Sources of data 

 
1. Primary and Secondary Data

● Primary data - ​the researcher’s first-hand data

● Secondary - ​the kind of data that is already there; collected by somebody else and
made available to everybody

2. Familiarization of Government / Non-government surveys

Bureau of Census and Statistics
- ​created by virtue of Commonwealth Act No. 591
- August 19, 2940
> mentioned the powers, functions, and duties of the Bureau of the
Census and Statistics
a. To collect by enumeration, sampling or other methods the
statistics and other information concerning:
i. Population
ii. agricultural conditions
iii. Area and production of crops
iv. Number of livestock products
v. Exports
vi. Imports
vii. Crops
viii. Commerce
ix. Industrial and commercial enterprises
x. Prices
xi. Employment wages
xii. Stocks of commodities
xiii. Agricultural and other properties
xiv. Social and economic institutions
xv. Other statistics as the President of the Philippines
may direct by executive order
b. To compile and classify all such statistical date and
information and to publish the same for the use of the
Government and the people
c. To prepare for and undertake all censuses of population,
agriculture, industry and commerce
d. To conduct, for statistical purposes, investigations and
studies of social and economic problems and conditions
 e. To compile and classify statistical and other data for other
branches and dependencies of the Government, upon the
approval of the President of the Philippines
f. To carry out and administer the provisions of Act
Numbered 3753 “An Act to Establish a Civil Register”
g. To make and publish, from time to time, estimates of
population, agricultural production, income, and number of
livestock.

- E.O No. 121​ requires the taking census every 10 years in June 11, 1980
- September 20, 1990 declared the ​month of October of every year​ as
National Statistics Month
- ​E.O No. 406​ institutionalized PEENRA (Philippine
Economic-Environmental and Natural Resources Accounting), DENR,
NEDA, and NSCB (National Statistical Coordination Board)
- ​EO No. 135 ​on November 6, 1993 provided for the establishment of a
well-coordinated Local Statistical System
- ​EO No. 352​ on July 2, 1996 which designated statistical activities that
will generate critical data for decision making of the Government and
Private Sector

* * Philippine Statistics Authority is different from Philippine Statistics Association.

** one of the most significant mandates of PSA is the taking of ​annual populations and
household census ​- it provides the government with significant data for decision making.

Census
- ​gathers information from every
entity in a population
- data is accurately representative of
the ​whole population​ and detailed
data can be made available right
down to small areas
- Include accuracy and detail
- Expensive and time consuming
- Involves lengthy analysis and a
longer publication time-frame
Survey
- Only part of the population ​is
selected
- Generally conducted on a nationwide
basis and produce data at a national,
state, and sometimes regional level.
- Fewer questionnaires are sent means
there is less comparative data to
process.
- Do not represent the entire
population, they are not quite as
accurate or reliable.
Non-government surveys ​are done by the
private sectors (e.g market surveys,
satisfaction surveys, etc.)
3. Uses of Official Statistics
- Government takes ​census ​ to
determine the number of
population in a given
barangay or municipality and
decide how much internal
revenue will be allotted to
them.
- Development of the area
depends on the budget
allotted by the government
through various departments
or agencies.
- The data gathered by the PSa
are considered as
SECONDARY DATA.
Data Presentation  ➔ Combining more than one data
 
● Refers to the organization of data in
graphs, charts or tables so that
logical and statistical conclusions
can be derived from the collected
measurements.
● Not just used to make independent
investigations look more
aesthetically pleasing as ​good data
presentation will also make the
reading of the results more
interesting t​o the reader.
● To demonstrate to the reader and
marker of your study that you can
select the most appropriate for
answering research questions and
graphically work with the data to
allow it to ​highlight its own inherent
correlations and relationships.
Common eros in data presentation
➔ Presenting data that has nothing to
do with a research question
➔ Presenting only some of data
➔ Using inappropriate and generic data
presentation techniques.
◆ Using presentation
techniques by simply using a
drop down menu in a
computer based spreadsheet
shows lack of imagination
and there is risk that poor
selection will result in
demonstrating a lack of
understanding of the
complexity of the data in
question.
➔ Using inappropriate data
presentation technique
presentation together
◆ Avoid creating confusion to
the reader
➔ Presenting the same piece for more
than once
◆ Waste of time and effort
◆ Choose the most appropriate
technique only
➔ Using techniques in an inaccurate
fashion
◆ Check labelled keys and axes
appropriately
➔ Using the same data presentation
technique more than once
 ◆ Show some imagination and ○ Always depends on the type
try to come up with original of information in a particular
data presentation techniques domain

Types of graphical representations

a. Line graphs
1. Textual - Used to display the
○ In the forms of words, continuous data​ and
sentences and paragraphs useful for ​predicting
○ Boring and would easily lose future events
the interest of readers b. Bar graphs
○ Use this kind of reporting in a - Used to displa​y
very short presentation and categorical data a​ nd
small data sets it compares the data
2. Tabular using solid bars to
○ Data are arranged in columns represent quantities
and rows and the positioning c. Histograms
of data makes comprehension - Graph that uses bars
and understanding of data to represent the
more accessible frequency ​of
○ You can make a conclusion numerical data that
from such presentations are organized into
○ Aims to help in the intervals
simplification of complex - Intervals are equals
data, compare the different and continuous, bars
data sets and bring out have the same width
essential aspects d. Line plot
○ Ais in formation of graphs - Shows frequency of
and diagrams for data data given a number
analysis line
- “ x” is placed above a
3. Graphical
number line each time
○ Way of analysing numerical
when that data occurs
data
again
○ Exhibits the relation between
e. Frequency table
data, ideas, information and
- Shows the number of
concepts in a diagram
pieces of data that
○ Easy to understand and one
falls within the given
of the most important
interval
learning strategies
f. Circle graph
 -Also known as ​pie
chart
- Circle is considered
100% and categories
occupied is
represented by
specific percentages
g. Stem and Leaf Plot
- Data are organized
from least value to
greatest value
- Digits of the least
place values from the
leaves and the next
value digit forms the
stems
h. Box and Whisker Plot
- Summarizes the data
by dividing into 4
parts
- Shows the range
(spread) and the
middle (median) of
the data

** The decision which one to use depends

on the researcher and the presenter of data.