered Heater 9) Heater Socket
10) Foam Packing 11) Stainless Still Cladding
12) Monometer
1:- Air Inlet Temperature T6:- Air Outlet Temperature
T2 - T4:- Pipe Wall Temperature

TABULATIONS:

Manometer
Voltage &
current 0 reading of
Temperature in C
S. setting water in
No T7 h in
0 0 0 0 0
V ( volts) I ( Amps) T1 C T2 0 C T3 C T4 C T5 C T6 C ROOM h1 h2
TEMP
 FORMULAE USED:
1. The rate at which air is getting heated is
calculated
as qa = ma x Cp x ∆T kJ / sec.

Where, ma = mass flow rate of air (Kg / sec)

Cp = Specific heat of air (kJ/ kg. k) = 1.005 KJ / Kg K
o
∆T = Temperature rise in air ( C) = T6 – T1.

2. The mass flow rate of the air

m a = Q x a
Where, a = density of air to be evaluated at (T1 + T5)/ 2
Q = Volume flow rate in m3 / sec.
Q = cd x Ao X √ 2 gh ( w/ a )

Cd = Coefficient of discharge of orifice = 0.68

Ao = Area of cross section of orifice in m2 (Ao = π /4x d2 )
w = Density of water = 1000 Kg/m3

a = density of air at ambient temp. = 1.03 Kg/m3

h = manometer reading in meter
d = diameter of orifice meter = 0.01 m
2
g = acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m/s

3. The Heat Transfer Coefficient

2
ha = qa /A(Ts- Ta) w/m k
qa = Rate of which air is getting heated.
As = Test section area = πx Di x L
(m2)
o
Ta = AMBIENT temperature of air = (T1 + T6) / 2 C
o
Ts = Average surface temperature =( T2 + T3+T4 +T5 ) / 4 C
 using this procedure obtain the value of ‘ ha ’ for different air flow rate.

4. Reynold’s number:
Re = V x Di/ υ Dimensionless number
Where, Di = 0.033m
2
V = velocity of air = Q/ ( π x Di ) /4 m / sec
υ = Kinematics viscosity to be evaluate at average of
o
bulk mean temperature in m2/ s. (T1 + T6)/ 2 C

Nu = 0.023 Re0.8 Pr0.3 ………… For Re >10000

Nu = 0.036 Re0.8 Pr0.3 ………… For Re >2300

5. Nusselt number:

Nu = (ha x Di )/ k Dimensionless number

K = Thermal conductivity of air at (T1 + T6)/ 2 w/m-k
Plot the values of Nu V/s Re on a log – log plot for the experiment readings.

Where, K = thermal conductivity of air at avg. temp. in w / m k

RESULTS:
Thus the heat transfer coefficient in forced convection was determined by using forced
convection apparatus.

hactual =
htheoritical =
 MODEL CALCULATION :

Voltage & Manometer

current 0
Temperature in C reading of
S. setting
T7 water in
0 0 0 0 0
No V ( volts) I ( Amps) T1 C T2 0 C T3 C T4 C T5 C T6 C ROOM
TEMP

1 79 0.62 21 40 41 42 47 26 15.9 9

Manometer difference = 22x 10-3 m

H = h( w/ a ) = 22x 10-3 x (1000 / 1.03)
H = 21.35 m

Ao = Area of cross section of orifice in m2 (Ao = π /4x d2 )

= 3.14 / 4 x (0.01)2 = 7.85 x10 -5 m

1. The mass flow rate of the air

m a = Q x a
Where, a = density of air to be evaluated at (T1 + T6)./ 2
Q = Volume flow rate in m3 / sec.
Q = cd x Ao X √ 2 g h ( w/ a )

Q = 0.64x 1.1304 x10 -4 X √ 2 x 9 . 81 x 21. 35 = 1.023 x 10 -3 m3 / sec

a = density of air to be evaluated at (T1 + T5)./ 2 Kg / m3 = (21+47/2) = 34
is 1.156 kg / m3

ma = Q x a = 1.023 x 10 -3x 1.156 = 1.182 x 10 -3 kg/sec

2. The rate at which air is getting heated is
calculated
qa = ma x Cp x ∆T kJ / hr.
Where, ma = mass flow rate of air (Kg / hr)
Cp = Specific heat of air (kJ/ kg. k) = 1.005 KJ / Kg K
o
∆T = Temperature rise in air ( C) = T6 – T1.

qa = 1.182 x 10 -3 X 1.005 X (26 – 21) = 5.947X 10 -3 KJ/ sec

Ts = ( 40+41+42+47) /4 = 42.5 oc

Ta = bulk mean temp = (T1+T6/2) = 23.5 oc

Inside area A = A=π di l = 3.14 x 0.05 x 0.4 = 0.0628

The heat transfer coefficient

2
ha = qa /A(Ts- Ta) w/m k
2
ha = 5.947X 10-3 /0.0628 (42.5- 23.5) = 4.987 X 10-3 w / m k

3. Reynold’s Number :

` Re = V x Di/ υ Dimensionless number

2
Where, Di = 0.05 m, ( π x Di ) /4 = 1.96 X 10 -3
2
V = velocity of air = Q/ ( π x Di ) /4 = m / sec
V = 1.023 x 10 -3 / 1.96 X 10 -3= 0.5212 m / sec
υ = Kinematics viscosity to be evaluate at average of
O
bulk mean temperature in m2/ s. (T1 + T6)/ 2 c
At Tf = 23.5 OC
υ = 15.389 X 10-6 m2 / s

Re = 0.522 x 0.05 / 15.389 X 10-6 = 1693.65 Dimensionless number

Nu = 0.023 Re0.8 Pr0.3 ………… For Re >10000

Nu = 0.036 Re0.8 Pr0.3 ………… For Re >2300
5. Nu = 0.036 Re0.8 Pr0.3

At average temp Tf = 23.5 OC Pr = 0.7023

K =0 .02621 w / mk

Nu = 0.036 x 1693.65 0.8 x 0.7023 0.3 = 12.36

Nu = (hth x Di )/ k
hth = Nu x (k / D) = 12.36 x (0.02621 / 0.05 ) = 6.46 w/ m2k