Musculoskeletal System

Supervisor :

SITI MUTOHAROH, M,Kes

Group name:

1. Dwi NurRohmawati (0119012)

2. Nurul Apriyani (0119022)
3. Nafila Febie Nurlaili Putri K (0119032)
4. Faricha Maulidia (0119052)

NURSING SCIENCE STUDY PROGRAM

HIGH SCHOOL HEALTH SCIENCES DIAN HUSADA
MOJOKERTO
2020
 FOREWORD

Assalammalaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh

Praise be to Allah SWT who has given us facilities so that we can complete this paper Shalawat
and greetings smoga abound to our beloved Prophet Muhammad SAW who we look forward to
his intercession will be studied later The author thanks Allah SW for the overflow of His
healthy favors .bak itu

benupa healthy physical and mind so that the author is able to complete the making

This endocrine system physiology anatomy paper

The author certainly realizes that this paper is still far from perfect and there are still many
errors and shortcomings in it. Therefore, the author expects criticism and suggestions and
readers for this paper. So that this paper can later become a better paper later when there are
many errors in this paper.apologize profusely. Thus, I hope this paper can be useful. Thank you

Mojokerto, 17 September 2020

aunthor
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background

Anatomy is the study of a shape or a form by breaking it down into its parts.

From a utility point of view, the most important part of specialized anatomy is the study of
humans with many different approaches. From a medical point of view, anatomy consists of
various knowledge about the shape, location, size, and the relationship of various structures of
the healthy human body so that it is often referred to as descriptive or topographic anatomy. The
complexity of the human body means that there are only a few professional human anatomists
who truly master this field of science; most specialize in a particular area such as the brain or
parts of the world.

Anatomy of the body is very important to study, especially for health students. Because when
he is in the hospital as a health worker, he is required to be able to serve patients. For this
reason, this paper was created, as a first step to studying the anatomy of the human body.

1.2 THEOLOGICAL PROBLEM

1. What ismusculoskeletal system
2. How the anatomy of the musculoskeletal system
3. How division and location of the human anatomy, especially regarding the
skeletal system, muscular and joints.
1.3 PURPOSE
1) The objectives in writing this paper are:
2) Knowing the anatomy of the musculoskeletal system
3) Knowing the division and location of the human anatomy, especially regarding
the skeletal system, muscular and joints.
4) Fulfill the assignment of the Basic science Nursing III course
 CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION
2.1 Musculoskeletal system

The musculoskeletal system is a body system consisting of muscles (musculo) and the bones
that make up the skeleton (skeleton). Muscle is a body tissue that has the ability to convert
chemical energy into mechanical energy (motion). While the skeleton is a part of the body that
consists of bones that allow the body to maintain shape, attitude and position.

1. Body skeleton

The musculoskeletal system gives shape to the body.

2. Protection

The musculoskeletal system protects important organs, for example the brain is protected by the
bones of the skull, heart and lungs, which are found in the chest cavity (cavum thorax) which is
formed by the bones of the costa (ribs).

3. Ambulation & Mobilization

The presence of bones and muscles allows movement of the body and displacement of places.

4.Hemopoesis

Play a role in the formation of blood cells in red marrow.

5.Mineral Deposits

Bones contain 99% calcium & 90% phosphorus in the body.

2.1.1 Bone Growth

The bones reach their maturity after puberty and growth is balanced only until the age of 35.
Next, there is an acceleration of reabsorption resulting in a decrease in bone mass so that the
elderly are vulnerable to injury. Growth is influenced by hormones & minerals.

2.1.2 Bone Arrangement

Bone is composed of bone cells consisting of osteocytes, osteoblasts and osteoclasts and bone
matrix. The bone matrix contains organic elements, especially calcium and phosphorus.
2.1.3StructureBones

Macroscopically, bone consists of two parts, namely pars spongiosa (hollow tissue) and pars
kompakta (part which is solid tissue). The outer surface of the bone is covered with a fibrous
sheath (periosteum); a thin layer of connective tissue (endosteum) lines the marrow cavity &
extends into the compact bone canaliculi.

The periosteal membrane originates from the perichondrium cartilage which is the center of
ossification. Periosteum is a thin outer membrane of bone. Periosteum contains osteoblasts
(cells that form bone tissue), connective tissue and blood vessels. Periosteum is the place where
the skeletal muscles attach to bone and plays a role in providing nutrition, growth and repair of
damaged bones.

The compact pars is smooth and very strong. Compact bones have less cavities and contain
more lime (Calcium Phosphate and Calcium Carbonate) so that the bones become solid and
strong. The bone content of adult humans contains more lime than children and babies.

Infants and children have bones that contain more fiber-fibers so that it is more flexible.
Compact bones are mostly found in the bones of the feet and hand bones.

Pars spongiosa is a hollow bone tissue like a sponge (foam). The cavity is filled with red
marrow which can produce blood cells. Spongy bone consists of thin lattices of bone called
trabeculae. Microscopically, the bones consist of:

1) Havers system (channels containing nerve fibers, blood vessels, lymph flow)

2) Lamella (concentric suspended plate of bone).

3) Lacuna (small space located between the plates containing bone cells).

4) Canaliculi (radiate between the lacunae and the site of diffusion of food to the osteon).
2.1.4 Bone Shape

The skeletal system is composed of bones that number 206. Based on the shape, the bones are
grouped into:

1. Ossa longa (long bone): the largest bone in length, for example the humerus and femoral
bones.

2. Ossa bervia ( short bone ), for example : ossa Carpi.

3. Ossa plana ( flat/flat bones) : wide-sized bones,
for exampel: os scapula

4. Ossa irregular (irregular bone), for example: vertebrae os. Scapula

5. Ossa pneumatica (air-hollow bone), for example: osmaxilla

2.2 Skeletal System (Skeleton)

The composition of the bones or skeleton (skeleton) is one of the elements of the enforcing and
driving system. Human bones are connected to others through joints or joints to form a skeleton
which is a passive locomotor system, which will be controlled by the active locomotive tools of
the muscles. The skeletal system is divided into two major parts, namely the axial skeleton
which consists of the bones of the head, vertebrae, sternum, and ribs. The next division is the
appendicular skeleton consisting of the upper limb and lower limb.
1. Axial Skeleton

Axial skeleton consists of

 Skull

- OsOccipitale

- OsParietale Cranium

- OsTemporale

- OsFrontale

- OsSphenoid

- OsEthmoid

- OsMaxilla Face

- OsPalatine

- OsNasal

- Vomer

- Concha nasalinferior

- OsZygomatic

- OsLacrimal

- Mandible

- Auditory Ossicles & OsHyoid

The name of this article is:

Truncus / Torso

 OsSternum

o Manubriumsterni

o Louisangle

o CorpusSterni

o ProcessusXyphoideus
 Ribs / Costae

- Costae vera (1-7)

- Costae spuriae affixae (8-10)

- Costae spuriae

- Costae fluctuantes (11-12)

 Lowerlimb vertebrae

- Os coxae (Os Ilium, Os Ischium, Os Pubis)

- OsFemur

- OsPatella

- OsTibia

- OsFibula

- OsTarsals

- OssaMetatarsals

- Ossaphalanges

2. Appendicular Skeleton

- Os Scapula's upper limb

- OsClavicula

- Os Humerus OsRadius

- Os Ulna OsCarpals

- Ossa Metacarpals Ossa Phalanges

2.2.1 Characteristics of the bones of the skeleton

1. Long bones

In the middle of the long bones there is a diaphise and the ends are called epiphses. The ends of
the bones are covered with cartilage which eases the movement of the cartilage joints called
cartilage joints (articulations). The outer surface of the bone is covered by a bone membrane
(periostinum) which is a tissue-like nature.

2. The roof of the head

The roof bone of the head consists of 2 layers, namely the external tubular compact substance
(outer layer) and the internal tubular compact substance (inner layer). Between these two layers
there is a spongeosa substance. The inner hole of the diaphise is a space called the medulla
cavity which contains yellow bone marrow (medulla osseum plava) and in the hole of the
spongeosa substance there is red bone marrow (medulla osseum rubra). The inner surface of the
compact substance covered by a thin membrane called the endosteum.

These compact and spongeosa substances include supporting tissue. Many of the supporting
tissues in the intercellular tissue contain calcium, phosphate, calcium carbonate, and have tough
properties. When compared to organic substances, there are more bones in children than in the
elderly so that children's bones are more flexible (summary).

In the compact substance there is a channel surrounded by several layers called lamella havers
(pieces of bone that form a channel) and below the periostinum there are layers of bones.

2.2.2 Baby Skull Bone

In infants and children aged two years, this bone connection is not perfect as in adults. The
shape of the sutures in the infant's skull resembles a line and two gaps are found, namely the
frontale major and frontale minor.

1. Frontale Mayor

This gap is rhombic at the angle where the bones meet the left and right parietals. At the front
end of the sagittal suture and the middle of the coronal suture at the crown of the crown of the
head, the front angles are larger and the

2. Frontale Minor

This gap is located at the junction of the upper back of the parietal os with the occipital os, the
back end of the sagittal suture borders with the posterior cranii fossa.
2.2.3 Bone Skeleton Head

Cranium (skull bone): formed by pieces of bone that mesh together to form the skeleton of the
head. The bones that make up the cranium are as follows:

1. Brain skeleton (neuro cranium)

Skull vault (clavilaria)

 Os frontale (forehead bone) : 1 piece

 Os parietale (crown bone) : 1 piece

 Os occipitale (spine) : 2 pieces

 Os temporale (side of the skull) : 2 pieces

2. Skull face (spankno cranium)

The nose

 Os lakrimale (eye bone) 2 pieces

 Os nasale (nasal bone) 2 pieces

 Os konka nasale (tulangkarang nose) 2 pieces

 Os septum nasale (nasal cavity) 2 pieces of jaw

 Maxillary os (bone warmas) 2 pieces

 Os zygomaticum (lower jawbone) 2 pieces

 Os palate (bone palate) 2 pieces

 Os mandibularis (lower jawbone) 1 piece

 Os hyoid (tongues) 1 piece

The bony connections that make up the cranium are very strong. The boundaries of this place of
connection are sinuous lines called sutures (links). Sutura are continuous lines that intersect each
other.
2.2.4 Brain Skeleton (neuro cranium)

Consists of a number of bones that are attached to immovable joints called sutures. The skull
bones can be divided into the cranium and face, which consists of the external lamina and
internal lamina separated by a spongeosa layer.

a. Gubahotak

1. OsFrontale

Curves downward to form the superior orbita margo. In this bone, you can see the superciliary
arch and the supra orbital foramen incisors, divided into 3 parts:

1) Squama frontalis (top)

2) Kafum kranii (middle part)

3) Posterior Kranii Phase (backside)

Os Parietal
Formed by the squared flat bones on top of the cranium are:

External facies: the outer surface of the parietal os that protrudes the parietal tuber, on the lateral
side there are 2 curved lines running parallel, namely the linea temporalis superior and linea
temporalisinferior

Internal facies: the inner surface facing the brain there is a sulcus whose shape corresponds to
the surface protrusion of the meninges.

Os Occipitalist

A flat bone in the shape of a trapezoid and located behind the head with a large hole, under
which there is a foramen magnum that connects the brain frame (cavum kranii) to the vertebral
canal and is passed through the base of the spinal cord. The occipital os is divided into 3 parts,
namely pars basilaris, pas lateralis, pas squamosa ossis occipitalis.

Os Temporalis

Side view of the skull

b. Skull base (Base Kranii)

 OsSpenoidale

The Os Spenoidale consists of the corpus ossis Spenoidale in the middle of the two pairs of left
and right wings, also the upper front of the small wing and the rear under the large wing. The
small wing has a downward progression called the ptergoideusi process. The middle part has a
groove

The so-called sella turkey (Turkish saddle) is the hypophysis gland.

Os Ethmoidale

Os Ethmoidale consists of lamina cribrosa, lamina perpendikularis, and labirintusethmoidalis.

c. Skull Face (Spanknokranii) Ossa Maksilaris

Maxillary ossa is two bones into one which consists of 5 parts.

1. Maxillary corpus: cuboid, there is an air cavity called the maxillary sinus.

2. Frontal processus: protrusion in the anterior media angle of the maxillary body associated
with the frontal os upward and downward medially

3. Zygomatic processus: associated with the zygomatic os to form the cheeks

4. Alviolaris processus: forms an arch and has a hole at the end for adhesion to the teeth.

5. Processus palatinum: protrudes the lower medial part of the maxillary body to form
suturapalatina.

Ossa Mandibular Ossa Nasale

Ossa zygomaticum , Ossa Lakrimale , Ossa Palatum, Ossa Vamer

d. Konka Nasal Inferior

Resembling a coral arching medial, the upper edge is attached to the crest of the nasal concha,
maxillary ossis and platinum ossis. In the middle there is the door of the maxillary sinus in the
higmori cantrum to form the lacrimal canal.

2.2.5 ExtremitySuperior

Shoulder bracelet: the joint that connects the arm to the body. This wrist has an imperfect bowl
because the back is exposed, formed by the skapular bones, clavicle, and humerus.

Superoir limb bones

 Os Scapula (shoulder blade)

 Os Clavicle (collarbone)

 Os Humerus (upper arm bone)

 Os Ulna (Tulanghasta)

 Os radius (bone picker)

 Os metacarpalia (palm bones)

 Phalanges (middle finger bone)

2.2.6 Skeleton Chest

The breastbone consists of:

 Vertebral column (vertebrae)

It is formed by 33 vetebrae which are threaded from top to bottom from the neck to the coccyx

a) Cervical vetebra (neck bone) 7th segment

b) Consists of atlas, Axis (odontoid process), and Prominan Processus.

c) The thoracic veins (spine) are 12 segments

d) It consists of the spinous process, the transverse process, the articular process.

e) Lumbar vetebra (lumbar bone) 5-segment

f) Sacral bone (collarbone) 5 vertebrae

g) Consists of the sacro iliac ariculation, sacral promontorium, foramina sacralis, san hiatus
sacralis.

h) Vetebra koksigalis (coccyx) 4 segments

 Os Kosta (rib)

The costal os consists of 12 pairs of bones divided into 3 parts, namely the costa vera (true ribs
1-7), spuira ribs (8-10 untrue ribs), and fluitantes ribs (floating ribs 11-12).

Os Sternum (chest bone)

Consists of Manubrium sterni, corpus sterni, and processus cipoideus.

2.2.7 ExtremityInferior
The inferior expression consists of:

1) Os Koksa (hipbone)

Consists of the ileum OS (intestinal bone), pubic bone (pubic bone), and os iskii (sitting
bone).

2) Os femur (thighbone)

3) Os Patela (kneecap bone)

4) Os Tibia (tulangkering)

5) Fibula (fetal bone)

6) Os Tarsalia (pangkalkaki)

7) OsMetatarsal

8) Os Falangpediss

2.3 Joint System (Motion Science)

A joint or joint (articulation) is the meeting of two bones or several bones of the skeleton.
Artrology is the study of joints. The joint between two or more connected bones may or may not
move. Initially bone skeleton is formed from cartilage tissue and also as a replacement for other
tissue. In certain circumstances, cartilage is replaced with bone and tissue as a covering tissue.
In its development, connective tissue is replaced by cartilage.

To allow movement, there is a certain place where some connective tissue and cartilage are
replaced with bone tissue where at the end of the bone there will be a plate of cartilage which
functions as a cartilage joint.

The tools of motion are divided into two, namely passive limbs and active limbs.

Passive limb: movements performed by the skeleton of the body

Active limb: movements performed by the muscles of the body.

Joint stabilization depends on:

a) Joint surface: the shape of the bone surface plays an important role in joint stabilization

b) Ligamentum: the fibrous ligament prevents excessive movement of the joint if there is a
prolonged and continuous stretch the fibrous ligament will be tensed

c) Muscle tone: in most joints, muscle tone is the main factor regulating stability.

2.3.1 Nerve Joints

The capsule and ligament have sensory nerves, blood vessels have sympathetic autonomic nerve
fibers, and cartilage covering the joint surface has few nerve endings in the periphery. Excessive
stretching of the capsula and ligaments can cause reflex contraction of the muscles around the
joint, and stretching pain due to reduced blood supply to the joint.

According to the types of joints can be classified into the following.

a) Saddle joint: the surface of this joint is nearly flat. This allows the bones to slide into one
another, for example the joints in the shoulder, namely the sternoclavicular and the saddle
joints. Clavicular acromio.

b) Hinge joint: This joint is similar in shape to a door hinge allowing flexion and extension
movements. The round surface of this joint is connected to other bones so that movement
is only in one plane and two directions, for example the elbow and knee joints.

c) Condyloid joints: joint surfaces are convex and are jointed with concave surfaces such as
hinge joints but move in two planes and four directions (flexion, extension, abduction,
and adduction).

d) Ellipsoid joint: the joint surface is an elliptical convex shape so movement (flexion,
extension, abduction and adduction) can be performed, but rotation cannot be performed
for example the thumb joint.

e) Ball and socket: the head of the ball-shaped joint on one of the bones matches the curve
of the joint which is shaped like a socket, the hump joint is the insertion of the joint bowl
of movement which can be given in all directions with very free movement (flexion,
extension, abduction, and adduction, rotation) for example the shoulder joint and hip
joint
 f) Post joints: in this swndi there are pegs surrounded by a ring of bony ligaments so that
only one movement can be done, namely rotation, for example the atlas bone, in the form
of a rotating ring over the odontoid process, radius movement around the pronated ulna
and supination is also called a porous or circular joint.

g) Saddle joint (reciprocal joint): saddle-shaped horse that can give a lot of freedom of
movement (flexion, extension, abduction and rotation) eg the thumb can face the other
fingers.

2.3.2 Division of joints

1. Fibrous joints (synarthrosis)

joints that don't move at all, like the following.

a Sutura: jagged bone junction, where the edge of the bone is connected by a thin connective
tissue between the skull bones

b. Schindylosis: a bony plate that is caught in another bone gap, for example the connection
between the maxillary os and the two palatal bones, the ethmoidal os and the osfemur

c. Composition: where one bone is conical, enters into a dent in accordance with the shape of the
other bone, for example between the teeth and the alveoli of the maxillary and mandibular bones.
d. Schindrosis: where the connective tissue of the joint consists of cartilage, for example
between the epiphyse and diaphise in adults between the two ossapubic.

2. Amfiartosis

A joint that has little movement due to insufficient joint components. The surface is covered
with a material that allows slight joint movement, for example the joints between the manubrium
sterni and the sterni corpus and the joints between the vetebrae bones.

3. Diartosis (jointsinovial)

Joints with free movement. The joint surface is covered by a thin hyaline-prone layer separated
by the joint cavity, this arrangement which allows the joint to move freely. The joint cavity is
bounded by a synovial membrane that lies from the edge of the joint surface to the other joint
surface.

Based on the structure of the joints are divided into:

1. Fibrous joints

Fibrous joints are connected by fibrous tissue. There are two types of fibrous joints; (1) Sutures
between the bones of the skull and (2) syndesmosis which consists of an interosseous membrane
or a ligament between the bones. This joint has limited movement.
 2. Cartilage / bone joints

The space between the joints is filled with cartilage and supported by ligaments and can only
move slightly. There are two types of joints

Cartilaginous, namely syncondrosis, is a joint where all joints are covered by hyaline cartilage.
The costochondral joint is an example of syncondrosis. The symphysis is a joint whose bones
have a fibrocartilage connection between the bones and a thin layer of hyaline cartilage that
covers the joint surface. Examples of cartilage joints are the symphysis pubis and joints in the
spine.

3. Synovial / synovialjoint joints

This joint is equipped with cartilage which lubricates the joint surface, joint capsule (joint sac),
synovial membrane (inside the capsule), synovial fluid which functions as a lubricant and
ligaments that strengthen the joint capsule. The synovial fluid is normally clear, non-freezing,
and colorless or yellowish in color. The amount found in each normal joint is relatively small (1
to 3 ml).
The types of joint movements include:

 Flexion

 Extension

 Abduction

 Adduction

 Rotation

 Pronation

 Supination

 Inversion

 Opposition

 Protraction

 Elevation

 Depression

The motion produced by the synovial joint

Wristjoint Atlanto-occipital joint

26

Radioulnarjoint Carpometacarpal 1joint

2.3.3 Special joint tools

a) Articular capsule: attached to the medial epicondyle of the front surface, the humerus
above the coronoid fossa and the lower radial fossa attached to the anterior surface of the
coronoid process.

b) Collateral ligament of the ulna: This ligament is thick and forms three triangular ribbons.
This ligament is connected with

c) M. Triceps brakhii, carpi ulnar flexor, ulnar nerve are the origins of M. Flexor digiterum
sublimis.

d) Radiale collateral ligament: is a simple band connecting the humeral lateral epicondyle
with the ulnar ligament associated with the tendon M. Supinator.

e) Proximal radioulnar articulation: is the joint between the circumferential articular

ferencia radii with the ulnar radial incision and the ulnar ligament.

f) Distal radioulnar articulation: the joint between the circumferensia of the articular
capituli of the ulna and the radii insura, the L-shaped joint cavity is formed by the ulna
and the radius of the joint surface is very wide so that there are wide possibilities for
supination and pronation movements.

g) Synarthrosis: both the ulna and radius are connected by the obligue choroid and
interosantebracheal membrane.
2.4 Muscle system

The muscular system or muscles in the body has a general function for movement, shaping
posture and producing heat. The muscles in the human body consist of the skeletal muscles, the
muscles of the heart and the muscles in the heart.
Skeletal muscle system functions:

1. Produces frame movement.

2. Maintain attitude & body position.

3. Supports soft tissue.

4. Shows the entrances & exits of drains in the body system.

5. Maintain body temperature; muscle contraction: heat energy

Each muscle is covered with a connective tissue called the epimisium. Skeletal muscles are
composed of fascicles which are muscle bundles consisting of several cells

muscle. Each fascicle is lined with a connective tissue called the perimisium and each muscle
cell is separated by an endomyum.

Skeletal muscle organization consists of:

1. Muscle

2. Fascula

3. Muscle Fiber

4. Miofibril

5. Myofilaments

Microscopically skeletal muscle cells consist of:

1. Sarcolema (fibrous cell membrane)

2. Myofibrils (contains actin and myosin filaments)

3. Sarcoplasm (intracellular fluid containing calcium, magnesium, phosphate, protein &

enzymes.

4. Sarcoplasmic reticulum (storage place for calcium)

5. T-tubules (tubular system of muscle fibers)

Muscle tissue type:

 Plain muscles

has 1 core in the middle, innervated by autonomic nerves (involuntary), smooth muscle fibers
(not fibrous), found in organs in the body (visceral), a source of Ca2 + from CES, a source of
energy especially from aerobic metabolism, early slow contractions, sometimes experiencing
tetany, resistant to fatigue

 Skeletal muscles

has many nuclei, innervated by somatic motor nerves (voluntary), attached to bone, Ca2 +
source from sarcoplasmic reticulum (RS), energy source from aerobic & anaerobic metabolism,
early rapid contraction, experiencing tetany, & tired quickly.
 Heart muscles

has 1 core that is in the middle, innervated by autonomic nerves (involuntary), fibrous muscle
fibers, only in the heart, a source of Ca2 + from CES & RS, a source of energy from aerobic
metabolism, early slow contractions, not experiencing tetany, & resistant to fatigue

Skeletal muscles of the heart

 CHAPTER III

CONCLUSION

The musculoskeletal system is a body system consisting of muscles (musculo) and the bones
that make up the skeleton (skeleton). Muscle is a body tissue that has the ability to convert
chemical energy into mechanical energy (motion). While the skeleton is a part of the body that
consists of bones that allow the body to maintain shape, attitude and position.