Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PART -A (2 Marks)
V0 =[
5. Draw an adder circuit using op amp to get the output expression as vo=-
(0.1+v2+5v3)[ AUC May 2006]
EC2254 –LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS – II/IV SEM ECE - L.M.I.LEO JOSEPH ASST.PROF/ECE PAGE 1
6. Draw the circuit of a voltage follower using op-amp and prove that its gain is
exactly equal to unity.?[ AUC May 2006]
Va = Vb = vin
V0= Va
V0=Vin
7. Draw the block diagram of a multiplier using log and antilog amplifiers.[ AUC May
2006]
EC2254 –LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS – II/IV SEM ECE - L.M.I.LEO JOSEPH ASST.PROF/ECE PAGE 2
8. State the requirements of an instrumentation amplifier. [AUC Nov 2006]
10. What is an antilog amplifier? Draw the circuit diagram of an antilog amplifier.[ AUC
Nov 2007]
Amplifier that converts logarithmic numbers back to decimal numbers is called antilog
amplifiers.
RF
1k
I
4
D1
A AD741
2 1
V-
- OS1
D1N4001
OUT
6
VO
I 3 5
V+
+ OS2
VOFF =
V4
B U3
7
VAMPL =
FREQ =
0 0
If positive feedback is added to the comparator circuit, gain can be increased. Hence ,the
transfer curve of comparator becomes more closer to ideal curve. If the loop gain is adjusted
to unity then the gain becomes infinity. This results in an abrupt transition between the
extreme values of the output voltage.
EC2254 –LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS – II/IV SEM ECE - L.M.I.LEO JOSEPH ASST.PROF/ECE PAGE 3
12. Draw the circuit diagram of a non-inverting amplifier ?[ AUC May 2008]
Converter that produces output current which is directly proportional to the input voltage is
called as V to I converter.
EC2254 –LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS – II/IV SEM ECE - L.M.I.LEO JOSEPH ASST.PROF/ECE PAGE 4
15. Draw the Schmitt trigger and give its application?[ AUC May2009]
4
ROM AD741
2 1
V-
- OS1
1k
V1
OUT
6
vo
VOFF = 3 5
V+
VAMPL = + OS2
FREQ = U1
7
0
R1
R3
1k
R2 1k
1k 0
Applications
16. Draw the input and output waveforms for an integrator for square wave input.[
AUC May 2010]
EC2254 –LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS – II/IV SEM ECE - L.M.I.LEO JOSEPH ASST.PROF/ECE PAGE 5
17. Mention the applications of an instrumentation amplifier.[ AUC May 2009]
Temperature indicator
Temperature controller.
20. Design an inverter using op-amp [AUC MAY 2010 ,MAY 2011]
EC2254 –LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS – II/IV SEM ECE - L.M.I.LEO JOSEPH ASST.PROF/ECE PAGE 6
21. Design a peak detector using op-amp [AUC MAY 2010]
22. Distinguish between active and passive filter. [AUC MAY 2011]
Does not cause loading effect Causes loading effect to source or load
23. Why active guard drive is necessary for an instrumentation amplifier?[AUC MAY
2012]
EC2254 –LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS – II/IV SEM ECE - L.M.I.LEO JOSEPH ASST.PROF/ECE PAGE 7
25. Draw a non –inverting amplifier with a voltage gain of 3 [AUC NOV 2013]
Ri Rf
1k 2k
4
5
AD741
2 -
6
Vin 3 +
U2
7
1
26. Give an application for each of the following circuits : voltage follower ,peak
detector ,Schmitt trigger , clamper
1. a)Explain briefly about the working of voltage to current converter[AUC May 2004]
Circuit diagram
R4 vf
1k
I0 RL
I0 ib=0 1k
-vee
4
AD741
2 1
V-
- OS1
VD OUT
6
0 3 5
V+
+ OS2
U1 I0
7
V2
vee
vin
0
EC2254 –LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS – II/IV SEM ECE - L.M.I.LEO JOSEPH ASST.PROF/ECE PAGE 8
Operation
Vin=vd+vf
Vd ~ 0
Vin=Vf
But Vin=R1*I0
I0=Vin /r1
Thus vin is converted into proportional output current (I0 = vin / R1)
Applications
The square wave generator generate square wave at its output. This square wave is integrated
by the integrator to generate a triangular waveform.
EC2254 –LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS – II/IV SEM ECE - L.M.I.LEO JOSEPH ASST.PROF/ECE PAGE 9
Circuit diagram
R8 R9
1k 1k
C2
1n
4
AD741
4
C1 AD741 2 1
V-
2 1 - OS1
V-
- OS1
1n
OUT
6
R4
OUT
6
V02
3 5
V+
1k + OS2
3 5
V+
+ OS2 U3
U2
7
7
0 R7
R5
1k
R6 1k
1k
0
0
Waveform
EC2254 –LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS – II/IV SEM ECE - L.M.I.LEO JOSEPH ASST.PROF/ECE PAGE 10
2. a)Draw the circuit diagram of an op-amp differentiator and derive an expression for
the output in terms of the input. [AUC Nov,04]
Differentiator
Circuit diagram
R2
19.30uV
1k
-15.00V
15Vdc
4
C1 AD741
2 1 V3
V-
5.000V -60.47uV - OS1
0.01u 0
V1 = 5v V
6
V2 = 0v OUT
V10
3 5
V+
+ OS2 V
TD = 0.5ms
TR = 1ms U1
TF = 1ms
7
PW = 0.5ms 0 15.00V
PER = 0.5ms
-79.72uV V2
15Vdc
R3
0
1k
Waveforms
EC2254 –LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS – II/IV SEM ECE - L.M.I.LEO JOSEPH ASST.PROF/ECE PAGE 11
Analysis
Ic = IB +IF
IB ~ 0
IC = IF
w.k.t IC =C DV/DT
IC=C1 DVC/DT
Vc =C1 D/DT(VIN-V2)
But IF=V2- VO / RF
V1=V2=0
-VO/RF=C1D/DT(VIN)
VO=-RFC1 D/DT(VIN)
Thus the output is –rfc1 times the time derivative of the input voltage
Applications :
1. P-I-D Controllers
2. High pass filter
3. Wave shaping circuit to generate narrow pulses
EC2254 –LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS – II/IV SEM ECE - L.M.I.LEO JOSEPH ASST.PROF/ECE PAGE 12
b)Design a schmitt trigger for UTP=0.5v and LTP=-0.5v
EC2254 –LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS – II/IV SEM ECE - L.M.I.LEO JOSEPH ASST.PROF/ECE PAGE 13
Limitations :
b)A second order low pass filter at cut off frequency 1KHz [AUC Dec 2006]
fc =
Af=1+
0.586=
EC2254 –LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS – II/IV SEM ECE - L.M.I.LEO JOSEPH ASST.PROF/ECE PAGE 14
4. a)Explain the working of an instrumentation amplifier. [NOV 2013]
Instrumentation amplifiers
This amplifier amplifies the low level output signal of the transducer to such a level it can drive
the indicator or display.
Requirements
Precise
Low level signal amplification
High CMRR
Low noise
High input resistance
Low power dissipation
High slew rate
Circuit diagram
EC2254 –LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS – II/IV SEM ECE - L.M.I.LEO JOSEPH ASST.PROF/ECE PAGE 15
Analysis
I = Va-vb/ r2 = v2-v1 / r2
V02 = Va + ir1
=V2+V2-V1/r2 * r1
V01=(r1+r2) v1 – r1v2 / v2
=(2r1+r2)(v2-v1) /r2
Vo=av(v2-v1)
Applications
Temperature indicator
Temperature controller
Medical equipments
EC2254 –LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS – II/IV SEM ECE - L.M.I.LEO JOSEPH ASST.PROF/ECE PAGE 16
5. a)Draw the circuit of a second order butterworth low pass filter and derive its
transfer function.
A second order LPF having a gain 40dB/decade in stop band. A First order LPF can be
converted into a II order type simply by using an additional RC network.
The gain of the II order filter is set by R1 and RF, while the high cut off frequency fH is
determined by R2,C2,R3 and C3.
EC2254 –LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS – II/IV SEM ECE - L.M.I.LEO JOSEPH ASST.PROF/ECE PAGE 17
Writing Kirchoff’s current law at node VA (S) .
I1 = I2 + I3 ------------(1)
V in - V A / R2 = V A-V 0 / 1/SC2 + V A-V1/R3 ------------------2
using voltage divider rule,
V 1 = [1/SC3] / [R3 + 1/SC2] VA
V A =V1/[R3C3 s + 1]
V1 =V A [ R3 C3 S + 1]
Substituting the value of VA in eqn 2 and solving for V1 , we get,
V in-V A [1+R3 C3 S] / R2=V A[1+s R3 C3]-V0 / [1/sc2] + V A[1+s R3 C3]-VA/ R3
Af=
Vo=Af ]
= V0[1- ]
= V0
The denominator quadratic in the gain (V0/Vin) eqn must have two real and equal roots.
This means that
w 2 H = 1/R2 R3 C2 C3
wH = 1/R2 R3 C2 C3 q
(2 πf H)2 = 1/ R2 R3 C2 C3
Fh =1/ 2π√R2 R3 C2 C3
For a second-order LP Butterworth response, the volt gain magnitude eqn is,
V 0 /Vin =AF / √1+(f/fh)4
EC2254 –LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS – II/IV SEM ECE - L.M.I.LEO JOSEPH ASST.PROF/ECE PAGE 18
b)Draw the circuit of an astable multivibrator using op-amp and derive an
expression for its frequency of oscillation[AUC June 2006]
R2
1k
C1 V18
-15Vdc
0.01u
4
AD741
0 2 1
V-
- OS1
vd OUT
6
3 5
V0V
V+
+ OS2
U5
7
R3
1k
R
1k V19
15Vdc
0
0
Similarly
= [a]
= [b]
= [c]
EC2254 –LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS – II/IV SEM ECE - L.M.I.LEO JOSEPH ASST.PROF/ECE PAGE 19
T=T1+T2 =
f0 =
Circuit diagram
D1
D1N4001
I1
4
R1 AD741
2 1
V-
- OS1
1k
VIRTUAL GROUND OUT
6
VO
3 5
V01
V+
+ OS2
V4 U3
VOFF =
7
VAMPL =
FREQ =
0 0
PN junction diode is connected in the feedback path. Output voltage is nothing but the
voltage across the diode.
V0= - Vf-------1
Due to infinite input impedance, the current going into the inverting terminal is zero.
i1 = if= Vin/R-------2
Generally,
Substituting 3 in 1 we get
EC2254 –LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS – II/IV SEM ECE - L.M.I.LEO JOSEPH ASST.PROF/ECE PAGE 20
Where vref = r.Io
7. With diagram explain the working principle of ICL 8038 function generator. [AUC
Dec 2007]
Functional Diagram
Output Waveform :
EC2254 –LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS – II/IV SEM ECE - L.M.I.LEO JOSEPH ASST.PROF/ECE PAGE 21
It consists of two current sources, two comparators, two buffers, one FF and a sine wave
converter.
Pin description:
Pin 6 + Vcc:
Positive supply voltage the value of which is between 10 & 30V is applied to this pin.
Pin 7 : FM Bias:
This pin along with pin no8 is used to TEST the IC 8038.
EC2254 –LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS – II/IV SEM ECE - L.M.I.LEO JOSEPH ASST.PROF/ECE PAGE 22
Parameters:
(i) Frequency of the output wave form:
The output frequency dependent on the values of resistors R1 & R2 along with the external
capacitor C connected at pin 10.
If RA= RB = R & if RC is adjusted for 50% duty cycle then fo = RC 0.3 ; RA = R1, RB = R3, RC
= R2
(iii) FM Bias:
· The FM Bias input (pin7) corresponds to the junction of resistors R1 & R2.
· The voltage Vin is the voltage between Vcc & pin8 and it decides the output frequency.
· The output frequency is proportional to Vin as given by the following expression
fo = CRAVcc
· With pin 7 & 8 connected to each other the output frequency is given by fo = RC0.3
where R = RA = RB for 50% duty cycle.
EC2254 –LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS – II/IV SEM ECE - L.M.I.LEO JOSEPH ASST.PROF/ECE PAGE 23
8. Design a differentiator to differentiate an input signal that varies in frequency from
10hz to about 1khz.[ AUC April 2008]
Select fb =20fa and calculate the values of R1 and Cf so that R1C1 =RfCf
Let C1 =0.1 µf
But fa =
Rf =
fb = 20 fa =20 KHz
fb =
R1 =
As R1 C1 = Rf cf
Cf =
Rcomp =Rf =
Designed circuit
EC2254 –LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS – II/IV SEM ECE - L.M.I.LEO JOSEPH ASST.PROF/ECE PAGE 24
9. Explain with neat sketch about the working of an instrumentation amplifier and
show with derivation that gain of this amplifier can be varied by using a variable
resistance R.[ AUC June 2009]
Instrumentation amplifiers
This amplifier amplifies the low level output signal of the transducer to such a level it can drive
the indicator or display.
Requirements
Precise
Low level signal amplification
High CMRR
Low noise
High input resistance
Low power dissipation
High slew rate
Circuit diagram
EC2254 –LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS – II/IV SEM ECE - L.M.I.LEO JOSEPH ASST.PROF/ECE PAGE 25
Analysis
I = Va-vb/ r2 = v2-v1 / r2
V02 = Va + ir1
=V2+V2-V1/r2 * r1
V01=(r1+r2) v1 – r1v2 / v2
=(2r1+r2)(v2-v1) /r2
Vo=av(v2-v1)
Applications
Temperature indicator
Temperature controller
Medical equipments
EC2254 –LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS – II/IV SEM ECE - L.M.I.LEO JOSEPH ASST.PROF/ECE PAGE 26
10. Show with help of circuit diagram an op-amp used as i) Scale changer ii) Phase
Shifter iii)inverting adder iv)Non-inverting adder.
Scale changer
Applying KCL
Phase shifter
The circuit that introduces phase shift as signal transmits from output to input is called
phase shifter.
EC2254 –LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS – II/IV SEM ECE - L.M.I.LEO JOSEPH ASST.PROF/ECE PAGE 27
Applying KCL at Node B
Since VA =VB
EC2254 –LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS – II/IV SEM ECE - L.M.I.LEO JOSEPH ASST.PROF/ECE PAGE 28
Inverting adder
The feedback applied through Rf from the output to the input terminal is negative.
EC2254 –LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS – II/IV SEM ECE - L.M.I.LEO JOSEPH ASST.PROF/ECE PAGE 29
Applying KCL
Circuit diagram
Applying KCL
EC2254 –LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS – II/IV SEM ECE - L.M.I.LEO JOSEPH ASST.PROF/ECE PAGE 30
In non inverting amplifier output voltage must be equal to
Draw an op-amp circuit whose output is v1+v2-v3-v4.[ AUC June 2009,nov 09]
11. Draw the circuit of a fourth order butterworth low pass filter having an upper cutoff
frequency of 1 Khz.[ AUC May2009]
Solution :
ii
EC2254 –LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS – II/IV SEM ECE - L.M.I.LEO JOSEPH ASST.PROF/ECE PAGE 31
In the fourth order filter n=4
Consider equation i
EC2254 –LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS – II/IV SEM ECE - L.M.I.LEO JOSEPH ASST.PROF/ECE PAGE 32
12. Explain voltage follower, operation of op-amp in detail[AUC Nov 2009]
A circuit in which the output voltage follows the input voltage is called voltage follower.
Va=Vb =Vin
Due to virtual ground node b is at potential vin and node a is also at the potential Vin.
Vo=Va
V0=Vin
13. Draw the circuit diagram and explain the working of precision rectifier. [AUC Nov
2009,2013]
Precision Rectifier:
The signal processing applications with very low voltage, current and power levels require
rectifier circuits. The ordinary diodes cannot rectify voltages below the cut-in-voltage of the
diode.
A circuit which can act as an ideal diode or precision signal – processing rectifier circuit for
rectifying voltages which are below the level of cut-in voltage of the diode can be designed
by placing the diode in the feedback loop of an op-amp.
Precision diodes:
EC2254 –LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS – II/IV SEM ECE - L.M.I.LEO JOSEPH ASST.PROF/ECE PAGE 33
Half – wave Rectifier:
A non-saturating half wave precision rectifier circuit is shown in figure. When Vi > 0V ,
the voltage at the inverting input becomes positive, forcing the output VOA to go
negative.
This results in forward biasing the diode D1 and the op-amp output drops only by ≈ 0.7V
below the inverting input voltage.
Diode D2 becomes reverse biased. The output voltage V0 is zero when the input is
positive. When Vi > 0, the op-amp output VOA becomes positive, forward biasing the
diode D2 and reverse biasing the diode D1 .
The circuit then acts like an inverting amplifier circuit with a nonlinear diode in the
forward path. The gain of the circuit is unity when Rf = Ri .
EC2254 –LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS – II/IV SEM ECE - L.M.I.LEO JOSEPH ASST.PROF/ECE PAGE 34
Full wave Rectifier:
The Full wave Rectifier circuit commonly used an absolute value circuit is shown in figure. The
first part of the total circuit is a half wave rectifier circuit considered earlier in figure. The second
part of the circuit is an inverting.
EC2254 –LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS – II/IV SEM ECE - L.M.I.LEO JOSEPH ASST.PROF/ECE PAGE 35
For positive input voltage Vi > 0V and assuming that RF =Ri = R, the output voltage VOA = Vi .
The voltage V0 appears as (-) input to the summing op-amp circuit formed by A2 ,
The gain for the input V’0 is R/(R/2), as shown in figure.
The input Vi also appears as an input to the summing amplifier. Then, the net output is V0 = -Vi -
2V’0 = -Vi -2(-Vi ) = Vi
Since Vi > 0V, V’0 will be positive, with its input output characteristics in first quadrant.
For negative input Vi < 0V, the output V’0 of the first part of rectifier circuit is zero. Thus, one input
of the summing circuit has a value of zero. However, Vi is also applied as an input to the summer
circuit formed by the op-amp A2 .
The gain for this input id (-R/R) = -1, and hence the output is V0 = -Vi . Since Vi is negative, v0
will be inverted and will thus be positive.
This corresponds to the second quadrant of the circuit.
To summarize the operation of the circuit,
V0 = Vi when Vi < 0V and V0 = Vi for Vi > 0V, and hence V0 = |Vi |
It can be observed that this circuit is of non-saturating form.
14. Draw and explain the commonly used three op-amp instrumentation amplifiers and
derive expression for its gain [AUC MAY 2010]
This amplifier amplifies the low level output signal of the transducer to such a level it can drive
the indicator or display.
Requirements
Precise
Low level signal amplification
High CMRR
Low noise
High input resistance
Low power dissipation
High slew rate
Circuit diagram
EC2254 –LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS – II/IV SEM ECE - L.M.I.LEO JOSEPH ASST.PROF/ECE PAGE 36
Analysis
I = Va-vb/ r2 = v2-v1 / r2
V02 = Va + ir1
=V2+V2-V1/r2 * r1
V01=(r1+r2) v1 – r1v2 / v2
=(2r1+r2)(v2-v1) /r2
EC2254 –LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS – II/IV SEM ECE - L.M.I.LEO JOSEPH ASST.PROF/ECE PAGE 37
Av=Av1 * Av2 =(1+2r1/r2) * r4/r3
Vo=av(v2-v1)
Applications
Temperature indicator
Temperature controller
Medical equipments
Schmitt trigger
Circuit diagram
4
ROM AD741
2 1
V-
- OS1
1k
V1
OUT
6
vo
VOFF = 3 5
V+
VAMPL = + OS2
FREQ = U1
7
0
R1
R3
1k
R2 1k
1k 0
This circuit converts an irregular shaped waveform to a square wave or pulse. The
circuit is known as Schmitt Trigger or squaring circuit.
The input voltage Vin triggers (changes the state of) the o/p V0 every time it exceeds
certain voltage levels called the upper threshold Vut and lower threshold voltage. These
threshold voltages are obtained by using the voltage divider R1 –R2, where the voltage
across R1 is feedback to the (+) input.
The voltage across R1 is variable reference threshold voltage that depends on the value
of the output voltage.
When V0 = +Vsat, the voltage across R1 is called “upper threshold” voltage Vut.
EC2254 –LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS – II/IV SEM ECE - L.M.I.LEO JOSEPH ASST.PROF/ECE PAGE 38
The input voltage Vin must be more positive than Vut in order to cause the output V0 to
switch from +Vsat to –Vsat. As long as Vin < Vut , V0 is at +Vsat, using voltage divider
rule,
V ut =(R1 / R1 + R2 ) +V sat
Similarly, when V0 = -Vsat, the voltage across R1 is called lower threshold voltage Vlt .
the vin must be more negative than Vlt in order to cause V0 to switch from –Vsat to
+Vsat.
In other words, for Vin > Vlt , V0 is at –Vsat. Vlt is given by the following eqn. V lt =
(R1/R1 + R2) -V sat
Thus, if the threshold voltages Vut and Vlt are made larger than the input noise voltages,
the positive feedback will eliminate the false o/p transitions. Also the positive feedback,
because of its regenerative action, will make V0 switch faster between +Vsat and –Vsat.
Resistance Rcomp tR1 || R2 is used to minimize the offset problems.
The comparator with positive feedback is said to exhibit hysteresis, a dead band
condition. (i.e) when the input of the comparator exceeds Vut its output switches from
+Vsat to –Vsat and reverts to its original state, +Vsat
when the input goes below Vlt. The hysteresis voltage is equal to the difference between
Vut and Vlt.
Therefore
Vref = Vut – Vlt
Vref = R1 /(R1 + R2) [+Vsat -(-Vsat)]
Operation :
EC2254 –LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS – II/IV SEM ECE - L.M.I.LEO JOSEPH ASST.PROF/ECE PAGE 39
Waveforms
Hysteresis
The center of the hysteresis loop may be shifted by choosing a centre voltage which is the
average of Vut and Vlt
Vcenter = [Vut+Vlt] /2
EC2254 –LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS – II/IV SEM ECE - L.M.I.LEO JOSEPH ASST.PROF/ECE PAGE 40
Applications
16. What are the limitations of an ideal op-amp differentiator ?How are these
limitations overcome in practical differentiator ? Explain with necessary diagrams.
[AUC MAY 2011]
The ideal differentiator suffers from stability and noise problems which are overcome by
means of practical differentiator
Analysis
EC2254 –LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS – II/IV SEM ECE - L.M.I.LEO JOSEPH ASST.PROF/ECE PAGE 41
EC2254 –LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS – II/IV SEM ECE - L.M.I.LEO JOSEPH ASST.PROF/ECE PAGE 42
Applications :
17. Explain the working of logarithmic and antilogarithmic amplifiers using op-amp
with necessary diagrams . [AUC MAY 2011]
Log amplifier :
Circuit diagram
D1
D1N4001
I1
4
R1 AD741
2 1
V-
- OS1
1k
VIRTUAL GROUND OUT
6
VO
3 5
V01
V+
+ OS2
V4 U3
VOFF =
7
VAMPL =
FREQ =
0 0
PN junction diode is connected in the feedback path. Output voltage is nothing but the
voltage across the diode.
V0= - Vf-------1
Due to infinite input impedance, the current going into the inverting terminal is zero.
i1 = if= Vin/R-------2
EC2254 –LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS – II/IV SEM ECE - L.M.I.LEO JOSEPH ASST.PROF/ECE PAGE 43
Generally,
Substituting 3 in 1 we get
Antilog amplifier
Circuit diagram
RF
1k
I
4
D1
A AD741
2 1
V-
- OS1
D1N4001
OUT
6
VO
I 3 5
V+
+ OS2
VOFF =
V4
B U3
7
VAMPL =
FREQ =
0 0
Analysis
Assume input current of the op-amp will be zero, the current “I” flowing through the feedback
resistor Rf is given by
I=If = -Vo/ rf
- Vo / rf = I0 . e vin / ήVt
EC2254 –LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS – II/IV SEM ECE - L.M.I.LEO JOSEPH ASST.PROF/ECE PAGE 44
(ii) Draw and explain the circuit of a voltage to current converter if the load is (1)
Floating (2) Grounded. [AUC MAY 2012]
Voltage to Current Converter with floating loads (V/I):
Voltage to current converter in which load resistor RL is floating (not connected to
ground).
Vin is applied to the non inverting input terminal, and the feedback voltage across R1
devices the inverting input terminal.
This circuit is also called as a current – series negative feedback amplifier.
Because the feedback voltage across R1 (applied Non-inverting terminal) depends on
the output current i0 and is in series with the input difference voltage Vid .
EC2254 –LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS – II/IV SEM ECE - L.M.I.LEO JOSEPH ASST.PROF/ECE PAGE 45
Voltage – to current converter with Grounded load:
This is the other type V – I converter, in which one terminal of the load is connected to ground.
EC2254 –LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS – II/IV SEM ECE - L.M.I.LEO JOSEPH ASST.PROF/ECE PAGE 46
18. Explain the working of Integrator [AUC NOV 2013]
19. INTEGRATOR
The circuit in which the output voltage waveform is the integration of the input voltage
waveform is called as integrator.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
0.01u
C2
-14.80V
-15.00V
15Vdc
4
R4 AD741
2 1 V3
V-
5.000V 5.000V - OS1
1k 0
V1 = 5v V
6
V2 = 0v OUT
V10
3 5
V+
+ OS2 V
TD = 0.5ms
TR = 1ms U1
TF = 1ms
7
PW = 0.5ms 0 15.00V
PER = 0.5ms
0V V2
15Vdc
0
0
EC2254 –LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS – II/IV SEM ECE - L.M.I.LEO JOSEPH ASST.PROF/ECE PAGE 47
Analysis
I1= Ib + if
I1~If
Ic = c.dvc / dt
I1=cf dvc/dt-----------------1
Equating i1 in 1
V1-v2=0
Vin/r1=cf d/dt(-vo)
Vo=-1/r1cf ∫vin dt +c
Applications
A/D converters.
EC2254 –LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS – II/IV SEM ECE - L.M.I.LEO JOSEPH ASST.PROF/ECE PAGE 48
20. Design an OP-AMP based second order active low pass filter with cut off
Frequency 1kHz. (8) [AUC MAY 2012]
Choose C=0.01µf
EC2254 –LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS – II/IV SEM ECE - L.M.I.LEO JOSEPH ASST.PROF/ECE PAGE 49
EC2254 –LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS – II/IV SEM ECE - L.M.I.LEO JOSEPH ASST.PROF/ECE PAGE 50