TRANSFER IN FORCED CONVECTION

AIM:

To find surface heat transfer coefficient for a pipe flowing heat by force convection
to air flowing it, for different air flow rate and heat flow rate.

THEORY:

Air flowing into the heated pipe with very high flow rate the heat transfer rate
increases. The temperature taken by the cold air from the bulk temperature and rise
its temperature. Thus, for the tube the total energy added can be expressed in terms
of a bulk - temperature difference by

q = m Cp (To – T i )

Bulk temperature difference in terms of heat transfer coefficient

q = h A (Th2 - Thi)

A traditional expression for calculation of heat transfer in fully developed turbulent

flow in smooth tubes is that recommended by Dittus and Boelter
Nu = 0.023 Red0.8 Prn
If n = (0.4 for heating of the fluid)

( 0 . 3 for cooling of the fluid)

DESCRIPTION:

The apparatus consists of blower unit fitted with the test pipe. The test section is
surrounding by nichrome heater. Four temperature Sensors are embedded on the
test section and two temperature sensors are placed in the air stream at the entrance
and exit of the test section to measure the air temperature. Test piped is connected
to the delivery side of the blower along with the orifice to measure flow of air
through the pipe. Input to the heater is given through a dimmerstat and measured
by meters. It is to be noted that only a part of the total heat supplied is utilized in
heating the air. A temperature indicator is provided to measure temperature of pipe
wall in the test section. Airflow is measure with the help of orifice meter and the
water manometer fitted on the board.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
Starting Procedure:
1. Clean the apparatus and make it free from Dust.
2. Put Manometer fluid (water) in Manometer connected to Orificemeter.
3. Ensure that Variac Knob is at ZERO position, given on the panel.
4. Ensure that all On/ off switches given on the panel are at Off position.
5. Now switch on the main power supply (220 V AC, 50 Hz).
6. Switch on the panel with the help of main On/ Off switch given on the
panel.
7. Adjust airflow rate with the help of airflow control valve given in the airline.
8. Vary the power Input to the heater with the help of Variac, Voltmeter and
Ammeter Provided.
9. Switch on Blower by operating Rotary switch given on the panel.
10.After 30 minutes record the temperature of test section at various point in
each 5 minutes interval.
11.If temperature readings are same for three times, assume that steady state is
achieved.
12. Record the final temperatures.
Closing Procedure:
1. When experiment is over, switch off the heater and Blower
2. Adjust Variac at Zero.
3. Switch Off the panel.
4. Switch Off power supply to panel.

EQUIPMENT DATA
Length of test section = 412 m
I.D. of test section = 32 mm
O.D. of test section = 38 mm
Orifice Diameter = 14 mm
Orifice pipe inside diameter = 28 mm
Blower = 0.5 H.P

FORMULAE:
Qa
1. U kCal / m 2 ℃
A(Ts  Ta)

2. √ ( )

3. Kcal/Hr.
 P 
4. H  R  m  1
 Pr 

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Never switch on mains power supply before ensuring that all the On / Off
switches given on the panel are at Off position.

5. Voltages to heater start and increase slowly.

3. Keep all the assembly undisturbed.

4. Never run the apparatus if power supply is less than 180 volts and above
than 240 volts.

5. Operate selector switch of temperature indicator gently.

6. Always keep the apparatus free from dust.

OBSERVATION TABLE

Voltage Current T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 Manometer

(V) (amp) ℃ ℃ ℃ ℃ ℃ ℃ Reading
(cm)

OBSERVATIONS
Inner Dia. of test section, Di = -------------m
Outer Dia of test section, D0 = --------------m
Length of test section, L
Diameter of orifice
Temperature sensors readings =
CALCULATIONS:
= --------------m
= --------------mm
T1 = ------℃. Surface temp of test section
T2= ------℃. Surface temp of test section
T3= ------℃. Surface temp of test section
T4= ------℃. Surface temp of test section
T5= ------℃. Surface temp of test section
T6= --------℃. Air outlet temp

Qa
HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT 
A(Ts  Ta )

Qa = rate at which air is getting heating is calculated as follows:

Qa = m Cp T K cal/hr.

Where:
M = mass flow rate of air Kg/Hr.
Cp = Specific heat of air Kcal/°C Kg.
T = Temperature rise in air °C, (T6 – T1)
m = Q ρa = ρa A V
ρa = Density of air
Q = Vol. flow rate
Q = Ca   / 4d 2 2 gH   w /  a (m 3 / Hr)

Qa
U = kCal / m 2 O C  hr
A(Ts  Ta )

Ca = Coefficient of discharge = 0.60

h = Difference of water level in manometer in meters.
ρw = Density of water = 1000kg/m3
ρa = Density of air at inlet temperature = 1.205 kg/m3
d = Diameter of Orifice = 0.014
A = Test section area =  Di L m2
Ta = Average temperature of air
(T1  T 6) 0
= C
2
Ts = Average surface temperature
T 2T 3T 4T 5 0
= C
4
using this procedure obtain the values of h for different air flow rates.
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS:

STADARD DATA:

PIPE OUTSIDE DIAMETER: D0 = 38MM

PIPE INSIDE DIAMETER: D 1 = 32 mm

PIPE NITH OF TEST SECTION L = 412mm

ORFICE DIAMETER: d 0 = 21 mm

ORFICE PIPE INSIDE DIAMETER d p = 28 mm

ORFICE COEFFICIENT C O = 0.6

MANOMETER FLUID WATER

PROCESS FLUID AIR

OBSERVATIONS:
Voltage Current T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 Manometer
(V) (amp) ℃ ℃ ℃ ℃ ℃ ℃ Reading
(cm)

1 100 0.96 33 62 63 69 74 39

Mass flow rate of air, M air

Density of air at ambient inlet condition : ρa= 1.205 kg/m3

Density of water (manometer fluid) : ρm= 1000kg/ m3

 
H  R m  1 = 6*10 [1000/1.205-1] = 49.73m
-2
 
 f 

Velocity of air

2 gH 2  9.81  39.175

Va = Co  0.6  17.39m / s
1  4
1  0.75 4

Mass flow rate of air


d 0  a (3600)
2
Mair = Va
4

Mair= 24.78 Kg/h

Rate of heat transfer

Inlet air temperature = T1= 33℃

Outlet air temperature = T6 = 39℃

Specific heat of air at its mean temperature

Cp = 0.240 kcal / kg °C

or, Cp= 1.005 kJ/kg K

Rate of heat transfer to air

Qa= Mair Cp (T6 – T1)

Qa = 34.06× 0.24 × (39-33) = W

Amount of heat input to the system = V I = 100×0.96=96 watt

Observed convective heat transfer coefficient

Heat transfer area of the test section

A= D1 d1L = 0.04142 m2

Convective heat transfer coefficient

Qa
h
(T sTA )

Where

T2 T 3T 4T 5
Ts 
4

= 67℃

Ta = (T1+T6)/2=36℃

h = 35.683/[0.04142 × (67-36)]

= 27.79 kcal/hr-m2 ℃