PAPER COVER

" Nervous System "

Semester 3

Dosen PJMK :
Siti Muthoharoh, S.KM., M.Kes

Nama Kelompok :

1. Erfan Efendi ( 0119017 )

2. Hikmayatul Nur S ( 0119037 )
3. Reki Novita Kaesti ( 0119043 )

PROGRAM STUDI ILMU KEPERAWATAN

SEKOLAH TINGGI ILMU KESEHATAN DIAN HUSADA

MOJOKERTO 2020

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 STATEMENT SHEET

We hereby declare that:

We have a copy of this paper which we can reproduce if the submitted paper is lost or
damaged. This paper is the result of our own work and is not the work of other people except
those that have been written in the reference, and no one has made this paper for us. If
academic dishonesty is proven in the future, we are willing to receive sanctions according to
the applicable regulations.

Mojokerto, September 16 , 2020

Name Student Signature

Erfan Efendi ( 0119017 )
Hikmayatul Nur S ( 0119037 )
Reki Novita Kaesti (0119043)

FOREWORD

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Assalamualaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh

Peace be upon you, and Allah's mercy and blessings

Praise be to Allah SWT for giving us convenience so that we can complete this paper.
Salawat and greetings may be abundant poured out to our beloved king, namely the Prophet
Muhammad SAW whom we are looking forward to the intercession will be accomplished
later.
The author gives thanks to Allah SW for the abundance of His healthy favors, both in the
form of physical health and reason, so that the author is able to complete the writing of a
paper entitled the Nervous System.
The author certainly realizes that this paper is still far from perfect and there are still many
errors and deficiencies in it. For this reason, the author expects criticism and suggestions
from readers for this paper, so that this paper can later become a better paper. Then if there
are many errors in this paper the authors apologize profusely.
Thus, I hope this paper can be useful. Thank you.

Mojokerto, 16 September 2020

Author

DAFTAR ISI

PAPER COVER
STATEMENTS SHEET................................................................................. ii
PREFACE....................................................................................................... iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS............................................................................... iv

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CHAPTER I PRELIMINARY ..................................................................... vi
1.1 Background........................................................................................... vi
1.2 Formulation Of The Problem................................................................ vi
1.3 Purpose.................................................................................................. vi
CHAPTER II DISCUSSION......................................................................... vii
2.1 Nervous System................................................................................... VII
2.2 Nervous System Compiler................................................................... VII
2.3 Nervous System Function..................................................................... IX
2.4 Nervous System Classification............................................................. IX
2.5 Impulse Delivery Mechanisms............................................................. XI
2.6 Diseases and Disorders of the Nervous System.................................... XII
CHAPTER III CLOSING..............................................................................
3.1 Conclusion............................................................................................ XIV
3.2 Suggestion............................................................................................. XIV
BIBLIOGRAPHY ..........................................................................................

CHAPTER I
PRELIMINARY
1.1 Background.
The way humans act and react depends on the complex, structured and discrete processing
of neurons. Many of the patterns of basic life support neurons, such as those that control
respiration and circulation, are similar in all people. There are, of course, subtle differences
in the integration of neurons between someone who is a gifted composer and someone who

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cannot sing, or between a mathematician and a person who has difficulty dividing numbers.
Part of the differences in individual nervous systems is due to genetic factors. However, the
rest is influenced by environmental factors and experiences. As the immature nervous system
develops according to its genetic blueprint, an excessive number of neurons and synapses are
formed. Depending on the external stimuli, and the degree to which they are used, some of
these neural pathways are maintained, formed more definitively, and even increased, while
others are eliminated.
The nervous system is one of the parts that make up the coordination system in charge of
receiving stimuli, delivering stimuli to all parts of the body, and responding to these stimuli.
The setting of the recipient of stimulation is carried out by the senses. Stimulation processing
is carried out by the central nervous system, which then continues to respond to the incoming
stimuli carried out by the nervous system and sensory organs.
1.2 Formulation of the problem.
1. What is meant by the nervous system and nervous cells?
2. What are the components of the nervous system?
3. What are the functions of the nervous system?
4. What are the classifications of the nervous system?
5. What is the impulse delivery mechanism?
6. What are the diseases disorders in the nervous system?

1.3 Purpose.
1. To know the meaning of the nervous system.
2. To find out what are the constituents, functions and classifications of the nervous system.
3. To find out the impulse delivery mechanism.
4. To find out abnormalities that occur in the nervous system.

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 CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
2.1 Nervous System.
The nervous system is composed of millions of nerve cells of varying shapes. This system
consists of the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. The nervous
system is a coordinating system that functions to convey stimuli from the receptors that the
body will detect and respond to. The nervous system allows living things to respond quickly
to changes that occur in the external and internal environment.
The nervous system consists of millions of nerve cells, often referred to as neurons, which
function in sending messages (impulses) in the form of stimuli or responses. To respond to
these stimuli, there are 3 components that must be owned by the nervous system, including:
1. Receptors.
Receptors are cells that respond to stimuli to the external and internal environment, then the
receptors convert the received stimuli into a nerve impulse that will be transmitted through
neurons. In our body that acts as a receptor are the sense organs.
2. Impulse Conductor.
Impulse delivery is carried out by the nerve itself without the help of other organs. Nerves
are composed of connective fibers (axons). In the connecting fibers there are special cells
that extend and expand.
3. Effector.
Effectors are cells or organs that are used to react to stimuli both from within and from
outside the body, which can be interpreted as the part that responds to stimuli that have been
delivered by impulse conductors. The main parts of the effector in humans are muscles and
glands.
2.2 Nervous System Compiler.
The nervous system is composed of nerve cells called neurons. Neurons are the structural
and functional units of the nervous system. Neurons have the ability to respond to strong
stimuli. Neurons cannot divide so they cannot be replaced if they are damaged. Neurons
come together to form a network to deliver an impulse (stimulus).
• Based on the shape.
Based on its shape, a nerve cell consists of a cell body, dendrites, and axons.
1. Cell Body.
Nerve cell bodies are the largest part of nerve cells. The cell body can function as a recipient
of stimulation from dendrites and then pass it to the axons. In the nerve cell bodies are the
cell nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, centrosomes, golgi bodies, lysosomes, and the nozzle
body.
2. Dendrites.
Dendrites are short nerve cell fibers, branching and expanding from the cell body. Dendrites
have the function of receiving and delivering stimuli to the cell body. Dendrites contain Nissl
bodies and organelles. In general, neurons consist of several dendrites. Dendrites do not
contain myelin sheath or neurolema.
3. Axons.
Axons are known as neurites. Neurites are long nerve cell fibers that extend from the
cytoplasm to the cell body. The fine threads contained in neurites are known as neurofibrils

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which are covered by several layers of myelin membrane which contain lots of fatty
substances and can accelerate the passage of stimuli. The myelin membrane is covered by
Schwann cells which can form a network that provides food for neurites and also helps in the
formation of neurites. The outer myelin layer is called the neurilemma which protects the
axons from the risk of damage. The part of the neurite that is not covered by a myelin layer
can be called the ranvier node, which functions to accelerate the passage of stimuli.
Groups of nerve fibers, axons and dendrites join in one sheath and form nerve fibers, while
the nerve cell bodies assemble to form a ganglion or nerve node.
• Based on the structure and function.
Based on their structure and function, nerve cells can be divided into 3 types, namely sensory
nerve cells, motor nerve cells, and intermediate (association) nerve cells.
1. Sensory Nerve Cells.
Sensory nerve cells are neurons whose cell bodies cluster together to form ganglia, with short
axons but long dendrites. Sensory neurons are associated with the sense organs for receiving
stimuli. The function of sensory nerve cells is to conduct impulses from the receptors to the
central nervous system, namely the brain (encephalic) and spinal cord (spinal cord). The
axon ends of the sensory nerves are associated with association nerves (intermediates).
2. Motor Nerve Cells.
Motor nerve cells are neurons that have short dendrites and long axons. Dendrites are
associated with other axons, whereas axons are associated with effectors in the form of
muscles or glands. Motor nerve cells function as sending impulses from the central nervous
system to muscles or glands which result in a response from the body to stimuli. The motor
nerve cell bodies are in the central nervous system. The dendrites are very short in relation to
the axons of the association nerves, whereas the axons can be very long.
3. Intermediate Nerve Cells (Connector Neurons).
Intermediate nerve cells are also called association nerve cells. These cells can be found in
the central nervous system and function to connect motor nerve cells with sensory nerve cells
or with other nerve cells in the central nervous system. Intermediate nerve cells receive
impulses from sensory receptors or other associated nerve cells.
2.3 Nervous System Function.
The nervous system has several functions, including the following.
1. Receive various sensations from inside and outside the body.
2. Reacting to the sensation, facing it automatically or feeling and thinking about it.
3. Save memory and release it when needed.
4. Express emotions.
5. Send messages to other parts of the nervous system, to muscles, endocrine glands and other
organs.
6. Control the body by maintaining health, avoiding or facing danger, and increasing
pleasurable activities.
2.4 Nervous System Classification.
The composition of the human nervous system is composed of the central nervous system and
the peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal
cord. While the peripheral nervous system consists of the somatic nervous system and the
autonomic nervous system.

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✓ Central Nerve System.
The central nervous system includes the brain (encephalic) and spinal cord (medulla spinalis).
They are both very soft organs, with very important functions requiring protection from the
skeleton.
1. Brain.
The brain consists of two hemispheres, the left hemisphere controls the right part of the body,
the right hemisphere controls the left hemisphere. It has a multiple surface to expand the
surface so that it can be occupied by many nerves. The brain is also the center of vision,
hearing, intelligence, memory, consciousness, and The inside is white with nerve fibers, the
outside is gray with many nerve cell bodies. The brain consists of 3 parts, namely :
1. Forebrain (Prosencephalon).
The forebrain develops into the telencephalon and diencephalon. The telencephalon
develops into the cerebrum (Cerebrum). Diencephalon develops into the thalamus,
hypothamus.
2. Midbrain (Mesencephalon).
The midbrain is located in front of the cerebellum and the varol bridge. In front of the
midbrain are the thalamus and pituitary glands which regulate the work of the
endocrine glands. The upper (dorsal) midbrain is the optic lobe which regulates eye
reflexes such as narrowing of the pupil of the eye, and is also the center of hearing.
The middle brain does not develop and remains the midbrain.
3. Hindbrain (Rhombencephalon).
The hindbrain becomes the metencephalon and mielencephalon. Metencephalon
develops into cereebellum and ponsvarolli. Meanwhile, the myelencephalon develops
into the medulla oblogata.
2. Spinal Cord (Spinal Cord).
In the cross section of the spinal cord, the outer part is white, while the inside is butterfly-
shaped and gray. In the cross section of the spinal cord there is a wing-like part which is
divided into the upper wing called the dorsal horn and the lower wing called the ventral horn.
Sensory impulses from the receptors are conveyed into the spinal cord via the dorsal horn and
motor impulses leave the spinal cord via the ventral horn to the effector. In the dorsal horn
there is a connective nerve cell body (connector association) which will receive impulses
from sensory nerve cells and will deliver them to the motor nerves.
✓ Peripheral Nervous System.
The peripheral nervous system is the nerves that are outside the central nervous system (brain
and spinal cord). The peripheral nervous system is a nerve that spreads to all parts of the
body that serves certain organs, such as the skin, joints, muscles, glands, blood vessels and
others. Unlike the central nervous system, the peripheral nervous system is not protected by
bones. The peripheral nervous system is composed of the brain nerves (cranial nerves), which
are the nerves that leave the brain, and the spinal cord nerves (spinal nerves), which are the
nerves that come out of the spinal cord.
✓ Voluntary / Somatic Nerves (conscious).
Namely the nervous system which regulates all movements that are carried out consciously
or under the coordination of the central nervous or brain. Based on the origin of the

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conscious nervous system is divided into two, namely: the nervous system of the head
(cranial) and the nervous system of the spine (spinal).
✓ Involuntary / Autonomous Nervous System (Unconscious).
The autonomic nervous system has a role in controlling the body that we are not aware of,
such as heart rate, movements in the digestive tract, secretion of enzymes and sweat.

2.5 Impulse Delivery Mechanisms.

There are two mechanisms for the passage of nerve impulses, namely as follows:
1. Impulses Through Nerve Cells.
Impulses can flow through nerve fibers due to the difference in electrical potential between
the outside and the inside of the nerve fibers. When the nerve cells rest, the inside of the
nerve fibers is negatively charged, approximately –60 mV, while the outside of the nerve
fibers is positively charged. This state of electric charge is called resting potential, while the
membrane of the nerve fibers is in a polarizing state. If an impulse travels through an axon,
in a short time the charge on the inside becomes positive, about +60 mV, and the charge on
the outside becomes negative. The sudden change in resting potential along with the impulse
is called work potential. At this time there is depolarization of the axon membrane
membrane. The depolarization process propagates along the nerve fibers along with the
propagation of the impulses. As a result, negative charges on the outside of the membrane
propagate along the nerve fibers. When the impulse has passed, the impulse cannot pass the
nerve fibers for a while because there is a change from work potential to resting potential.
For it to function again, it will take approximately 1/500 to 1/1000 second for recovery. The
speed at which the impulses propagate in certain mammals can be more than 100 meters per
second while in some lower animals it is roughly only 0.5 meters per second. There are two
factors that affect the speed of nerve impulse propagation, namely the myelin membrane and
the diameter of the nerve fibers. In myyelinated nerve fibers, depolarization only occurs in
the ranvier nodes so that a leap of work potential occurs, as a result of which the nerve
impulses propagate faster. The larger the diameter of the nerve fibers the faster the nerve
impulses propagate.
2. Impulses Through Synapses.
Synapse is the meeting point between the end of a neurite from a neruron and the dendrite
end of another neuron. Each end of the neurite swells to form a hump called a synaptic knob.
In the synaptic cusp there are mitochondria and synaptic bubbles. These synapses contain
chemical neurotransmitters that play an important role in transmitting nerve impulses to other
nerve cells. There are various kinds of neurotransmitters, including acetylcholine, which is
found in synapses throughout the body, noradrenaline in the sympathetic nervous system, and
dopamine and serotonin in the brain. Between the synaptic weevil end of the next nerve cell
membrane there is a synaptic gap bounded by the presynaptic membrane and the postsynaptic
membrane of the next nerve cell or effector membrane. When the nerve impulses arrive at
the synapses hump, the synaptic bubbles will approach the presynaptic membrane, then
release their contents, namely neurotransmitters, into the synaptic gap. Nerve impulses are
carried by this neurotransmitter. Neurotransmitters cross the synaptic cleft into the
postsynaptic membrane. Neurotransmitter chemicals cause depolarization in the postsynaptic
membrane and an action potential occurs. This means the impulse has been given to the next

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nerve fiber. Thus the nerve impulses cross the synaptic gap by means of transferring
chemical substances, to then be continued on the next nerve path by means of the propagation
of the work potential.
2.6 Diseases and Disorders of the Nervous System.
1. Stroke (Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) or Cerebral apoplexy), is damage to the brain due
to blockage or rupture of brain blood vessels.
2. Poliomyelitis, a disease caused by a viral infection that attacks the motor neurons of the
nervous system (brain and spinal cord). The agent of this disease, a virus called poliovirus
(PV).
3. Migraine, is throbbing headache accompanied by nausea and vomiting that occurs as a
result of hyperactivity of brain electrical impulses which increases blood flow in the brain
and results in dilation of brain blood vessels and inflammatory processes (inflammation).
4.Parkinson's, a disease caused by reduced dopamine neurotranslator at the base of the
ganglion with symptoms of shaking hands while resting (but the tremors disappear during
sleep), difficulty moving, muscle stiffness, stiff facial muscles giving the impression of a
mask, difficulty blinking eyes and walking feet become small and stiff.
5. Transection, damage or all certain segments of the spinal cord. For example, because of a
fall, a shot accompanied by the destruction of the spine.
6. Neurasthonia, (nervous weakness), this disease is due to birth, the sufferer is too heavy,
spiritually too weak or due to poisoning.
7. Neuritis, inflammation of the nerves that occurs due to physical influences such as
fractures, pressure blows, and can also be due to toxins or deficiency of vitamins B1, B6,
B12.
8. Amnesia, namely the inability of a person to remember or recognize events that occurred
in a period in the past. Usually this disorder is due to mental shock or brain injury.
9. Cutter, a disorder in which the sufferer always injures himself in times of depression,
stress, or confusion.
10. Alzheimer's, or dementia, is not a contagious disease, but is a type of syndrome in which
brain cells apoptosis at almost the same time, so that the brain appears to shrink and shrink.
Alzheimer's is also said to be a disease that is synonymous with the elderly.
11. Bell's palsy is the name of a disease that attacks the facial nerve, causing paralysis of the
muscles on one side of the face. There was dysfunction of the VII nerve (nerve fascialis). In
contrast to strokes, paralysis on the side of the face is characterized by difficulty moving
some of the facial muscles, such as the eyes cannot close, cannot blow, etc. Some experts
claim that the cause of Bell's palsy is in the form of the herpes virus, which makes nerves
swollen due to infection.
12. Dyslexia (English: dyslexia) is a condition of learning disabilities in a person caused by
difficulties in that person in reading and writing activities. The researchers found this
dysfunction is caused by conditions of unstable brain biochemistry and also in some cases
due to inherited from the parents. Developmental dyslexsia occurs throughout the patient's
life and is usually genetic.
13. Epilepsy or epilepsy, a disease caused by the release of electrical eruptions (impulses) on
brain neurons. Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease that causes sudden, repeated attacks

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without any reason. In people with epilepsy, the signals associated with feeling, seeing,
thinking, and moving cannot function properly.
14. Paralysis or paralysis is the loss of muscle function for one or many muscles. The
paralysis can cause loss of feeling or loss of mobility in the affected area. Paralysis is often
caused by damage to the brain.
15. Leukoaraiosis (English: leukoencephalopathy, White matter changes, WMC) are changes
in the basal ganglia part of the cerebrum. WMC can be caused by hypoperfusion or ischemia
in the brain, particularly in the sub-cortical area of the basal ganglia.
16. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a rare and fatal disease caused by a
virus. This disease is characterized as progressive damage or inflammation of the white mass
of the brain at two locations. This disease usually occurs in people whose immune systems
are deficient, for example patients who are infected with HIV.

CHAPTER III
CLOSING

3.1 Conclusion.
The nervous system is one of the coordination systems in charge of conveying stimuli from
the receptors to be detected and responded to by the body. The nervous system consists of
millions of nerve cells (neurons). The function of nerve cells is to send messages (impulses)
in the form of stimuli or responses. The nervous system is divided into two, namely the
central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system
consists of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system consists of the conscious
nervous system and the unconscious nervous system.
3.2 Suggestion.
To be able to understand the nervous system, in addition to reading and understanding
material from existing scientific sources (books, internet, etc.) we must be able to relate these
materials to our daily lives, so that it is easier to understand and will always remembered.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Gibson, John. 2003. Modern Physiology and Anatomy for Nurses. EGC Medical Book:
Jakarta.
Sherwood, Lauralee. 2012 Human Physiology. EGC Medical Book: Jakarta.

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